Joint acute toxic impacts of 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-nitrophenol and Cd2+ on aquatic organisms and ecological risk assessment
YUAN Yao, ZHANG Ling-han, ZHOU Nan, LIU Hui-hui, YANG Xian-hai
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract:An emerging aromatic disinfection by-products (DBPs) (2,6-ditert-butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP)) and a typical heavy metal ion (Cd2+) were selected as model compounds to reveal the potential joint toxic impacts of DBPs combined exposure with other substances on aquatic organisms. Firstly, we tested the acute toxicity of DBNP and Cd2+ on Tetradesmus obliquus, Daphnia magna, and Gobiocypris rarus in single and combined exposure mode, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the acute toxicity values of DBNP on Daphnia magna and Gobiocypris rarus was less than 1mg/L, which implying that DBNP was belonged to the very toxic group substances (hazard level of category 1) according to the classification criteria of acute aquatic hazard defined in Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The combined exposure of DBNP and Cd2+ exhibited antagonistic effect on all the three aquatic organisms. Then, the potential ecological risk of model compounds in single and combined exposure situation were further assessed. Results implied that the concentration addition-based combined risk quotient method would overestimate the real co-exposure risk if the combined exposure exhibited antagonistic effects. While weight-of-evidence (WOE)-based combined risk quotient method could overcome this issue and obtain the more reasonable combined exposure risk in this situation.
Zhong Y, Gan W H, Du Y, et al. Disinfection byproducts and their toxicity in wastewater effluents treated by the mixing oxidant of ClO2/Cl-2[J]. Water Research, 2019,162:471-481.
[2]
Li Z, Liu X, Huang Z, et al. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of disinfection byproducts from chlorination of wastewater effluents in East China[J]. Water Research, 2019,157:247-257.
[3]
Li Z G, Song G F, Bi Y H, et al. Occurrence and distribution of disinfection byproducts in domestic wastewater effluent, tap water, and surface water during the SARS-CoV-2pandemic in China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021,55(7):4103-4114.
[4]
刘玉灿,王颖,王玉霞,等.UV工艺降解阿特拉津机理及对DBPFP的影响规律[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(10):4606-4615. Liu Y C, Wang Y, Wang Y X, et al. Ultraviolet photooxidation of atrazine and its effect on disinfection by-product formation potential[J]. China Environmental Sciences, 2021,41(10):4606-4615.
[5]
Luan X M, Liu X Y, Fang C, et al. Ecotoxicological effects of disinfected wastewater effluents:a short review of in vivo toxicity bioassays on aquatic organisms[J]. Environmental Science:Water Research & Technology, 2020,6:2275-2286.
[6]
Wang Y Q, Liu H H, Yang X H, et al. Aquatic toxicity and aquatic ecological risk assessment of wastewater-derived halogenated phenolic disinfection byproducts[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,809:151089.
[7]
Cui H J, Chen B Y, Jiang Y L, et al. Toxicity of 17disinfection by-products to different trophic levels of aquatic organisms:ecological risks and mechanisms[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021,55(15):10534-10541.
[8]
Fisher D, Yonkos L, Ziegler G, et al. Acute and chronic toxicity of selected disinfection byproducts to Daphnia magna, Cyprinodon uariegatus, and Isochrysis galbana[J]. Water Research, 2014,55:233-244.
[9]
Lin T, Zhou D J, Yu S L, et al. The removal process of 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a new disinfection by-product, in drinking water treatment process and its toxicity on zebrafish[J]. Chemosphere, 2016,159:403-411.
[10]
Teixidó E, Piqué E, Gonzalez-Linares J, et al. Developmental effects and genotoxicity of 10water disinfection by-products in zebrafish[J]. Journal of Water and Health, 2015,13(1):54-66.
[11]
Yu S L, Lin T, Chen W, et al. The toxicity of a new disinfection by-product, 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its occurrence in the chlorinated drinking water[J]. Chemosphere, 2015,139:40-46.
[12]
Chaves R S, Guerreiro C S, Cardoso V V, et al. Toxicological assessment of seven unregulated drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) using the zebrafish embryo bioassay[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020,742:140522.
[13]
Peng L, Wang C, Li P D, et al. Evaluation of hypopigmentation in embryonic zebrafish induced by emerging disinfection byproduct, 3, 5-di-I-tyrosylalanine[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2020,225:105525.
[14]
Ding X L, Zhu J Y, Zhang J, et al. Developmental toxicity of disinfection by-product monohaloacetamides in embryo-larval stage of zebrafish[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2020,189:110037.
[15]
Hanigan D, Truong L, Simonich M, et al. Zebrafish embryo toxicity of 15chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated disinfection by-products[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2017,58:302-310.
[16]
Melo A, Ferreira C, Ferreira I, et al. Acute and chronic toxicity assessment of haloacetic acids using Daphnia magna[J]. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A, 2019,82(18):977-989.
[17]
Liu J Q, Zhang X R. Comparative toxicity of new halophenolic DBPs in chlorinated saline wastewater effluents against a marine alga:halophenolic DBPs are generally more toxic than haloaliphatic ones[J]. Water Research, 2014,65:64-72.
[18]
Cui H J, Zhu X S, Zhu Y J, et al. Ecotoxicological effects of DBPs on freshwater phytoplankton communities in co-culture systems[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022,421:126679.
[19]
Delacroix S, Vogelsang C, Tobiesen A, et al. Disinfection by-products and ecotoxicity of ballast water after oxidative treatment-Results and experiences from seven years of full-scale testing of ballast water management systems[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013,73(1):24-36.
[20]
Yang M T, Zhang X R. Comparative developmental toxicity of new aromatic halogenated DBPs in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent to the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013,47(19):10868-10876.
[21]
Chen Y H, Qin L T, Mo L Y, et al. Synergetic effects of novel aromatic brominated and chlorinated disinfection byproducts on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019,250:375-385.
[22]
Wu Y, Wei W Z, Luo J Y, et al. Comparative toxicity analyses from different endpoints:are new cyclic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) more toxic than common aliphatic DBPs[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2022,56(1):194-207.
[23]
段鑫越,关文玲,程昊东,等.胚胎绒毛膜对微塑料颗粒与镉联合作用的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(3):1422-1428. Duan X Y, Guan W L, Cheng H D, et al. Effect of chorionic villi on the combination action of microplastic particles and cadmium[J]. China Environmental Sciences, 2021,41(3):1422-1428.
[24]
Wang Y H, Lv L, Yu Y J, et al. Single and joint toxic effects of five selected pesticides on the early life stages of zebrafish (Denio rerio)[J]. Chemosphere, 2017,170:61-67.
[25]
Tong F, Zhao Y P, Gu X Y, et al. Joint toxicity of tetracycline with copper(II) and cadmium(II) to Vibrio fischeri:effect of complexation reaction[J]. Ecotoxicology, 2015,24(2):346-355.
[26]
罗莹,刘娜,孙善伟,等.我国地表水中典型DBPs的暴露水平及生态风险[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(4):1806-1814. Luo Y, Liu N, Sun S W, et al. Occurrence and ecological risk of typical DBPs in Chinese surface water[J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(4):1806-1814.
[27]
赵富强,高会,李瑞婧,等.环渤海区域典型河流下游水体中抗生素赋存状况及风险评估[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(1):109-118. Zhao Fu Q, Gao H, Li R J, et al. Occurrences and risk assessment of antibiotics in water bodies of major rivers in Bohai Rim Basin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(1):109-118.
[28]
汪贞,范德玲,古文,等.水环境中4-叔辛基苯酚的污染现状与生态风险评估[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2022,17(1):358-370. Wang Z, Fan D L, Gu W, et al. Pollution status and ecological risk assessment of tertoctylphenol in China's aquatic environment[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2022,17(1):358-370.
[29]
李慧珍,裴媛媛,游静.流域水环境复合污染生态风险评估的研究进展[J]. 科学通报, 2019,64(33):3412-3428. Li H Z, Pei Y Y, You J. Ecological risk assessment of combined pollution in watersheds[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2019,64(33):3412-3428.
[30]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Supplementary guidance for conducting health risk assessment of chemical mixtures[EB/OL]. 2000.08, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=30004TOO. txt.
[31]
冯茜丹,刘志磊,陈启宇,等.PM10中重金属的健康风险评估及修正方法比较[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(10):4880-4888. Feng X D, Liu Z L, Chen Q Y. Comparison of health risk assessment and correction methods of heavy metals in PM10[J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(10):4880-4888.
[32]
Marx C, Mühlbauer V, Krebs P, et al. Environmental risk assessment of antibiotics including synergistic and antagonistic combination effects[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,524-525:269-279.
曾鸣,林志芬,尹大强,等.混合污染物联合毒性研究进展[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2009,32(2):80-86. Zeng M, Lin Z F, Yin D Q. Progress on joint effect of mixture pollutants[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009,32(2):80-86.
[37]
郭志芯,毛连纲,张兰,等.嘧菌酯与三种外源硒对不同生命阶段斑马鱼的联合毒性[J]. 农药学学报, 2021,23(6):1159-1167. Guo Z X, Mao L G, Zhang L, et al. Joint toxicity effects of azoxystrobin and three kinds of exogenous selenium on zebrafish during different life stages[J]. Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 2021,23(6):1159-1167.
Backhaus T, Faust M. Predictive environmental risk assessment of chemical mixtures:a conceptual framework[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012,46(5):2564-2573.
[40]
吴本丽,曹岩,罗思,等.封闭群稀有鮈鲫对几种常见化学品的敏感性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014,34(4):1059-1066. Wu B L, Cao Y, Luo S, et al. Sensitivity of rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus, IHB) to several common chemicals[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014,34(4):1059-1066.
[41]
熊小琴,罗思,吴本丽,等.不同硬度条件下Cd2+和Cu2+对稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2016,11(3):316-322. Xiong X Q, Luo S, Wu B L, et al. Acute toxicity of cadmium and copper to Gobiocypris rarus under different water hardness[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2016,11(3):316-322.
[42]
修垒,李专,安平平.镉和铬对不同生物的毒性效应的研究[J]. 科技创新导报, 2014,11(31):64-67. Xiu L, Li Z, Aa P P. Research on the toxic effects of cadmium and chromium in different organisms[J]. Science and Technology Innovation Herald, 2014,11(31):64-67.
[43]
苏乃洲.氯化铝处理镉污染水体对大型溞(Daphnia magna)毒性效应研究[D]. 济南:山东师范大学, 2013. Su N Z. Toxic effects of Daphnia magna to polluted water by Cadmium after treatments with Aluminum chloride[D]. Jinan:Shandong Normal University, 2013.
[44]
李爽,盛连喜,姜海波.不同适应温度对镉暴露中大型溞生理和亚细胞水平的作用[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2017,12(5):278-286. Li S, Sheng L X, Jiang H B. Physiological and sub-cellular effects of different acclimation temperature during cadmium exposure in Daphnia magna[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017,12(5):278-286.
[45]
段兴伟.碳基纳米材料对不同模式生物的生物效应研究[D]. 大连:大连理工大学, 2020. Duan X W. Study on the biological effects of carbon-based nanomaterials on different model organisms[D]. Dalian:Dalian University of Technology, 2020.
[46]
United Nations. Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS). Ninth revised edition GHS (Rev.9)[M]. New York and Geneva:United Nations, 2021:217-237.
[47]
GB/T 24782-2009持久性、生物累积性和毒性物质及高持久性和高生物累积性物质的判定方法[S]. GB/T 24782-2009 Decision method of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances, and very persistent and very bioaccumulative substances[S].
[48]
王桂燕,周启星,胡筱敏,等.四氯乙烯和对二氯苯对草鱼的联合毒性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2007,27(3):387-390. Wang G Y, Zhou Q X, Hu X M, et al. Joint toxicity of perchloroethylene and 1,4-dichlorobenze on Ctenopharyngodon idelles[J]. China Environmental Sciences, 2007,27(3):387-390.
[49]
仇爱锋,王玉涛,张树秋,等.克百威、镉和铜对费氏弧菌的联合毒性效应[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2017,36(5):869-875. Qiu A F, Wang Y T, Zhang S Q, et al. Joint toxic effects of carbofuran, Cd and Cu to Vibrio fischeri[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2017,36(5):869-875.
[50]
孙欣.有机弱酸碱类污染物与重金属镉对大型溞的联合毒性研究[D]. 长春:东北师范大学, 2016. Sun X. Evaluating the joint toxicity of weak acidic and alkaline Organic contaminants and heavy metal cadmium to Daphnia magna[D]. Changchun:Northeast Normal University, 2016.
[51]
Broderius S J, Kahl M D, Hoglund M D. Use of joint response t define the primary mode of toxic action for diverse industrial organic chemicals[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1995,14(9):1591-1605.
[52]
Feher I C, Moldovan Z, Oprean I. Spatial and seasonal variation of organic pollutants in surface water using multivariate statistical techniques[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2016,74(7):1726-1735.
[53]
Grigoriadou A, Schwarzbauer J. Non-target screening of organic contaminants in sediments from the industrial coastal area of Kavala City (NE Greece)[J]. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2011,214:623-643.
[54]
Deng M J, Zhang Y, Quan X, et al. Acute toxicity reduction and toxicity identification in pigment-contaminated wastewater during anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A/A/O) treatment process[J]. Chemosphere, 2017,168:1285-1292.
[55]
Ji Q H, Tabassum S, Yu G X, et al. Determination of biological removal of recalcitrant organic contaminants in coal gasification waste water[J]. Environmental Technology, 2015,36(22):2815-2824.
[56]
An P, Xu X C, Yang F L, et al. A pilot-scale study on nitrogen removal from dry-spun acrylic fiber wastewater using anammox process[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013,222:32-40.
[57]
郑家传,王刚.城市地表水重金属污染特征及风险评价——以苏州市为例[J]. 环境保护科学, 2022,48(1):25-32. Zheng J C, Wang G. Characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution of urban surface water -A case study of Suzhou[J]. Environmental Protection Science, 2022,48(1):25-32.
[58]
王刚.南京市地表水重金属污染特征及风险研究[J]. 环境生态学, 2020,2(7):37-47. Wang G. Characteristic and risk of heavy metals contamination of surface water in Nanjing City[J]. Environmental Ecology, 2020,2(7):37-47.
[59]
刘志奇,王华,冯翔宇,等.无锡滨湖河网重金属时空分布特征研究[J]. 四川环境, 2021,40(3):105-111. Liu Z Q, Wang H, Feng X Y. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of heavy metals in river network of Wuxi lakeside city[J]. Sichuan Environment, 2021,40(3):105-111.
[60]
何艳娇.太湖优控污染物重金属锌和镉水质基准研究[D]. 合肥:安徽建筑大学, 2021. He Y J. Study on water quality standard of heavy metal zinc and cadmium in Taihu Lake[D]. Hefei:Anhui Jianzhu University, 2021.
[61]
张婉军,辛存林,于奭,等.柳江流域河流溶解态重金属时空分布及污染评价[J]. 环境科学, 2021,42(9):4234-4245. Zhang W J, Xin C L, Yu S, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution and pollution evaluation of soluble heavy metals in Liujiang river basin[J]. Environmental Science, 2021,42(9):4234-4245.
[62]
刘志强,李华峰.韶关市中型灌区灌溉水重金属污染调查与评价[J]. 水资源开发与管理, 2020,(10):20-24. Liu Z Q, LI H F. Investigation and evaluation of heavy metal pollution in irrigation water of medium-sized irrigation areas in Shaoguan[J]. Water Resources Development and Management, 2020,(10):20-24.