Aerosol samples of PM_2.5 were collected in Beijing during January, April, July and October 2014, which stood for winter, spring, summer and autumn respectively, to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics, seasonal variation and formation factors of PM_2.5. At the same time, source apportionment was carried out by using the positive matrix factorization analysis method. The results showed that the annual average concentration of PM_2.5 reached 87.74μg/m³ in Beijing in 2014, 2.5 times as high as the national air quality standard. The PM_2.5 concentrations during light and heavy pollution periods increased more than 1.5 and 3.9 times compared with normal days, respectively, and its seasonal variation was significant, with the order of winter >summer >autumn >spring. The concentrations of crustal elements, such as Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti, during light and heavy pollution days were 1.1~1.2 and 1.2~1.5 times as high as those in normal days, respectively, and the concentrations of pollution elements, such as S, Pb, Zn and Cu, showed significant changes during light and heavy pollution days, with 1.3~2.7 and 1.9~5.9 times as high as those in normal days, respectively. S was the most important anthropogenic pollution element in PM_2.5, and its SO₄^2- annual average concentration was 13.43μg/m³. The concentrations of SO₄^2- in light and heavy pollution days were 2.7 and 5.9 times higher than that in normal days, respectively. The formation of sulfate was mainly influenced by the concentration of O₃, air temperature and relative humidity etc.. Higher O₃ concentration, temperature and relative humility were in favor of the formation of sulfate. PM_2.5 was mainly from mobile emission, coal combustion, re-suspended dust and industrial emission, which contributed to PM_2.5 about 37.6%, 30.7%, 16.6% and 15.1%, respectively.

WRF-CAMx modeling system was developed to examine the regional transportation of PM_2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and its surrounding provinces. Regional emission contribution to the PM_2.5 and SIA of BTH was estimated, and the transmission matrix among different provinces was also obtained. Results showed that regional transmission effect of PM_2.5 and SIA components was comparatively significant. PM_2.5 and SIA of BTH contributed by emissions from outside region was 23.4% and 45.5%, respectively. Local emissions contributed 51.2%~68.8% of the annual average PM_2.5 and 36.7%~56.4% of the SIA in each province and city. Sources of the four severe pollution processes in January 2013 of Beijing were analyzed combining backward trajectory model; and it was found that the sources were quite different from each other, including long distance transportation from northwest direction, short distance transportation from the south and local air-mass transportation from southwest and southeast. Regional transportation was more obviously during the severe pollution processes, PM_2.5 and SIA contributed by local emissions were only 35.1%~37.3% and 17.1%~28.4%, respectively. Among that, air-mass transported from southern part could lead to higher pollution level; and the contributions from emissions of BTH was remarkable, they reached 83.2% and 76.4% for PM_2.5 and SIA, respectively.

A heavy air pollution episode in Beijing in October 2015 was analyzed through vertical observation, ground-based observation, monitoring data of chemical components of PM_2.5 and back-trajectories of air mass. The results showed that aerosol extinction coefficient increased significantly during the episode, indicating that air pollutants accumulated within 600m height from ground. Comparing with normal days, wind speed was weaker, relative humidity was higher, surface pressure was lower and boundary layer height was lower during the episode. The variation and peak appearance were consistent among different monitoring sites, and NO₃^- concentration was higher than other components of PM_2.5 in most time. In addition, the surrounding region of North China Plain affected by heavy pollution was relatively small, while PM_2.5 accumulation in Beijing and its nearby region was more prominent. Multi-observations and correlation analysis between PM_2.5 and meteorological factors and chemical compositions showed that this episode was affected by regional transport to some extent, including straw burning. However, the accumulation and chemical reaction of local NO₂ emission under unfavorable meteorological conditions and extreme space compression in vertical direction was the main cause.

By using atmospheric composition and meteorological observation data, PM_2.5 concentration variation characteristics and relevant meteorological conditions during the period from August to September 2015 in Beijing were studied. With the application of the Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions (CMAx), the contributions of the meteorological conditions, emission control policies and regional collaborations on emission control to the air quality in Beijing were analyzed. The results show that, the air quality of Beijing was significantly improved during the memorial activity period (20 August to 03 September). The average PM_2.5 concentration was 18.7μg/m³, reduced by 70% compared with the previous period (August 1st to August 19 th) and reduced by 74% compared with the same period last year. Long period maintain of northeast cold vortex provided the favorable circulation background for the air quality improvement. During the period of memorial activity, the meteorological factors such as mixed layer height, relative humidity and wind speed presented favorable conditions in improving the air quality. In particular, the shifting of dominant wind direction on the ground level prevented the pollutant invading from the southern part of Beijing and from middle and southern areas of North China. CMAx model well simulated the variations of PM_2.5 concentrations in Beijing. The simulation results show that, comparing with the same period last year, the meteorological conditions contributed 73% to the total change of PM_2.5. 33% of the PM_2.5 reduction was attributed to the emission control polices. The contribution of PM_2.5 in Beijing was primarily come from local emissions. The local emission reduction took account for 72% for the PM_2.5 concentration decrease, while the surrounding areas of emission reduction contributed about 28%.

Concentrations of major ions concentration were analyzed in rainwater collected at Yongxing Island of Xisha, South China Sea during 2013. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) and backward trajectories of air mass were used to identify the sources of major ions. The results showed that the orders of volume-weighted average concentrations of anions and cations were: Cl^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, respectively. The Na⁺ and Cl^- were the major anion and cation, respectively, indicating that they were derived from sea water. The SO₄^2-, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ were also mainly from sea water; while part of SO₄^2- might come from the combustion of fossil fuel and K⁺ from biomass burning. The Ca²⁺ was mainly from soil, while NO₃^- mainly from combustion of fossil fuel. Furthermore, this study found that NH₄⁺ had more complex sources, such as the emissions of human activities, organic matter degradation in marine environment, and etc. According to the Redfield ratio of carbon to nitrogen, the contribution of NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ in rainwater to new production in South China Sea was about 4.8% to 13.5%. Back trajectories indicated that the sources of ions in rainwater at Yongxing Island derived from many regions, such as the northeast China and south China, and Malaysia, or South China Sea itself.

Thirty-one 24-h total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected at an urban site in Qingdao in December 2012. The total concentrations of eleven trace elements in the samples were determined as well as their water-extracted concentrations. The solubility was <5% (on average, the same definition is applicable for latter) for Fe and Al,~10% for Pb, Ba and Bi, 20%~30% for Cu, V, Cd and Mn; and~40% for Zn and As. The determination factors of the solubility were further studied, in terms of dust loading, the origins of aerosol, acid processing and weather conditions. In general, the obtained solubility was increased with decreasing dust loadings. Combining the results from the backward trajectory clustering analysis and the positive matrix factorization (PMF), the solubility of trace elements in TSP mainly originated from anthropogenic sources was found to be larger than the value in TSP originated from Asian dust. The same was true when secondary and marine aerosols were compared against soil-derived aerosols. Atmospheric acidification processes can increase the solubility, depending on aging extents. SO₄^2- and NO₃^- as well as the organic acids played a role in acidification processes. In addition, fog events apparently favored a higher solubility when comparing to haze events because of higher relative humidity therein.

The part of Yellow River in Inner Mongolia was chosen as a typical area of Yellow River Basin. The regional annual average maximum temperature (AMaxT), annual average minimum temperature (AMinT) and annual average temperature (AvT) from 1951 to 2012 were selected and analyzed by Mann-Kendall method. The temperature variations before and after the mutation and the warming stagnate following the mutation were also discussed. Annual (or seasonal) AMinT mutation happened first on 1977 to 1987. Then the AvT and AMaxT mutation happened on 1978 to 1993 and 1978 to 1994, respectively. The mutation period of average autumn and winter temperature were same as AMaxT. The earliest intra-annual mutation was winter (1977 to 1978), and the latest was summer (1987 to 1994). The winter and AMaxT had more variations than summer and AMinT. The increase ratio or AMinT was 0.231~0.604℃/10a which have the most contribution. All the annual (or seasonal) temperatures had a warming stagnate from 1997 to 2007 after the mutation, successively. The stagnate occurred in spring and not stagnate occurred in summer. Mostly annual and seasonal temperature stagnate happened later than the global period which winter firstly, then autumn, the AvT was the last one (on 2007). The AMaxT increase rate was lower in the period of after mutation and before stagnate. However, the decrease rate of AMaxT if faster after stagnate. The AMinT was on the contrary. This indicates that the AMinT was sensitive to temperature increase and the AMaxT was sensitive to the temperature decrease. In seasonal, the spring AMaxT increase rate is higher from mutation to stagnate, and the spring AMinT decrease rate was the fastest after the temperature stagnate which is -0.324℃/a.

Based on the sounding data obtained from the boundary layer observation experiment over Pearl River Delta (PRD) region during October 2004 and the corresponding hourly PM_2.5 data, the characteristics of sea-land breezes and its influenceson quality over PRD region were discussed by Recirculation Factor (RF) and other methods. Recirculation factor was a useful tool to represent the atmospheric horizontal transmission capacity.With the influence of the cold air and warm air confront with each other during pollution days, the sea-land breezes occurred frequently as a result of the weak system wind, and air quality index had significant relation with the RF, the RF of 100~400m was about 0.5~0.8. The horizontal transmission capacity of vertical wind field was weak under the influence of sea-land breezes, not conducive to the spread of pollutants. As PRD controlled by cold air overall, the RF of vertical windreach up to 0.9, and sea-land breezes circulation was hard to developing,so the horizontal transmissions capacity was powerful and the pollutants could be spread effectually. Among the observations, the frequency of sea-land breezes was about 47.8% at the coastal station, and the 72.7% of sea-land breezes day was pollution day, the wind directionhad visible change in clockwise over time. The sea breeze occurred in 16:00, and reached the maximum in 20:00 with the influence height was about 600~800m. In the night, sea breeze may transport the pollutants back to inland, and gave rise to a peak value of PM_2.5 concentration appeared at 19:00 to 21:00 in inland station.

Ni-V/M(M= Al₂O₃、TiO₂、ZrO₂) catalyst were prepared by sol-gel method, and the effects of different acidic materials on the catalytic performance for DCM destruction were evaluated. The physical-chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, FTIR-Pyridine and H₂-TPR. It was found that activity for catalytic combustion of DCM was related to the synergy between acidic role and oxidation. 10%Ni-V/Al₂O₃ and 10%Ni-V/TiO₂ catalysts that possess larger surface acidity and strong oxidizing ability exhibit preferable catalytic activity. Especially the former catalyst, whose T₉₀(temperature when 90% DCM conversion was obtained) at only 252℃, but a certain amount of CH₃Cl was detected at low temperature. And obvious decrease in the catalyst performance was seen during the 50h stability test. 10%Ni-V/TiO₂ catalyst exhibit a good activity that the T₉₀ was 274℃, no CH₃Cl was detected in the DCM destruction as well as any obvious decrease was seen during the stability test, this may owning to the larger moderate strong acidic sites and strong oxidizing ability of the catalyst.

To study the impacts of formulations of DOC+CDPF on characteristics of particle emission from a Diesel Bus, a China-Ⅲ diesel bus with three different DOC+CDPF diesel engines were tested on heavy chassis dynamometer under China typical cities bus driving cycle (CCBC). The results showed that the mass concentration of PM was lower when precious medal load in DOC+CDPF catalyst was increased with the same ratio of proportion. The decrease of mass concentration of three recipes are 99.3%, 98.8% and 96.4% respectively, by an average of 98.2%. After using DOC+CDPF, particle size distribution of particulate matter changed from bimodal lognormal distribution to tri-modal lognormal distribution and the maximum peak point of corresponding particle size shifted with different catalyst formulations. At the same time, backpressure of engines emission increased slightly. In addition, while the precious metal load went higher, the pressure drop increment became less and the passive regeneration performance improved.

Since denitrification of landfill leachate was a challenging problem, this study modified SBR to improve the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The effects of several operation parameters were investigated, including operation mode, dissolved oxygen, over aeration, and carbon nitrogen ratio of the leachate. The results demonstrated that the modified SBR could reduce the COD, ammonia-nitrogen, and TKN of the leachate from about 4000 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, and 1100 mg/L to less than 500 mg/L, 5 mg/L and 40 mg/L, respectively, without extra carbon source, meaning that the removal rates could reach up to 85%, 99%, and 95%, respectively. Besides, it was found that the PHA content in denitrifying bacteria was the key factor affecting the denitrification efficiency. Nitrogen removal efficiency would be improved by high dissolved oxygen, anaerobic mixing before aeration and less over aeration. Additionally, the advanced denitrification would be achieved if the leachate carbon nitrogen ratio was more than four.

To elucidate the trends and fates of perfluorochemicals such as perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) under anaerobic environments, the anaerobic biodegradability of 8:2 fluorotemoler alcohol (8:2 FTOH) was studied. The results indicated that 8:2 FTOH could be decomposed under anaerobic conditions by sewage sludge collected from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, and produce fluoride, per- and poly-fluorinated compounds, and the decomposition data perfectly fitted a double exponential decay model. With an incubation time of 120d, the final molar degradation rate of 8:2 FTOH was up to (93.2±0.9)%, while its molar recoveries decreased with the incubation time, from (97.5±5.1)% at the beginning (1d) to (68.9±4.0)% at the end (120 d). These results indicated that some unknown or volatile products have been generated at the late of incubation. 2H-perfluoro-2-decenoic acid (8:2 FTUA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the most abundant of poly- and perfluorinated products with the molar yields ranged from (6.94±0.10)% to (24.2±1.5)% and from (2.67±0.22)% to (14.9±1.0)%, respectively. With increasement of incubation time, the molar yields of polyfluorinated products firstly increased and then decreased, while the molar yields of perfluorinated products consistently increased, indicated that they might be the intermediate and final biodegradation products, respectively.

A electro-chemical reactor with H₂O₂ in-situ generation was designed, which using net structure Ir_Ta oxide coated Ti metal as anode, and platelike graphite as cathode, the degradation of terbuthylazine by TiO₂ visible-light photocatalysis with electro-generated Fenton reagent (electrogenerated H₂O₂ and Fe³⁺) assiatance was also studied. Terbuthylazine could be degraded by TiO₂ visible-light photocatalysis with electrogenerated H₂O₂ assiatance, and the degradation ratio could be 100% after 180 min reaction. Snergistic degradation of terbuthylazine was evidently fast when additionally adding Fe³⁺, its degradation ratio could be 100% after 30 min reaction. In the degradation process of terbuthylazine, dechlorination was first carried out, and tert-butyl, ethyl, amino groups were then oxidized. Spectrum analysis indicated that the reaction process was predominated by the hydroxyl free radical (·OH) and superoxide radical (·O₂^-) generation in the system.

The two-sludge denitrifying phosphorus removal system (A₂N₂) with "anaerobic/nitrification/anoxic/ nitrification" operation mode was used to treat low C/N ratio real domestic wastewater in sequencing batch reactors (SBR). Through the operating condition optimization of A²/O-SBR and N-SBR unit, the system achieved efficient denitrifying phosphorus removal performance with the low carbon source sewage and solved the problem of high NH₄⁺-N in A₂N-SBR process. Experimental results showed that post-aeration was essential to the efficient nutrient removal performance and long-term stable operation of the A₂N₂-SBR. Complete denitrifying phosphorus uptake without aerobic phosphorus uptake at the anoxic stage of the A₂N₂-SBR was disadvantageous to the growth and reproduction of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs). Anaerobic duration of 1.5h in the A²/O-SBR was ensured the complete oxidation of biodegradable COD, and nitrification duration of 5h in the N-SBR provided sufficient time for NH₄⁺-N oxidation. With anaerobic phosphorus release of 1.5h, denitrifying phosphorus uptake of 2h, and aerobic phosphorus uptake of 0.5h in the A²/O-SBR unit, and the first nitrification of 5h and second nitrification of 1h in the N-SBR unit, the average effluent COD, NH₄⁺-N, TN and PO₄^3--P concentrations in the A₂N₂-SBR system was 46.2, 0.82, 13.63 and 0.82mg/L, respectively. Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was achieved in the novel A₂N₂-SBR system.

Rapid cultivation of simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) granular sludge by inoculating CANON flocculent sludge and controlling setting time、HRT、DO and the composition of influent substrate (the ratio of synthetic wastewater and the actual sewage) was investigated in sequencing batch reactor. Then, the feasibility of SNAD granular sludge treating domestic sewage was investigated. The results showed that SNAD granular sludge could be cultivated within 34days, the maximum size of granular sludge reached 1103 μm and the total nitrogen removal rate reached 1.03kg/(m³·d). With the decrease of influent substrate, the nitrogen removal path of CANON always kept the dominant position in the reactor. And a simultaneous removal of C, N was achieved, with the average effluent TN was 10mg/L, the average effluent COD was 40mg/L. The water quality of effluent met the demand of the first grade A standards of Urban Sewage Disposal Plant Contamination Integrated Discharge Standard (GB18918-2002).

The pollutant removal efficiency and anti-fouling behaviours of electrochemical A/O-MBR under external electric field were studied, and the mechanisms for membrane fouling mitigation were analyzed. The results showed that the average removal efficiency of COD and Total Nitrogen (TN) for the A/O-MBR with 2V electric field (EMBR) were 89.4%, 92.2%, and 87.6%, 77.3% for the A/O-MBR without electric field (CMBR), respectively, indicating that the use of external voltage can improve the nitrogen removal of A/O-MBR significantly. It was also found that the average operating cycle for the membrane with 2V electric field was 38days, which was longer than the membrane without voltage (26days on average). The enhanced electrostatic repulsive force between foulants and membrane and the in-situ cleaning of H₂O₂ were the main reasons for anti-fouling ability improvement.

The elimination of Zn²⁺ in wastewater by enhanced coagulation was studied with Crosslinked Starch-graft-poly Acrylamide-co-sodium Xanthate (CSAX) cooperating with zeolite. The effects of dosage of CSAX and the particle size of modified zeolite on removal of Zn²⁺ were tested. The experiments results were optimized by introducing the Box-Behnken method. The influence of experimental factors were examined in this order: CSAX dosage >modified zeolite >particle size of modified zeolite. The model equation and experimental data correlated well. The optimum reaction conditions were: 6.4mLCSAX and 12.5mg modified zeolite (with particle size of 60mesh). The removal of Zn²⁺ reached 90% under the optimum conditions, which was consistent with the 89% predicted by the model equation.

The degradation of the ametryn (AMT) by means of UV/Persulfate (PS) was investigated.The effect of degradation and economical efficiency were compared between UV and UV/PS, while emphasis was given on the effect of initial substrate concentration, PS dosage, and initial pH for the kinetics of AMT degradation by UV/PS. The main radical generated in the reaction were identified using the indirect method. The results showed that degradation of AMT by UV/PS was more cost-effective than UV alone . AMT degradation follows the first-order kinetic well (R²≥0.95), the persudo-first-order-constant kobs decreases with the increase of AMT concentration;the value of kobs was magnified gradually with the increasing PS dosage; controlling the pH of 5~10, kobs reaches the top of 0.0540min-1when pH=5; the main radical generated is ·SO₄^- when pH=7.

As a special graphene derivative, graphene oxide features unique properties and broad applicability in a wide range of industrial areas. However, due to its high hydrophilicity and surface reactivity, its fate and environmental risks to aquatic organisms in the environment have drawn considerable attention worldwide recently. Therefore, more knowledge regarding the aquatic behaviors and ecological effects of graphene oxide is of great importance to guide its future application and recovery. In this context, this review summarized a list of literature concerning the fate of graphene oxide in the environment, including dispersion/aggregation, adsorption, and reduction of graphene oxide, as well as its toxicity to a variety of aquatic organisms, such as zooplanktons and fishes.Accordingly, this paper discussed some challenges and prospects of its use on future studies.

A bioflocculant was produced by using rice stover, and its performance in the improvement of sludge dewatering was investigated, further, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the treatment of sludge dewatering by the composite of the bioflocculant and Polyaluminum chloride (PAC). Optimal culture conditions for bioflocculant production were determined as 4g K₂HPO₄, 2g KH₂PO₄, 0.2g MgSO₄, 0.1g NaCl, and 2g urea dissolved in a mixture of 800mL distilled water and 200mL rice stover acid hydrolyzate, and the corresponding bioflocculant yield reached 0.96g/L. Keep original pH value of the sludge, when bioflocculant dose was adjusted at 12mg/L, DS improved 59.5%, and SRF reduced 53.6%, which indicated that the sludge dewatering has been significantly improved after treated by the bioflocculant. In the same manner, when the sludge was treated by 3g/L PAC, DS increased to 16.4% and SRF decreased to 5.4×10¹²m/kg, compared to that of 13.2% and 11.3×10¹²m/kg of the original sludge, the sludge dewatering was significantly improved. Optimal conditions for sludge dewatering by the composite of the bioflocculant and PAC were bioflocculant dose of 8mg/L, PAC dose of 1.9g/L, and pH=8.0, under this optimal condition, DS and SRF appeared as 24.1% and 3.0×10¹²m/kg, respectively. From a practical standpoint, without pH adjustment, under the optimal condition of bioflocculant dose of 8.1mg/L, PAC dose of 1.9g/L, and natural pH value of 6.4, DS and SRF were 23.6% and 3.2×10¹²m/kg, respectively. The above results were better than the alone using of bioflocculant or PAC in sludge dewatering.

In order to improve the ability of peanut shell powders (PS) used as bio-adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions, an isolated Pb²⁺-resistant strain, Aspergillus oryzae (HA), was mixed with peanut shell powders to form a composite adsorbent (PSH). Static and dynamic adsorption experiments were carried out todetermine the adsorption capacity of Pb²⁺ ions onto both PS and PSH in aqueous solutions．The effects of the fixed adsorption bed height, flow rates and initial Pb²⁺ ionconcentration on adsorption behaviors of PSH were investigated. The results from the study indicated that the adsorption capacity of PSH was significantly higher than that of PS. Both the breakthrough time and the height of mass transfer zone increased with increase inbed height and decrease inflow rate and initial concentration. In comparison, the effect of flow rates was significant at higher levels than that of bed height and initial concentration.Thomas model gave satisfactory descriptions on column Pb²⁺ adsorption kinetics (R²>0.95), indicating that neither external nor internal diffusions were the factors limiting the steps ofcolumn adsorption. BDST model could accurately predict the relationship among bed height, c_t/c₀ (the ratio of concentration at a given time c_t to initial concentration c₀) and breakthrough time under different operation conditions. The average deviation error were 2.89 % at c_t/c₀=0.6.

Herb biochar was derived from Astragalus membranaceus residue at five different temperatures: 200℃, 400℃, 500℃, 600℃, and 700℃. The biochars were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and BET techniques. The effects of contact time, initial concentration, dosage, and pH of solution on the adsorption behaviors of the biochars were evaluated, and were preliminarily used to assess the adsorption mechanism of sulfamerazine by biochar. The results showed that surface area, pore volume, and sorption capacity of the biochars increased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The S_BET values for the natural residue and BC700 were 0.42m²/g and 155.69m²/g, respectively. The S_BET and adsorption capacity were increased about 370-fold and 181-fold. The adsorption kinetics were found to be best represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R²>0.994). The isotherm sorption behavior is best described by the Langmuir model (R²=0.9977), and the maximum adsorption capacity was observed to be 11.96mg/g. Sulfamerazine adsorption by biochar first increased and then decreased with increasing dosage and pH; the optimum solution pH was 4.

The dried biomass of dominate species of algae blooms, Microcystis, was used as a biosorbent to remove Sb(V) from effluents in this study. The biosorption characteristics of Sb (V) by Microcystis were investigated under various environmental parameters, biosorbent dosage, initial pH and contact time.The possible mechanisms were speculated based on the zeta potential and ATR-IR spectra analysis. Reaction equations between anionic Sb (V) and functional groups on the cell surface of Microcystis were inferred. The maximalbiosorption capacity was determined to be 5.84mg/g(dry weight) under biomass to solution ratio of 0.5g: 20mL, pH 2.0, equilibrium time 1h and room temperature. The biosorption isotherms were fitted well with Langmuir model (R²=0.993) and the biosorption kinetics process obeyed pseudo-secondorder rate kinetics equation (R²=0.994). The biosorption capacities of Sb (V) decreased with an increase of pH from 2.0to 9.0. The results of zeta potential and ATR-IR spectra analysis suggestthe involvement of amino, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in Sb (V) biosorption. The protonated amine groups may bind anionic Sb (V) through electrostatic attraction. The protonated carboxyl groups and hydroxyl group might form an inner complex with Sb (V) through surface complexation.

A combined simulation-optimization model that integrates a new hybrid multi-objective genetic algorithm (Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II-Hill climber with step, NSGAII-HCS) with a kriging surrogate model was developed for identifying the optimal designs of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) at a saturated heterogeneous aquifer site contaminated by Tetrachloroethylene (PCE). In the combined model, a three-dimensional multiphase and multicomponent compositional finite difference simulator (UTCHEM) was utilized to simulate the process of SEAR. The fitting mean relative error of removal efficiency output from the kriging-based surrogate model and the SEAR simulation model was only 0.80%, and the correlation coefficient was up to 0.9992, indicating that the surrogate model can convincingly replace the SEAR simulation model. Furthermore, the comparisons of Pareto optimal solutions based on the surrogate model and the SEAR simulation model indicated that the mean relative error of the optimal solutions and their correlation coefficient were 0.70% and 0.9998, respectively. The regression analysis results demonstrated that the proposed kriging-based surrogate models is able to predict the evolution of SEAR and the simulation-optimization tool based on the surrogate model is of lower variability and higher reliability.

To explore the relationship between process stability and microbial community in anaerobic digestion, organic loading rate (OLR) disturbances were introduced into an anaerobic digester treating food waste (FW) to induce different process stages. Physico-chemical analysis along with the 454-pyrosequencing microbial technique were performed to monitor the responses of state parameters as well as the dynamics of microbial community. Results showed that balanced community structure ensured the stable operation of the digester. Under steady-state conditions, the methane yield reached (0.50±0.01) LCH₄/gVS and volatile solids (VS) removal rate reached (89.58±0.08)%. Under high OLR conditions, the relative abundance of acid-producing bacteria (phyla Tenericutes and Actinobacteria) increased dramatically, which induced the proliferation of syntrophic fatty acid degrading bacteria (class Clostridia), while the abundance and activity of syntrophic hydrogenotrophic methanogens decreased. The imbalance relationship between methanogens and syntrophic fatty acid degrading bacteria caused their inefficient syntrophy, eventually resulting in volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation and process deterioration. Moreover, the accumulated VFA and ammonia reduced the specific acetoclastic methanogenic activity (SAMA) and specific methanogenic activity (SMA) by 60.12% and 72.51%, respectively, which further deteriorated the digestion process. Although the digester afterwards recovered to its original operational conditions and process performance, the microbial community profile changed and achieved new steady-state conditions.

Physical granular sludge formed by dewatering as seed sludge, significantly enhanced aerobic granulation. On day 20, there was 90% of sludge larger than 0.2mm in R2 seeded with physical granular sludge,and only 26.7% was in R1 seeded with flocculent sludge. The SVI of R2 maintained below 80mL/g meaning better settleability.Compared with 3200mg/L of MLSS in R1, R2 had a much higher MLSS at 6300 mg/L on day 25.In the whole process, COD removal rate of both reactor exceeded 90%, suggesting sludge activity was not obviously decreased by dewatering, but TN removal rate was about 70% in R2 superior than the 55% in R1on account of the lager particles size in R2. Experienced 5 days shearing, 39.8% of physical granular sludge were still larger than 0.2 mm providing plentiful cores for aerobic granulation, and nutrition transmission channel was formed inside physical granular sludge by endogenous digestion of EPS and gas escaping of denitrification.

The dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from chicken manure composting samples during different stages were divided into hydrophobic acid (HOA), hydrophobic base (HOB), hydrophilic matter (HIM) and acid insoluble matter (AIM) according hydrophobic and polarity. The composition and transformation of different components were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectra, and 14 characteristic parameters were selected. The humification level of AIM was highest, followed by HOA, HOB and HIM. The molecular aggregation of HOB and HIM increased obviously, the molecular weight of HOA, HOB and AIM increased appearently, and the aromatic substance content of AIM and HOA increased significantly. The correlation analysis showed that the different band area integral could reach significant level, the correlation between S_275-295 and many other characteristic parameters were significant or highly significant, so S_275-295, A_226-400, A_m/A_s, A_l/A_s and A_l/A_m were more precise than other ultraviolet-visible parameters to characterize humification level of organic matter.

The feasibility of using food waste-recycling wastewater as fermentation substrate for producing liquid phosphate-solubilizing bacillus megaterium fertilizer was investigated. The results showed that bacillus megaterium cultured in the food waste-recycling wastewater reached logarithmic growth stage in as short as 3~4 days of adaptation period, and the number of strains reached the maxima on the 6~7th day. The wastewater II generated from hydrothermal pre-treatment was more suitable to be the fermentation substrate than wastewater I. The strain numbers cultured in wastewater II was 5times of what was cultured in wastewater I (4.8×10¹⁵CFU/mL). Salt concentration in the wastewater had great influence on the growth and metabolism of Bacillus megaterium: the strain numbers first increased and then steeply decreased with the increase of NaCl concentration, indicating that the optimal NaCl concentration for bacterial culture was 10g/L. The variation of pH and temperature affected the growth of bacillus megaterium significantly, while shaking speed and strain inoculation volume were not key influencing factors. The optimal culture conditions were pH 8, T=35℃, shaking speed 80r/min, and inoculums of 2%(V/V) as determined by orthogonal experiment. Phosphatesolubilizing fertilizer prepared by food waste-recycling wastewater was able to achieve effective phosphating of immobilized phosphorus: the dry weight of soy beans grown in soils amended with 0.025‰~2.5‰ of phosphatesolubilizing fertilizer was 70.7%~84.5% of that grown in the soil amended with 5% of inorganic fertilizer on weight basis. Moreover, the optimal amended ratio of the microbial fertilizer was 0.25‰.

Plasma pyrolysis and gasification of organic solid waste to produce hydrogen is an advanced and efficient technology for waste treatment and resource utilization. Firstly, the mechanism of the plasma pyrolysis and gasification technology for solid waste treatment was described, the types and characteristics of the plasma generator was also summarized. Then, the influence factors of plasma treatment of solid waste were analyzed, the input power and the carrier gas type were the main factors influencing the plasma treatment. At last, the application status and prospect of using plasma technology to treat medical waste, agriculture and forestry biomass, sludge etc. were introduced and analyzed in details, points out that the plasma pyrolysis and gasification of solid waste technology is a potential method for hydrogen production.

Effect mechanism of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from crop straw to adsorption processes of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on the mineral fine particles was tracked. Under the effect of DOM, the adsorption kinetics of SMX on those particles were compared. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FI-IR) characteristics of mineral particles in processes were analyzed. The adsorption kinetics of SMX on the minerals was well fitted by the two-compartment first order kinetic model, implying that the adsorption processes occurred with the adsorption of the multi-domains or multiple sites. Adsorption quantity of SMX with DOM on montmorillonite, albite and calcite, to a certain extent, had the increase of 28.94, 28.34 and 2.40μg/g. However, the fitting degrees of the two-compartment first order kinetic model were decreased. Base on the FI-IR analysis, the peak values of montmorillonite around 3700, 1600 and 1000cm^-1of the wave numbers and the wide range of 3600~3000cm^-1 were weakened. Moreover, the FI-IR characteristics with the DOM effect were similar. The relatively high capacity was related with the supplemental adsorption sites of montmorillonite because of the interaction between Al³⁺ and DOM. The spectral features of the albite in adsorption processes had slight fluctuation. However, the peak values in the DOM-albite-SMX adsorption system decreased significantly around the 1013, 781 and 460cm^-1 of wave numbers. The phenomenon indicated that the adsorbing capacity of albite increased constantly via the common and/or continuous adsorption. Moreover, the spectral characteristics of calcite in the interaction processes of calcite-SMX and DOM-calcite-SMX were analogous, implying little or no effect of DOM. Nevertheless, the increments in the complex matrices could be related to the combination between DOM and SMX.

China's interprovincial trade embodied iron ore network in 2010 was analysed by applying a multi-region input-output (MRIO) model. From the demand-based analysis, some key consumers, either provinces or sectors, were identified. Results showed that in 2010, Hebei, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia were the most important exporters of trade embodied iron ore, which were also important iron ore extractors; Jiangsu and Zhejiang were the greatest importers, which were better developed regions located in eastern coastal area. The net exportation of Hebei was 350million tons, which was approximately 32% of the national extraction. Those important iron ore extractors exported most of trade embodied iron ore to eastern costal area, to meet the final demand of construction and machinery sectors. The largest trade embodied flow was the one between Hebei and Zhejiang. Hebei exported 30million tons of trade embodied iron ore to Zhejiang, and most of which was sent to the construction sector of Zhejiang.

The spatial distributions of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as well as their control factors were studied in the East China Sea during June 2012. The sea-to-air flux of DMS and its contribution to non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO₄^2-) in atmospheric sulphate aerosol were also estimated. The average concentrations of DMS, dissolved DMSP (DMSPd), particulate DMSP (DMSPp), dissolved DMSO (DMSOd) and particulate DMSO (DMSOp) in the surface seawater were (5.71±5.23), (5.94±3.68), (23.84±14.15), (9.14±10.52) and (11.01±5.81) nmol/L, respectively. Concentrations of DMS, DMSP and DMSOp formed high values center in the region of 28°N~29°N and 122°E~123.5°E and declined around this region diffusively, exhibiting similar distribution patterns to chlorophyll a (Chl-a). Concentrations of DMS, DMSPd, DMSPp and DMSOp were significantly correlated with the levels of Chl-a, suggesting that phytoplankton biomass might play an important role in controlling the production and distributions of biogenic sulfur compounds in the East China Sea. The sea-to-air fluxes of DMS in the study area varied from 0.93 to 101.02 μmol/(m²·d), with an average of (18.13±21.42) μmol/(m²·d). The contribution of biogenic nss-SO₄^2- to the total nss-SO₄^2- in the atmospheric aerosol was only 2.2%, indicating that anthropogenic emission was the major source of atmospheric sulfur over the East China Sea in summer.

This paper presented a study of land use and land cover change from 1998 to 2013, and likelihood of change through 2028 using remote sensing, geographic information system, and CA-Markov model in inland area of Ebinur lake basin in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Fragstats 3.4 to construct landscape ecological risk assessment model was used. Spatial distribution of landscape ecological risks due to land use changes in the study area was analyzed. Results showed that: (1) the area of land types changed significantly in the study area from 1998 to 2013. For example, area of cultivated land was significantly increased to 152139 hm². However, area of unutilized land was correspondingly decreased, which was 67605 hm². From 2013 to 2028, cultivated land and the bared lakebed and salinized land increased significantly, approximately 30730 hm² and 12427 hm² respectively. However, area of unutilized land and water were decreased significantly from 954376 hm² and 44889 hm² to 921079 hm² and 37157hm², respectively. (2) From 1998 to 2028, spatial distributions of ecological risk have changed significantly in the study area. Areas of high ecological risk accounted for 36.6%, 7.3%, and 23.7% of the total area, respectively. From 1998 to 2028, the Moran's Ⅰ values were 0.436962, 0.442202, 0.506622, respectively. Moran's Ⅰ of the landscape pattern showed positive spatial autocorrelation, and had a rising trend. (3) From 1998 to 2028, the cultivated land distribution in the low and lower ecological risk area have increased. Its area accounted for the total area about 58.46%, 78.58%, and 79.9%, respectively. Forest, grassland ecological risk levels fluctuated in different levels.

An alternative approach based on the high-throughout Mi-seq sequencing technology was used in this study to analyze microbial communities of the sediments polluted by heavy metals from Poyang Lake estuaries including Xinjiang river (XS), Raohe river (RS), Xiushui river (SS) and Ganjiang river (GS), which aimed to understand how microbial community composition response to different heavy metals (Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr and Mn). Contents of total Cu (T_Cu) and Zn (T_Zn) in RS and XS were significantly higher than those in other rivers (SS and GS), and the content of total Mn (T_Mn) in GS was the highest, but the content of available Pb (A_Pb) was the highest in XS among the four river estuaries. On the other hand, total Pb (T_Pb), total and available Cd (T_Cd and A_Cd), and total and available Cr (T_Cr and A_Cr) among four rivers estuaries had no significant difference with each other. The microbial communities explored by 16S rRNA gene sequencing were distributing mainly in five broad taxonomic groups, which were Proteobacteria (32.54%~50.35%), Acidobacteria (6.13%~13.13%), Bacteroidetes (4.38%~14.92%), Verrucomicrobia (6.42%~10.70%) and Chloroflexi (3.21%~11.73%). The microbial diversity index (Chao 1and Shannon) of SS and GS were much higher than those of the RS, which resulted from much higher heavy metals in RS than the others. Correlation analysis showed that both kinds (total and available) of heavy metal ions (Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr and Mn) measured had significantly positive or negative relation with 138 operational taxonomic units (OTUS) among all OTUS (18921~32161) detected, and Cu and Zn had the most related OTU numbers among all metals. For example, A_Cu were positively related with nine genera in Proteobacteria, and A_Cd positively related with five genera in the same phylum. These microbes may be the important species resource for restoration of damaged water or land area polluted by heavy metals.

To determine the diversity of soil bacterial communities and its affecting factors with the method of high-throughput 454pyrosequencing technology, Soil samples were collected from four different arbor forests (Quercus liaotungensis, LDL; Biota orientalis, CB; Ptabulaeformis Carr; YS; Robinia pseucdoacacia, CH)), which represented the dominant communities for the forest vegetation ecosystem in the northwest of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the structures of the microbial communities differed in terms of both the predominant phylum and the relative abundance of each phylum. At the phylum level, the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes. At the class level, the Actinobacteri, Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Planctomycetacia were predominant. Compared with other arbor forests, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes for LDL were the most abundant, while the relative abundance of Chloroflexi in YS and CB were more abundant than other vegetation types. Soil pH was significantly correlated with the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, and soil total phosphorus was significantly correlated with the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria, suggesting that soil total phosphorus was the main factor of affecting soil bacterial communities.

Effects of nonylphenol (NP) on the adsorption of cadmium by Pseudomonas aeruginosa X, which is screened from cadmium (Cd) contaminated site was investigated. Experiments were undertaken to study the biosorption of cadmium at NP concentrations of 0、1.0、10.0mg/L respectively. It was revealed that the optimal concentration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa X and pH were 1.0g/L and 7.0respectively with initial Cd²⁺ concentration of 1.0mg/L and hybrid with NP. With two hours absorbing, the biosorption rate was about 90 %. The results of biosorption by devitalized bacteria and live bacteria indicated that the adsorption ability of devitalized bacteria was better than that of live bacteria. By considering the different concentrations of NP as variables, it was found that the lower concentration of NP has little suppressing effect on the adsorption of Cd²⁺. But the suppressing effect was significant at higher concentrations of NP. FTIR spectra of bacteria X treating Cd²⁺ and compound of Cd²⁺-NP separately indicated that the functional groups of hydroxyl group and amido were involved in the adsorption reaction. Moreover, it indicates that high concentration of NP has a greater impact on the activity of cell surface groups. Thus, high concentration of NP affects the adsorption of Cd²⁺.

The metabonomics method was employed to investigate the changes in serum metabolic components of Sprague Dawley rats after combined exposure to nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP). The male rats were randomly divided into control group, low-dose combined exposure group (25mg/kg NP+25mg/kg OP) and high-dose combined exposure group (75mg/kg NP+75mg/kg OP). The rats were treated by gavage once a day for 7 days, and then killed. The metabolic fingerprinting of rat serum was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/TOF-MS). Dose-response toxicity was observed based on the principle components analysis (PCA). Meanwhile, the potential biomarkers were screened out according to t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the metabolic profile among the control group, high and low dose groups, and with the increase of exposure dose, the toxicity was enhanced, which showed a dose-effect relationship. Meanwhile, the contents of taurocholic acid and 1-Palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine increased while the contents of tyrosine, uridine-5'-monophosphate and sulfatide decreased under combined exposure to NP and OP. It is suggested that NP and OP exposure may have adverse effects on the endocrine system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, nucleotide synthesis, sugar and phospholipid metabolism.

The accurate and reliable process unit data is the most important bases for the life cycle inventory (LCI) and impact assessment of products. Up to now, the related studies, due to the difficulties of data acquisition, mainly have been focused on the products with simple structure or chemical composition. The LCI studies conducted, based on the related databases, are difficult to meet the requirement for comparative assessment or commercial purposes. In this paper, taking a car for example, the acquisition method of process unit data during manufacture stage for LCI was systematically investigated and proposed. A set of tables for data survey and gathering was designed and proposed through theoretical studies, field tests and further improving, which can be used for LCI of vehicles and other similar products with complex structure.