To provide theoretical basis for studying the formation mechanism of aerosol, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of 532nm total backscatter coefficient, particulate depolarization ratio, color ratio, and different types of aerosol over North China from 2006 to 2015 by using Level 2 profile and Level 2VFM products provided by CALIPSO system.Vertical distribution characteristics of aerosol under different visibility conditions are then analyzed over North China based on surface observation data. The results show that 532nm total backscatter coefficient, particulate depolarization ratio, and color ratio over North China range from 0.5×10^-3~8.0×10^-3km^-1·sr^-1, 0.14~0.3, and 0.6~2.0, respectively, which all shows characteristics of significant variation with season and height. In addition, aerosol particles have a stronger scattering ability, more regular shape, and smaller sizes with visibility of less than 5km than more than 5km and vice versa with visibility of more than 10km. When the visibility is less than 5km, the corresponding maximum 532nm total backscatter coefficient, minimum particulate depolarization ratio, and minimum color ratio are 0.012km^-1·sr^-1, 0.092, and 0.856, respectively. The results also show that the aerosols of polluted dust, dust in desert, polluted continental and clean marine concentrate between 0 to 2km, whose occurrence frequencies are 13.81%, 8.48%, 5.45%, and 1.22%, respectively.

An operational forecasting system for atmospheric environment over East China was introduced in this paper. The system was established based on the WRF-Chem Model, an online coupled regional chemical transport model. Anthropogenic emission inventory was composed of MEIC and INTEX-B data. The forecasting performance for fine particles (PM_2.5) was evaluated during two high-concentration time periods (November 1^st, 2013~January 31^st, 2014 and November 1^st, 2014~January 31^st, 2015). Evaluation results could be summarized with the following features. 1) The numerical forecasting system had generally good performance of regional PM_2.5 forecasts. The performance was comparable during the two periods and three forecast lengths of 24-hour, 48-hour, and 72-hour. The integrated correlation coefficients (Rs) were greater than 0.7, and CSI/TS score for PM_2.5 pollution days was 0.55. For the cities evaluated, Rs were mostly over 0.5, and about half of locations had mean biases below 25%. 2) Regional differences could be found in the performance of different cities. Better performance of Rs was found over northern and central part of the domain, whereas relatively larger errors occurred over the northern areas. 3) When evaluated for pollution category and major cities, the model showed degraded performance during heavy PM_2.5 pollution episodes. 4) PM_2.5 concentrations tended to be under-estimated in general. About 3/4 of the daily biases were negative and most mean biases were between -20% and -30%. 5) Lack of feedback from pollution to meteorology as well as errors in the emission inventory were likely the main reasons leading to lower forecast capability during heavy PM_2.5 pollution episodes. Therefore, further improvements were required to forecast accurately under these severe conditions.

In order to investigate the characteristics of particles size distributions and aerosol optical properties during haze-fog episodes in the winter, the data of atmospheric particulates mass concentrations (PM₁₀, PM₁, and PM_2.5), number concentrations (0~1μm, 1~2.5μm, and 2.5~10μm) and aerosol optical properties over Xuzhou from December 1, 2014 to February 28, 2015 were studied. Low wind speed and high relative humidity were important meteorological factors for affecting the formation and the maintenance of the haze-fog weather, and the increasing of 0~1μm fine particles was the main factor causing the haze-fog weather during the winter in Xuzhou. Under the condition of long-lasting haze and fog days, 1~10μm particlesreduced in the haze and fog periods due to the moisture absorption and vapor attachment of particulates. With the decreasing of relative humidity, haze and fog weather turn into a short time of haze weather, then the number concentration of 1~10μm particles increased significantly. AOD_total and AOD_{fine mode} at 500nm of Xuzhou changed in the same trend in the winter. Besides, under the condition of haze-fog days, AOD_total and AOD_{fine mode} were significantly higher than that in non haze days. Under the condition of haze-fog days, the ratio of AOD_{fine mode} to AOD_{coarse mode} was also significantly higher than that in non haze days, and the Angstrom exponent lied mainly in the range of 1~1.6, indicating the predominance of fine-mode particles during haze-fog episodes in the winter of Xuzhou.

Electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) was used to analyze the particulate matters size, mass concentration distribution and ions from two sintering processes after dust removal and desulfurization. Results showed that the grain number concentration of the particulate matters from the sintering process after dust removal and desulfurization was in the range of 10⁵~10⁷cm^-3, and 67%~77% particulate matters' particle sizes were mainly below 0.1μm. The mass concentration distribution showed double peaks. Two peaks respectively existed at 0.61μm and 1.62μm of particle size in No.1sintering process, while two peaks respectively existed at 0.37μm and 1.62μm of particle size in No.2 sintering process. Chemical composition analysis indicated that the highest content of water-soluble ions in PM₁ from No.1 sintering process were NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺, which was 15.26% and 14.84%, respectively. The highest content of water-soluble ion in PM_>1 from No.1 sintering process was SO₄^2-, which was 33.52%. The highest content of water-soluble ions in PM₁ and PM_>1 from No.2 sintering process were Cl^- and SO₄^2-, which was 28.12% and 29.21%, respectively. 60% of SO₄^2- concentrated in the particulate matters of 6.89~10.23μm particle size in No.1sintering process, and 81% of SO₄^2- concentrated in the particulate matters with the particle size below 2.5μm in No.2 sintering process. The content of Cl^- in the particulate matters of different particle sizes distributes uniformly in No.1sintering process, and 45% of Cl^- concentrated in the particulate matters of 0.13~0.24μm particle size for a peak in No.2 sintering process.

Effect of pretreatment condition, H₂O and O₂ content on NO adsorption on Cu-ZSM-5molecular sieve was investigated in this experiment. The results showed that in the condition of 5% oxygen and none water Cu-ZSM-5 molecular sieve with the Si/Al ratio of 25had the best adsorption effect, whose breakthrough absorption amount was 0.8371mmol per gram. It had proved that water could be effectively removed by the non-thermal plasma(NTP) pretreatment on Cu-ZSM-5 molecular sieve using FT-IR method, and adsorption site of -OH retained. The water inhibited the adsorption capacity on Cu-ZSM-5 molecular sieve effectively, and breakthrough absorption amount was 0.09566mmol per gram. However, the adsorption capacity of mixed adsorbent, with the carbon molecular sieve(CMS)/La-Cu-ZSM-5 volume of nine, reached to 0.1889mmol per gram when the water content was 8%. While oxygen promoted the adsorption of nitric oxide, it inhibited the adsorption capacity on Cu-ZSM-5molecular sieve when the volume fraction of oxygen was 10%; TPD and FT-IR analysis showed adsorption species on Cu-ZSM-5molecular sieve was composed of NO₂, NO and -NO₃, when water content was 8%, the content of -NO₃ species was low.

In the long-term test, gaseous emission characteristics of 3diesel-buses equipped with DOC, CDPF and DOC+CDPF were periodically tested with PEMS to analyze the performance deterioration of different after-treatments while the driving distance increases. Results showed that the operating lifetime of DOC was around 80,000km. Its average reduction rates of CO, THC and NO_x were respectively 78%, 43% and 27% before performance deterioration. The operating lifetime of CDPF was comparatively short, so periodic maintenance with high temperature was necessary, and the maintenance period should be around 10,000km. Its average reduction rates of CO, THC and NO_x were respectively 74%, 16% and 15% before performance deterioration. The operating lifetime of DOC+CDPF was around 120000km. Its average reduction rates of CO, THC and NO_x were respectively 87%, 76% and 21% before performance deterioration. The lifetime of after-treatment can be extended effectively by the the continuous regeneration of DOC+CDPF.

In this study, PM_2.5 samples were collected in Beijing and Shijiazhuang in winter, 2014. The characteristics of PM_2.5 and its water-soluble ions component were investigated. Then the WRF-CAMx modeling system was developed to examine the regional transportation impact of PM_2.5 and secondary inorganic species within the same period of sample collection. The result showed the concentration of PM_2.5 in Beijing during sample collecting period was (116.6±87.0)μg/m³. Total water-soluble ions concentration was (45.3±40.6)μg/m³, and the concentration of SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ were (13.3±13.6)μg/m³, (14.8±15.1)μg/m³ and (9.1±7.2)μg/m³, respectively. The PM_2.5 pollution in Shijiazhuang was more serious than Beijing, which could be found through the result that the concentration of PM_2.5 in Shijiazhuang was (267.7±166.7)μg/m³. The concentration of total water-soluble ions, SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ were (111.8 ±104.3)μg/m³, (36.6±36.5)μg/m³, (28.5±29.3)μg/m³ and (25.5±29.8)μg/m³, respectively. SOR and NOR in two sites was 0.12, 0.10 (Beijing) and 0.11, 0.14 (Shijiazhuang), respectively. Atmospheric oxidation effect in winter was relatively weaker. Heterogeneous oxidation was the mainly mechanism of aerosol reaction. The simulation results showed the contribution of regional transportation to urban area of Beijing and Shijiazhuang in January was 28.1% and 28.3%, respectively, and the increased regional contribution were found during heavy pollution period. The regional transportation contribution of NO₃^- was much higher than that of SO₄^2- in both sites.

With the daily visibility and relativity humidity data from 86meteorological stations across Guangdong province from 1980 to 2014, typical haze processes according to the region were diagnosed based on the definition of "regional haze process" and "single station haze process". Furthermore, the trends and characteristics of haze process were analyzed. Results showed that the haze processes over Guangdong province mainly occurred in the Pearl River Delta region (PRD) and in individual regions of northern and eastern Guangdong, especially the western area to Pearl River Estuary. The data revealed that "Regional haze process" was mostly characterized by visibility ranging from 5 to 10km and there was no case with visibility less than 2km. Haze weather processes mainly occurred from October to April with the peak time differing slightly. The haze processes mostly happened in winter (from December to January next year) over northern, eastern and western Guangdong, but in spring (from March to April next year) over PRD. The analysis of the abruption by virtue of the Mann-Kendall rank statistics and the moving-t test revealed that the increasing trends of haze weather process over the PRD since the 1980s were due to abrupt changes which took place in 1986 and reached the strongest between 2000 and 2008. The haze weather process over northern Guangdong also appeared abrupt increasing changes in the middle of 1990s, especially between 1991 and 2011. The annual mean series of haze process over western Guangdong was relatively stable before 2000, but increased significantly after 2004. Haze processes over eastern Guangdong showed no significant changes.

X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and so on were used to characterize the catalysts surface crystallite, the structure and the active species dispersion of iron oxide after the doping of cerium oxide and titanium oxide. And the promotional mechanism of the low-temperature NH₃-SCR activity over iron-based mixed oxide was revealed. The results indicated that the addition of cerium oxide and titanium oxide suppressed the formation of Fe₂O₃ crystallite in iron oxide and refined its pore size, and then increased the BET surface area and the pore volume of iron oxide. The oxideation-reduction electron pair of Ce⁴⁺ and Ce³⁺ was formed within iron oxide after the doping of cerium oxide. This made a large of adsorbed oxygen formed on the surface of iron-cerium mixed oxide catalyst, and enhanced its low-temperature catalytic oxidation of NO to NO₂. Moreover, the adsorption strength of NH₃ on the surface of iron oxide was enhanced after the doping of cerium oxide and titanium oxide, especially the low-temperature adsorption strength of NH₃. These contributed to improve the low-temperature NH₃-SCR activity over iron-based mixed oxides catalysts.

In August 2013, We used Y-12aircraft to carry out the experiment, which was equipped with PCASP, SMPS, AMS, CCN200, TSI-3563 type integral turbidity meter, and MAAP-5012 type Multi-angle absorption spectrophotometer from the United States and so on. For the first time,on the loess plateau that atmospheric aerosol joint observation data was obtained, in order to find the aerosol vertical distribution characteristics and optical properties. Results show that aerosol physical properties was stable, but scattering coefficient still fluctuate along with the change of meteorological conditions. the average backward scattering field of three band ratio was 0.13, the aerosol is given priority to with fine particles. Three wavelength scattering coefficient change trend was very consistent, can be thought aerosol micro physical properties basically remain unchanged in the process of detecting, but merely concentration was changed. The change tendency of the scattering coefficient and the volume concentration have almost the same change trend. The obvious positive correlation have been find between the high value area and the atmospheric humidity. Backward trajectory analysis show most of the aerosol particles originated from high altitude, from Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, gansu and shanxi transmitted over a long distance.

In this paper, the hydrated electron (e_aq^-) was formed by the electron beam irradiation of water and the result showed that the reductive e_aq^- could not degrade 4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP). The hydroxyl radical (·OH) was formed by the UV_254nm irradiation of H₂O₂ and the degradation of 4-t-BP was very efficient. The experimental parameters such as initial concentration of 4-t-BP, H₂O₂ adding concentration and pH value of the solution were discussed. The results showed that low concentration of 4-t-BP and high concentration of H₂O₂ were favorable to the reaction. The optimum pH was 6. The intermediate products were analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS. 4-tert-butylcatechol, 4-tert-butylphenol dimer and hydroquinone were detected. The 4-t-BP degradation pathway was summarized according to these intermediate products.

The degradation of high concentration Rhodamine B by US/UV-Fenton system was investigated. Firstly, the degradation effects of Fenton, US-Fenton, UV-Fenton and US/UV-Fenton on RB were compared, and the reaction kinetics equation was found to be consistent with the pseudo first order kinetics, then the synergy in US/UV-Fenton system was analyzed. Secondly, the effects of five factors, e.g. initial solution pH, H₂O₂ dosage, mole ratio of H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺, reaction time and ultrasonic power, on the RB degradation ability of US/UV-Fenton system were investigated. The results showed that the RB decolorization rate was 99.9%, the removal rate of TOC and COD_Cr was 92.1% and 61.85% respectively, and the biodegradability of wastewater was improved from 0.277 to 0.503 under the optimum conditions. According to the law of the reaction, the reaction mechanism of US/UV-Fenton system was analyzed, and the synergy in the system was discussed.

In order to analyze the characteristic of PM_2.5 concentrations and assess the effect of the temporary control measures during the APEC meeting, the variation of PM_2.5 concentration and its components before-, during- and after-APEC were analyzed and the role of meteorological conditions and pollution control measures to the improvement of air quality were explored. Then CAMx-PSAT model was used to quantitatively analyze the effect of improving the air quality of the pollution control measures for different sources in different regions. Different scenarios were defined to compare the situations between the control measures implemented or not during the APEC meeting. The results showed that the average daily PM_2.5 concentration in Beijing during the APEC was lower than the National Environmental Standard Ⅱ (75μg/m³), PM_2.5 pollutants were mainly emitted from the local emission sources, of which vehicle exhaust was the main pollution source, accounting for 36.1%. PM_2.5 concentrations in Beijing decreased by 43.0% because of the implementation of the temporary control measures during the APEC meeting. The stringent control measures implemented in Beijing and its surrounding areas dominantly contributed for "APEC blue".

Due to the fluctuation of upstream sewage during the actual operation, the effect of pulsed inflow shock on the stability of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) process was evaluated in the present study through changing the amplitude and frequency of pulsed inflow. The results showed that the ANAMMOX process in UASB reactor had a good adaptivity and tolerance towards pulsed inflow when the amplitude was less than 60mL/min(v_upflow=1.33cm/min). Even through the pulsed frequency came to a high level, the effluent could meet the national 1-A standard. The removal efficiency ratio of NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N could both been kept above 80% and the removal ratio of total nitrogen was above 70%. The process of ANAMMOX in UASB reactor was unstable when the pulsed amplitude came to 100mL/min (v_upflow=2.22cm/min). With the enhancement of pulsed frequency, the adaptation time of ANAMMOX process increased. The concentrations of NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N in effluent were both above 5mg/L when the pulsed frequency came to 1.5h. Moreover, when the pulsed amplitude increased from 40mL/min to 60mL/min and 100mL/min, the abundance of anammox bacteria in reactor and the percentage of anammox on total bacteria firstly increased and then decreased. The abundance and percentage of anammox bacteria in total bacteria came to the highest level when the pulsed amplitude came to 60mL/min. The reason might be that the mixture and contaction of the anammox and the substance were more efficient, which facilited the growth of anammox bacteria.

In this study, a pretreatment protocol was developed, and combined with phthalaldehyde (OPA) and 9-fluorenyl methyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) pre-column derivatization, RP-HPLC method, and fluorescent detection for the quantitative and qualitative investigations of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) in biogas slurry. Owing to the simultaneous removal of high-strength ammonium and biogenic amines by pH adjustment during rotary evaporation, the recovery of DFAA was greatly improved by the introduction of 3K Millipore ultrafiltration tubes. As a result, a good linear relationship (corresponding linear correlation coefficient (R²) greater than 0.99) was obtained with the spike recovery rate of 23 kinds of amino acid of 89%~115%, except for that of glutamic acid of 70.5%. And the relative standard deviation was 1.1%~5.0% for the recovery analysis. On this basis, the developed pre-treatment method was further carried out to different sludge samples. The DFAA was 2.0mol/L in the excess sludge, while the amount of DFAA in the biogas slurry with input TS of 5% and 20% were different in species and amounts with 0.04mol/L and 1.94mol/L, respectively. Thus, no correlation between the DFAA amount and the input had been observed, which proved that the generation and utilization mechanisms of amino acids varied in different anaerobic digesters.

Water samples containing Escherichia coli was treated by a hydrodynamic cavitation device with circular multi-orifice plates. The inactivation effects of hydrodynamic cavitation on Escherichia coli in water was experimentally studied by detecting the killing rate. The effects of initial concentration of Escherichia coli, cavitation number, orifice velocity, orifice arrangement, orifice number, orifice size and cavitation time on the killing rates were analyzed. The experimental results showed that increasing the orifice velocity, lowering cavitation number, choosing the appropriate initial concentration, improving the cavitation time, increasing the orifice number, decreasing the orifice size and improving orifice arrangement can further increase the killing rates of Escherichia coli in water.

A novel Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)-Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification integrated system was applied to treatment of municipal wastewater with low COD/TN ratio. Its pollutants removal performance was evaluated by the combination of fluorescence regional integration, materials balance calculation and redundancy analysis. The results showed that, with the influent COD/TN ratio of 4.5~6.0, the average effluent concentrations of TN, NH₄⁺-N and TP were 1.31, 1.11 and 0.23mg/L, and the corresponding removal rates reached 96.3%, 96.0% and 86.9%, respectively. Moreover, the normalized integral volumes of regions I~V were decreased by 73.7%, 64.3%, 46.9%, 61.3% and 31.8%, respectively. Material balance calculation further indicated that the aromatic protein-like and the soluble microbial byproduct-like materials were significantly decreased in the non-aerobic zones; the aromatic protein-like and the fulvic acid-like materials were more effectively removed in the aerobic zone. Meanwhile, redundancy analysis showed that phosphorus releasing was correlated with soluble microbial byproduct-like materials. In addition, autotrophic nitrification, phosphorus uptake and organic matter removal could simultaneously occur in the aerobic zone.

The photodecompositions of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in pure water, dissolved organic matter (DOM) solution, and actual surface water were studied comparatively. The results indicate that there are three pathways in the photodecomposition of 2,4,6-TCP, including direct photolysis, sensitized photolysis, and self-sensitized photolysis. Direct photolysis and self-sensitized are found to be involved in the photolysis of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in pure water, with singlet oxygen as main active species. Besides direct photolysis, sensitized photolysis of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is also found in presence of DOM with singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical as main active species. The degradation rates of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in pure, DOM-contained and actual surface water all increase with the oxygen content in solution. The visible light has no contribution for the direct photolysis of 2,4,6-TCP, and UVA contribution is 72.60%. While in presence of dissolved organic matter, about 12.39% contribution of visible light is found, and the contribution of UVA is 52.73% in DOM solution. The photolysis of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in actual surface water is similar to that in DOM solution, in which DO and DOM are the dominant factors in the indirect photolysis of 2,4,6-TCP.

A 3-dimensional biofilm electrode reactor (3DBER) coupled with sulfur autotrophic denitrification system was developed by integrating with micro-electrocoagulation process. The novel process, namely MEC-3DBER-S, was set up to enhance the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus for the effluent of low C/N ratio from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The characters of MEC-3DBER-S were compared with that of 3DBER under different current conditions. Moreover, the biofilm denitrifying bacteria community was also analyzed in MEC-3DBER-S system based on the library of nirS gene cloning technology. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus are intensified in MEC-3DBER-S process as compared to 3DBER, especially the denitrification under the lower current conditions. Phosphorus removal efficiency could be improved by the sponge iron corrosion process that was induced by the function of current. The nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were reached about 75% and 78% respectively, which were 10% and 28% higher than that of 3DBER under the condition of C/N=1.5, HRT=8h, I=300mA. In addition, it was found that heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria, hydrogen autotrophic denitrifying bacteria, sulfur autotrophic denitrifying bacteria and iron autotrophic denitrification denitrifying bacteria simultaneously existed in MEC-3DBER-S system, which could respectively utilize organic carbon, H2, sulfur and Fe²⁺ as electron donors for denitrification. The denitrification efficiency could be improved and stabilized by the mutual complementation of the different electron donors. In the meantime, there would be the physical, chemical and biological effects that were resulted in more efficient for phosphorus removal in the system. Thus, a higher nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency could be guaranteed in MEC-3DBER-S process.

The effect of AOB/NOB in nitrifying sludge on nitrification characteristics was deeply investigated in this study. Firstly, activated sludge only with AOB and NOB was successfully cultivated in two same SBRs through 80 cycles, respectively. The main substrate in their inflow was single, during cultivation influencing factors were controlled and sludge was discharged at regular intervals. Secondly, the ratio of abundance between AOB sludge and NOB sludge was determined through experiment which was about 1:1. Finally, experiment results about nitrification characteristics showed that nitrosation rate, ammonia oxidation rate, nitrite oxidation rate and oxygen uptake rate were influenced by A/N in nitrifying sludge. A/N should be close to 1:0 for steady operation of partial nitrification; there was no obvious positive relationship between ammonia oxidation rate and proportion of AOB in nitrifying bacteria; A/N in conventional nitrification sludge for municipal sewage treatment should not less than 1:2; combined with online monitoring for oxygen uptake rate, when it became stable, the startup of partial nitrification could be considered as nearly achieved.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of aeration rates of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8L/(min·kg OM) on intermittent forced-aeration composting of biogas residue. Characteristics of physics, chemistry and maturity were determined during the composting. The results were manifested that the higher aeration rate of 0.8 L/(min·kg OM) did not maintain a longer thermophilic phase. The decomposition rate of OM were 28.2%, 32.9% and 30.5%, respectively. The aeration rate had little influence on the final pH and EC, all composts had reached acceptable optimum values and EC had not exceeded 4mS/cm. The final ammonia nitrogen content in pile of aeration rates of 0.2L/(min·kg OM) did not meet the limit value of 400 mg/kg, and the nitrate nitrogen was 2545, 3146 and 2735 mg/kg, respectively. The final C/N was 16.5, 14.1 and 15.6, and the final germination index (GI) was 92.2%, 96.6% and 82.7%, respectively. The pile of middle aeration rates of 0.5L/(min·kg OM) had the highest humification because E465/E665 (E₄/E₆) of it reduced the largest range. Overall, aeration rates of 0.5L/(min·kg OM) can be chosen for composting.

Five sets of moisture retention capacity (MRC) experiments were conducted in degradation-compression-permeation cells for municipal solid waste (MSW). The variations of MRC with degradation time under different temperature conditions and incremental stresses for fresh high food waste content (HFWC) MSW were characterized, and the variation of MRC with stress for fresh HFWC-MSW, fresh zero food waste content (NFWC) MSW and decomposed MSW (D-MSW) were determined. Based on the experimental results, the following findings were obtained:MRC of fresh HFWC-MSW decreased exponentially with the degradation time, i.e., MRC=a-b(1-exp(-ct^d)); the values of c and d were obtained as 0.003 and 1.18 under the stress of 10kPa and room temperature of 0~27℃, while 0.173 and 0.601 under the stress of 10 kPa and constant temperature of (40±3)℃. MRC of fresh HFWC-MSW sharply dropped 3.0%, 2.3% and 1.9% after the application of incremental stresses of 100kPa, 200kPa and 400kPa, respectively. MRC appeared to decrease linearly with an increase of logarithmic stress for fresh HFWC-MSW, NFWC-MSW and D-MSW, i.e., MRC=m-n×lg(σ). The MRCs of fresh HFWC-MSW, D-MSW and NFWC-MSW decreased from 63.0%, 46.5% and 37.9% to 46.0%, 35.3% and 30.4%, respectively, with an increase of stress from 10kPa to 400kPa. It was concluded from the analyses of reference data that the MRC of fresh MSW increased with the food waste content and the MRC of aged MSW with different compositions were basically consistent under a given stress. The influence mechanism of degradation and stress on MRC of fresh HFWC-MSW was discussed, and the practical implications were proposed to enhance the dewatering of fresh HFWC-MSW.

The relationship of available arsenic and soil alkaline phosphatase activity at different soil moistures (35%, 65% and 110% of water holding capacity) was studied by an indoor simulated experiment. The results showed that available arsenic content increased after arsenic pollution and declined with aging until held steady after 15days. Flooding reduced the available arsenic content and soil alkaline phosphatase activity. The relationship of soil enzymatic activities (U) and arsenic concentration (C) was described well by the model U=A/(1+B×C), which indicated that soil alkaline phosphatase activity could be a good predictor for arsenic pollution in paddy soil under different soil moistures. Ecological dose 10% (ED₁₀) of total and available arsenic were 67mg/kg and 11mg/kg in paddy soil, respectively. The results of this study suggested that it was an efficient way to appropriately change the soil moisture to relieve the toxicity of arsenic contamination in paddy soil.

In order to investigate chemical forms of heavy metals in soil around the power plant located in Jinsha County, Bijie City, thirty-two surface soil samples were collected and analyzed using the modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The risks of the heavy metals were evaluated using the potential ecological risk index proposed by Hakanson, the modified grey clustering, and risk assessment code (RAC). The results obtained showed that some differences were found in the spatial distributions of the heavy metals, and the concentrations of all heavy metals (except for Cd and Cr) were higher than the background values in soils from Guizhou. The majority of the heavy metals were primarily kept in residual fractions, while Cd existed mainly in acid soluble and reducible fractions. The results of correlation analysis showed that the correlations among Hg, As, Cd and Ni were significantly positive, while the correlations of Pb and Zn with the other heavy metals were weak. The results from potential ecological risk assessment indicated that the order of ecological risk for the seven heavy metals was Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr. The average ecological risk index (RI) was 129.72, suggesting a medium ecological risk to local ecological system. The results of modified grey clustering method showed that the pollution level in the west of the power plant was obviously higher than that in the east, and Hg and Cd were the main pollutants. Based on the analysis with RAC method, Cd was of medium risk to the environment (18.17%). Accordingly, Cr and Zn posed low risk, whereas Hg, Pb, As and Cu posed extremely low risk to the environment. In summary, surface soil around the coal-fired power plant was polluted to different degrees by heavy metals, and special attention should be paid to the treatment of Hg and Cd pollution.

The Danjiangkou reservoir is the water source for the Middle Route Project under the South-to-North WaterTransfer Scheme. Heavy metal pollution assessment in the new submerged area is critical for water conservation. Therefore, it is essential to assess heavy metal pollution in the new submerged area. In this study, we determined the contents of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, Mn), in which 169soil samples of the new submerged area were collected, and we analyzed the source and enrichment of heavy metals using enrichment factor and multivariate statistical analysis. The concentration of Cr(45.11mg/kg) was lower than the background value of the reservoir area, while the concentration of Cd(1.04mg/kg) was higher than the background value within the sampling area. The spatial analysis showed that the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and As (except for Cu) in the Dan River Reservoir were higher than the Han River Reservoir, the coefficient of variation were 0.58, 0.72, 0.58, 0.74, 0.35 and 1.12, respectively. Cd and As were the dominant contaminated element of the new submerged area in the Danjiangkou reservoir. The enrichment factor value of Cd was 10.3, and the area moderately contaminated or above of Cd and As occupied 86.6 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively. The results revealed that As, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cr were the main input of natural sources, whereas the agricultural production activities, industrial production activities and domestic waste were the sources of the accumulation of As and Cd.

In order to heighten the biodegradation effect of the non-ionic surfactant octyl phenol ethoxylates (Octylphenyl polyethoxylates, OPnEO) in the laboratory, four mixed degradation bacteria (H1, TXBc10, OPQb11, TXBa23) were screened to degrade OPnEO. The construction of OPnEO mixed flora centers on the degradation effects of four bacterial strain of different ratios on OPnEO. The degradation rate of hybrid strain L9 (H1:TXBc10:TXBa23 1:1:1) to OPnEO reached 56.44% (highest), slightly higher than the degradation effect of each single strain. The factors related to degradation efficiency of L9 were optimized as follows:optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were sucrose and tryptone, respectively; optimum initial pH value was 7.0, the optimum temperature was 28℃; optimum inoculation amount was 4%. To further the degradation rate, three significant factors affecting the degradation OPnEO were screened in Plackett-Burman experimental design:L9 mixed bacteria inoculation, temperature, and initial pH value. Then steepest ascent approached the maximum response area of the three significant factors. Using Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface analysis, the optimal conditions for the degradation of OPnEO by mixed bacteria L9 were confirmed as follows:inoculation 4.16%, temperature 28.20℃, initial pH value 7.13, sucrose concentration 500mg/L, tryptone concentration 500mg/L, OPnEO initial concentration of 500mg/L,180r/min cultured 7d. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of OPnEO by L9 reached 62.15%, about 5% higher than non-optimized OPnEO of experimental conditions. These results can effectively solve the current problem of environmental pollution such as tanning, washing, pesticides and other industries caused by OPnEO, and will offer new ideas to the study of other types of biodegradable surfactants pollutants.

Bacteria are key players in the ecosystem of rivers. In this study, bacterial communities in Nanchang section of the Ganjiang River in wet season (April to Auguest) were analyzed. The results showed that the dominant phyla were Actinobacteria (41.18%) and Proteobacteria (31.79%), followed by Firmicutes (10.04%), Bacteroidetes (7.26%) and Cyanobacteria (4.01%). The dominant genus was hgcI_clade (16.39%). There were no significant differences of the bacterial community abundance and diversity in river water between the upstream, the downtown and the downstream of urban area, while there were significant differences between months. Except for Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, there was significant difference of the bacterial phyla abundance between months. Proteobacteria (mainly Betaproteobacteria) was the only phylum whose abundance showed significant difference between sampling sites. Temperature and streamflow were the main environmental factors influencing bacterial communities in river water, while temperature was more correlated with the bacterial Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU), and streamflow was more correlated with bacterial phyla communities. Firmicutes became the dominant phylum instead of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in a stormflow. The optimal subset of environmental variables with the best correlation to OTU abundance included temperature, flow rate and EC, and with the best correlation to phylum abundance included temperature and flow rate. The influence of water chemical parameters on bacterial communities was less than that of hydrometeorological factors including temperature and streamflow.

Agarose gel were coupled with mixed cellulose (CA-CN) membrane to build a photosynthetic microalgal biofilm reactor containing a two-layer source/substrate structure. The agarose gel layer was used to supply nutrient, while the CA-CN membrane layer was used as the framework for biofilm. The effects of nutrient contents on microalgal growth and lipid accumulation were investigated. As the agar powder content in culture increased from 0.125% to 8% (W/W), the nutrient contents decreased from 0.62 to 0.25g, the cell diameter decreased from 3.87 to 3.35μm, the thickness of microalgal biofilm decreased from 91.23 to 62.33μm, and the water content per unit biofilm thickness reduced by 40.49%. Consequently, the CO₂ and light transfer resistance of internal biofilm decreased, whereas the areal density of microalgal biofilm was improved from 40.56 to 59.16g/m² (45.86% increase), and the lipid production increased by 63.39%.

Comparative study of the growth characteristics and water purification effects of two free-floating macrophytes, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), on domestic sewage contaminated water had been carried out using self-designed floating sinks. Results showed that the water lettuce has higher requirements on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, and the removal rates of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a by the water lettuce were respectively reached to 94.38% and 95.06%, which were significantly higher than those by the water hyacinth. The TN removal rate (82.08%), the net photosynthetic rate (27.90~20.28 μmol CO₂/(m^-2·s)), and the chlorophyll a content (1.05~1.08mg/g fresh weight) of the water hyacinth were respectively higher than those (they were 71.82%, 8.64~16.50 μmol CO₂/(m²·s) and 0.25~0.31mg/g fresh weight, respectively) of the water lettuce (P<0.05). However, when cultivated together with the water hyacinth, the water lettuce has higher reproductive ability and may have the risk of escape in engineering practice. In order to take full advantage of these two free-floating macrophytes in terms of water purification, a "sandwich" pattern for their cultivation was proposed. The results of this study would provide practical and theoretical references for the use of aquatic macrophytes for water purification and restoration in engineering practice.

For further study the ecological risk of herbicides and the carry-over effect of herbicides on plant reproduction, the pot and germination experiment were used to investigate the effect of tribenuron-methly or atrazine treated on flowering stage of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus) on the offspring germination and seedlings growth. The result shows that tribenuron-methly and atrazine both had a carry-over effect on velvetleaf reproduction. Tribenuron-methly had no significant effect on germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT) of seeds. Initial germination time was irregularly changed (advance or delay) with the increase of tribenuron-methly concentration. Radicle growth of seedlings (7days) were inhibited by the recommended field application concentration (RFAC) (22.5g ai/hm²) of tribenuron-methly, with promoted by the others doses. Seed germination percentage from parent plants treated by 1/16of RFAC (75g ai/hm²) of atrazine was significantly higher than that treated by other doses. The initial germination time were delayed significantly when parent plants were treated by RFAC (1200g ai/hm²), 1/4of RFAC (300g ai/hm²) of atrazine. MGT of seeds from parent plants treated by atrazine significantly increased, and seedlings growth was inhibited when parent plants were treated by 1/64 (18.75g ai/hm²), 1/4 of RFAC of atrazine.

Mercury contents in water, sediments and Anodonta woodiana were determined to study the pollution characteristics of mercury in Hangbu-Fengle River. Single Pollution Index and Index of Geoaccumulation were used to assess ecological risks. The results showed that the total mercury concentrations in water ranged from 0.04 to 0.20μg/L, with an average of 0.10μg/L. Total mercury contents in sediments ranged from 29.13 to 251.49μg/kg, with an average of 65.42μg/kg and methyl mercury contents ranged from 0.22 to 3.31μg/kg, with an average of 0.68μg/kg. Total mercury contents in sediments (H5, H9, F2, S4 and S5) were higher than the Ⅲ-level standard of the National Surface Water Environment Quality Standard. Mercury contents in sediments of the sites (H5, H9 and F2) were partial moderate pollution and another sites (S4, S5) were mild pollution, in which industrial emission was the main pollution sources. Total mercury contents in the mussels (Anodonta woodiana) ranged from 101.34 to 171.15μg/kg (dry weight), while methyl mercury contents ranged from 54.22 to 89.63μg/kg(dry weight), and they were all lower than the GB18406.4-2001. The accumulation of mercury and methyl mercury in the mussels was obvious and the accumulation of mercury in various tissues had obvious selectivity (mantle > guts > gill and muscle). According to the correlation analysis between the contents of mercury in water, sediments and mussels, Anodonta woodiana could be used as biomarker to further verify the mercury pollution level in water and sediments.

Humification of organic matter and formation of organic-mineral complexes were simulated with subcritical water treatment method. A series of samples containing commercial humic acid, kaolin, and organic-mineral complexes were prepared under designed temperature, pressure and reaction time, respectively, in a high-temperature and high-pressure reaction kettle. Changing characteristic and mechanism of these samples under different conditions were investigated by means of specific surface area analysis (SSA), Fourier infrared spectrum (FTIR), particular wavelength absorbance ratio (E₄/E₆), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR). The results showed that SSA, molecular weight, and degree of aromatization (from 59.52% to 70.90%) of humic acids increased significantly with increasing temperature and pressure. This was caused by the cyclization and polymerization of free carboxyl and chain hydrocarbon in humic acid, which led to a more complicated structure and an improvement of chemical stability of humic acids. Increasing temperature and pressure resulted in dehydration and a complete and orderly structure of kaolin. There were several interactions involved in the formation of organic-mineral complexes. At first, aromatic components of humic acid intercalated into kaolin and caused a relatively dense inner structure. Then, the cyclized and polymerized free carboxyl, alkanes and chain structures patched loosely on the kaolin and formed the outer space. The change trend of humic acid, kaolin and their complexes in the experiments was consistent with the direction of mineralization and humification of these substances in nature.

Based on the hydrodynamic simulation by Delft3D-FLOW, the model of migration and diffusion of red tides, based on the FBM (Fractional Brownian Motion) particle tracking method, was established and validated. The flow and wind-driven current in Qinhuangdao coastal water were simulated, and the effects of wind-driven current in migration and diffusion of red tides were presented. The characteristics of the FBM method, Lagrange method and the conventional Brown method in simulating migration and diffusion of red tides were compared. The sensitivity of Hurst index in the model was analysed, and its reasonable range in simulation of migration and diffusion of red tides was obtained in Qinhuangdao coastal water. Main conclusions were:1) red tides migrated in Qinhuangdao coastal water with reciprocating tidal currents, resulting in a small net migration distance of red tides during an entire flood and ebb period; 2) the tidal current in Qinhuangdao coastal water was weak in the summer, but the wind-driven current in the northeast direction resulted in the red tide being transported northeastwardly; 3) Hurst index could significantly affect the diffusion range of particle cloud, Hurst index in the range of 0.80±0.03could more accurately simulate migration and diffusion of red tides in Qinhuangdao coastal water; 4) FBM method could simulate the non-Fickian diffusion phenomenon of red tides, which made the diffusion range and shape of the particle clouds closer to the actual situation than those using the Lagrange method and the conventional Brown method.

An electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) was used to analyze the content profiles of 19 elements (Ag, Al, Au, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Hf, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Re, Se, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, and Zn) in the shell (prismatic layer and nacreous layer) of freshwater bivalve Anodonta woodiana. Results of both the line transect and map analyses clearly showed that the element contents generally decreased in the order of Ca, Hf, Re, Mn, Al, Co, Fe, Sr, Cu, Na, Au, Mg, Tl, Zn, Sn, Ag, V, Mo, and Se. Level of Mn in the nacreous layer was evidently higher than that of prismatic layer. Furthermore, Mn content in the nacreous layer of the umbo (0.087±0.045)% was significantly higher than that in the prismatic layer (0.030±0.025)% (P<0.05). Likewise, Mn content in the nacreous layer nearby the ventral edge (0.072±0.055)% was significantly higher than that in the prismatic layer (0.044±0.025)% (P<0.05). The present study can provide a better basis for selecting a more sensitive bioindicator in our undertaking "Freshwater Mussel Watch" project.

In this study, Beichangshan Island in Changdao County of Shandong Province was used as the research area. On the basis of field investigation, the methods of mathematic model and 3S technology were adopted. The plantation biomass was classified as total biomass (TB), existent biomass (EB), and lost biomass (LB), which represents the biomasses of all trees, living trees and dead trees, respectively. The ratio of existent biomass to lost biomass (EB/LB) was used to describe the relationship between different components of biomass and to reflect the plantation health condition from a new perspective. Then, the spatial distribution patterns and the impacting factors of plantation biomass were discussed. The results revealed that TB of plantation on Beichangshan Island summed to 58.8 kt, with the average value of 145.8t/hm², which was higher than that of the whole country and Shandong Province. EB summed to 37.9 kt with the average value of 93.9t/hm², and LB summed to 20.9 kt with the average value of 51.9t/hm², indicating that the health condition of plantation has been an important factor impacting the plantation biomass. With the increase in stand density, both TB and EB firstly increased and then decreased, while LB kept an increasing trend, whereas EB/LB showed the opposite trend. The diameter at breast height (DBH) of 10~20cm accounted for the most biomass, and with the increase in DBH, EB/LB of Pinus thunbergii tended to decrease, while EB/LB of Robinia pseudoacacia showed the opposite trend. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was significantly positively correlated with TB, EB and EB/LB, but negatively correlated with LB. EB/LB was significantly positively correlated with slope aspect, soil moisture content, total phosphorus and total nitrogen but negatively correlated with altitude, slope, soil salinity and total potassium, and had no significant correlations with slope position, soil pH and total carbon.

For investigating the impact of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ during dust weather and non-dust weather on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, this paper used time series method of nonparametric generalized additive model (GAM) by controlling the long-term trend, "week effect", the influence of meteorological factors, to establish the relationship (RR) between the concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 during dust weather and non-dust weather and between the number of inpatients contracting cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases from 2006 to 2010 in Beijing on the basis of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 classification, and then compare the different effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases between dust pollution and haze pollution. The results have shown that there was significantly associations between PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and the number of inpatients contracting cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease with a lag of 0~2d,the RR value of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were relatively close; During the non-dust weather, there were dose-response relationship of RR between PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and the number of contracting cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. RR increased as the PM_2.5 concentration rose. Firstly RR increases and then decreased gradually as the PM₁₀ concentration rose. On the same PM₁₀ exposure level, RR of dust weather was lower than that of non-dust weather. Exposed to the same PM_2.5 concentration, RR of sandstorms and non-dust weather was close. With respect to the dust weather, there was also lag effect for haze pollution affecting cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as haze worsened, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases on the population experienced greater harm.

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) was a architecture with real-time two-way communications that used digital technology to monitor and manage the delivery of electricity from generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end users. The goal of an AMI was to provide utility companies with real-time data about power consumption and allow customers to make informed choices about energy usage based on the price at the time of use. Since the rollout of AMI was a heavy investment, a cost benefit analysis and an impact assessment should be carried out. This paper attempted to quantify the energy saving and reduction in carbon emission benefits inherent in the AMI potential. The quantitative estimation of potential saving in electricity consumption and associated reduction in carbon emission presented were based on a survey of published results, actual field measurements of local demographics in urban and rural environmental conditions, fuel mix, and possible incentive pricing based on time of use. A mathematical model was formulated to apply sensitivity analysis against the coverage of AMI in different demographics, and respective penetrations of AMI. A case study illustrated the real world application of the energy saving estimation model to Hong Kong environment. For more than 70% population participated in AMI, the emission reduction target of 19%~33% planned by Hong Kong Government could be achieved. The methodology presented in this paper could serve as a reference model in implementing AMI in other cities.

The calculation method of aviation emissions based on time spent in various modes in LTO cycles was improved. The effective emission height was calculated based on AMDAR data, instead of using the height (915m) proposed by ICAO. Then, the total amount of atmospheric pollutant emissions from aviation was estimated accurately. The total emissions of NO_x, CO, HC, SO₂ and PM_2.5 from aviation in Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA) were about 7042.1, 3189.9, 295.3, 429.4 and 150.4t, respectively. As compared with the traditional method based on LTO cycles, the result estimated with the improved method revealed that emissions of NO_x, CO, HC and SO₂ had increased by 23.5%, 2.3%, 2.1% and 18.1%, severally. Monthly emissions of CO, HC, SO₂ and PM_2.5 from aircraft in BCIA presented a relatively steady trend, but NO_x was fluctuated on a large scale. Emissions from aviation were lower in January to February; and monthly emission was peaked in August. Moreover, as for different operation modes, the climbing and taxiing course were found with the largest emission. Approximately 37.7% and 36.8% of the total aircraft emissions were produced in climbing and taxiing, respectively.