In the past several years, the measurements of particle hygroscopicity were deployed using H-TDMA (Hygroscopicity-Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer). This study compiled the outcomes in our group and published results to summarize the hygroscopicity of the sub-micrometer particles in various environments in China. The k values in the urban areas were around 0.1~0.3. In rural areas, the k values ranged from 0.15 to 0.4, which were slightly higher than the urban one. The k values at a mountain site (118.11°E, 30.07°N) and a near-coastal site (114.17°E, 22.28°N) were 0.2~0.3 and 0.2~0.4 respectively. Except for the observation in a rural site of Beijing during wintertime, the particle hygroscopicity increased with increasing particle size in other rural and urban sites. No significant dependency between the hygroscopicity and particle size in the mountain and coastal areas. Typically, particle hygroscopicity showed 2~3 modes distribution, indicating an external mixing state of atmospheric particles. However, high frequency of a single mode (hydrophilic mode) was observed in the mountain site. The growth factor (GF) smoothly enhanced with increasing relative humidity (RH) in the atmosphere of Beijing and Hangzhou, without showing a delinquent behavior. The closure studies between particle hygroscopicity and chemical composition showed that the hygroscopicity can be well predicted using size-resolved particle chemical composition. The precise detections of particle density and hygroscopicity of organics, and the mass size distribution of black carbon are still needed for the improvement of closure study.

Based on the WRF-CMAQ air quality model, the pollutant SO₂ in the Pearl River Delta Region in December 2013 was assimilated to optimize the initial conditions using the optimal interpolation approach (OI) and the ensemble square root filter (EnSRF). The high values of the background error were mainly located in Jiangmen region in horizontal direction and were larger within the boundary layer in vertical direction. The background error was nearly constant below 400m and decreased with height above 400m. By comparing the SO₂ concentration fields using assimilation with those not using assimilation, the results showed that assimilation could adjust the distribution pattern of the pollutant and make it more consistent with the observation field. Both assimilated methods could offer an initial field closer to the true situation. The sensitivity test showed that the optimal horizontal scale of the optimal interpolation method was 20km. The root mean square error decreasing percentage between the assimilation sites and the verification sites reached 73% and 39%, respectively. With the number of the assimilation site increasing, the optimization of the assimilation site had a declining trend.

Boeing 737~800 was selected as a typical model in this thesis. Based on BM2-FOA coupling model, PM_2.5 emission indices in full thrust and reduced thrust takeoff from the takeoff time to the height of 1000m were obtained through aircraft performance parameters simulation, and emission loads were worked out then. At the same time, the influences of sulfur content on emission levels were presented, and then the contributions to PM_2.5 emissions from different components were calculated. A comparison was made between the results using coupling model and ICAO standard parameters. The result showed that the differences of PM_2.5 emission indices were mainly during the period of takeoff on the ground before climbout. The PM_2.5 emission of a full thrust takeoff is the largest which the amount is 37.6g (low-sulfur fuel), because of the highest emission indices of non-volatile and volatile organic PM_2.5 components. In terms of reduced thrust processes, PM_2.5 emissions decreased to 36.7~35.5g. PM_2.5 emissions increased by 150% when high-sulfur fuel is used. It has been found from the comparison that the emissions calculated by ICAO standard parameters lead to relatively large errors. Compared with the light-duty gasoline vehicle (national Ⅳ standard), the PM_2.5 emissions of one full thrust takeoff with low-sulfur fuel and high-sulfur fuel equal the emissions of running 2984km and 7294km respectively. Accurate calculation method is supposed be the basis for the preparation of aircraft emission inventory in the airport area.

During the military parade period in 2015, air quality in Beijing was analyzed to investigate the impact of regional-scale air pollutant control strategies on Beijing. Ground-observed meteorological data, regulated air pollutant concentrations, and chemical compositions of PM_2.5 were analyzed. The results showed that the average wind speed of north wind, temperature, relatively humidity and ground-level atmospheric pressure during the military parade period were at the same level with the adjacent period, whereas, frequency of north wind was obviously higher. In general, atmospheric dispersion conditions during the military parade period was more favorable than the adjacent period. The average concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, O₃, PM₁₀and PM_2.5were 2.7, 24.2, 63.2, 27.2 and 19.5μg/m³, respectively, which decreased by 26.0%, 31.3%, 24.5%, 59.0% and 59.4% compared with the adjacent period, respectively. The decrease of PM_2.5 was the largest, indicating the combination effect of reduction of primate emission and precursor emission. OC concentration (6.1μg/m³) was the highest in PM_2.5 chemical composition, followed by NH₄⁺ (3.8μg/m³)、SO₄^2-(3.4μg/m³) and NO₃^- (2.5μg/m³). Notably, secondary OC accounted for 57.6% of total OC even with the implementation of emission reduction measures. The net effectiveness of the emission reduction measures was calculated through comparisons of concentrations of air pollutants under similar meteorological conditions. Through the implementation of emission reduction measures, concentrations of SO₂, O₃, NO₂, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 decreased by 50.0%, 0.7%, 42.1%, 45.7% and 48.6%, respectively. In addition, the mechanisms of the different variations of O₃during the APEC period and the military parade period were discussed.

This review presents an overview of the analytical techniques for detecting the phase state of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), the effects of phase state on mass transport, and the types of SOA being studied. The previous studies showed that SOA could be solid, semi-solid, or liquid. The bulk diffusion coefficients for solid and semi-solid can be much smaller than those for liquid SOA, and therefore lead to limited mass transfer of species and different formation and transformation of SOA compared to liquid systems. However, only several types of SOA precursors have been studied, such as α-pinene, isoprene, and toluene. The phase state of SOA in urban areas as well as the effects of coexisting inorganic species on their phase state is largely unknown. Our analysis shows that the phase state perhaps play an important role in the rapid increase of secondary particle mass concentration during heavily hazed events. Therefore, it is important to study the phase state of SOA and the absorption and transfer of the key active gases at the surface and in the bulk of aerosols in the polluted environments, which will help us to further understand the mechanisms of the formation and evolution of secondary particles in China.

Based on the analysis of four typical unfavorable synoptic situations during wintertime in the Guanzhong basin (GZB), the WRF-Chem model had been applied to simulate the selected four days representing the four unfavorable synoptic situations during the wintertime of 2013. The results generally showed good consistence between the modeled and observed PM_2.5 distributions and variations. Further studies had been performed to verify the PM_2.5 response to the anthropogenic emission mitigation under the four unfavorable synoptic situations in GZB. Sensitivity results demonstrated that the mass concentration of PM_2.5 decreases nonlinearly along with the anthropogenic emission mitigation. Additionally, the PM_2.5 mitigation was more significant at the more polluted areas. The anthropogenic emission in GZB needed to be reduced 30%~60% to meet the China National Air Quality Standard under the above-mentioned four unfavorable synoptic situations.

To study the characteristics of carbon fractions in PM_2.5, PM_2.5 samples were collected at six monitoring sites in Anshan city in July, 2014 and January, 2015. Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer (IMPROVE-TOR) was employed to detect the concentrations of the EC and OC in PM_2.5. The source of carbonaceous aerosol was obtained by analyzing the characteristics of OC and EC, its ratio and correlation, the SOC values; its source was further obtained with factor analysis method. The results showed that the concentrations of PM_2.5 in summer and winter were (53.4±18.0)μg/m³and (124.9±60.1)μg/m³, respectively. The concentrations of OC and EC in PM_2.5 in summer were (5.44±0.84)μg/m³ and (2.29±0.49)μg/m³; the concentrations of OC and EC in PM_2.5 in winter were (21.47±12.45)μg/m³ and (4.68±1.79)μg/m³. The range of OC/EC in summer and winter were 2.18~2.70和4.04~4.95, respectively. Compared with winter, there was significant correlation between OC and EC in summer. The SOC values in summer and winter were 2.12μg/m³ and 11.95μg/m³. The biomass burning, coal combustion, vehicle emission and road dust contributed to OC and EC in PM_2.5 in Anshan city.

IEPOX-derived organosulfates were observed for the first time in secondary organic aerosols (SOA) at the Tian-jing-shan national air background monitoring station in the Nanling Mountains, South China, during the rainy season in 2015 using a single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPAMS). The chemical constituents of fine particles were divided into 9 categories by using the adaptive resonance theory (neural network algorithm, ART-2a): elemental carbon, organic carbon, elemental/organic mixed carbon, levoglucosan, potassium-rich, sodium-rich, silicon-rich, metals and organic amines. The ionic tracer method was used to explore the diurnal variation of IEPOX-derived organosulfates in the forest. The variation of organosulfates seemed to correlated with O₃ but not with SO₂ and CO. In addition, organosulfates are much easier to form at high relative humidity (> 90%) and low temperatures (<18℃). The IEPOX-derived organosulfates were found to be 49% higher during nighttime than in daytime, likely due to higher humidity and lower temperatures at night. The results of this work demonstrate that the studied forest area has been impacted by anthropogenic air pollutants, as indicated by the formation of anthropogenic SOAs.

Based on the analysis of the Mie scattering lidar in Chengdu from June 2013 to February 2014, it is shown that there are three layers near the top of the mixing layer of the atmospheric extinction coefficient from bottom to top, the significant decreasing layer, the overall slow transformation layer and the transition layer between the two. Using the logistic curve to fit the variation characteristics of the extinction coefficient, a new method to identify the mixing layer height is proposed by calculating the height of the curve's maximum curvature. The idea of the method accords with the definition of the mixing layer which is below the discontinuous interface of the turbulence characteristics. In addition, the results of the new method are not only consistent with the mixing layer height obtained by sounding curve, but also strongly related to the variation of fine particulate mass concentration.

Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Satellite and surface observation data in Hefei were applied to conduct contrastive analysis of 532nm extinction efficient, 532nm total attenuated backscatter coefficient, volume depolarization ratio and colour ratio between haze day and clear day. The results showed during the night-time of haze day, pollutants in Hefei gathered within 100~500m with the maximum extinction coefficient value about 0.55. When haze episodes happened, aggregation level was elevated to about 300~700m due to turbulent and the maximum extinction coefficient reached to 0.67. Compared with clear days, 532nm extinction coefficient within 0~1km during haze days increased by 2times, indicating that aerosols were gathered under 1km height. What's more, irregular aerosol with colour ratio value between 0.2~0.6, backscatter coefficient value between 0.001km^-1·sr^-1and 0.005km^-1·sr^-1increased when haze event happened.

Regional air quality model CAMx was used to project the air pollution contribution from steel plants to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area under different scenarios, based on emission inventory of steel industry of the region and the eliminating list in the reduced capacity scenario. The results implied that in current situation, the steel plants could contribute to as high as 14.0%, 28.7% and 43.2% in winter, and 13.1%, 28.7% and 53.4% in summer to regional concentration of PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO_x, respectively. Compared with 2012, under the scenario of resolving production overcapacity, the emissions of SO₂, NO_x, TSP and PM_2.5from steel plants would decrease by 10.75%, 10.65%, 9.75%, and 9.75% respectively, and the number of emission sources decline by 11.74%. The contribution to the regional concentration of PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO_x from steel plants would decrease by 1.4%, 2.5% and 3.1% in winter, and 0.9%, 2.0% and 3.5% in summer respectively.

Based on the conventional meteorological data, PM_2.5 concentration, lidar data, tower data combined with wind profile data on 13~17 October 2015 in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, thermal and dynamic structure of heavy air pollution process have been researched. The results showed that the thermal conditions turn better during the day, vertical direction in the lower boundary layer changes from top-down motion into tilting motion, while southerly winds strengthened, pollution was transported enhanced, the main reasons for this spatial structure was that quasi east-west isotherm changed into the northwest-southeast direction after the thermal conditions strengthened and gravity wave caused by mountain heating excited amplitude increased during the day, resulted in air pollutants transmitted to Beijing at high-altitude appeared up and down transmission in the vertical direction, PM_2.5 concentration increased rapidly, there was vertical exchange under the condition of near ground southerly transports on November 16th, above transport and dispersion mechanism may explain the phenomenon, which mixing height increased with an increased PM_2.5 concentration in the daytime under the background of region heavy pollution.

The precipitation samples were collected in the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean during two-period of cruise in spring and summer of 2016. The concentrations of Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-, PO₄^3-, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ were measured by ion chromatograph, and the wet deposition fluxes of these ions, as well as their impact on marine primary productivity, were estimated. Considering the common features such as high concentration of sea salt ions and comparable major ions among the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean, the precipitation over the wide ocean was likely dominated by the localized ocean effect. The major ions in the precipitation were Cl^-, Na⁺, SO₄^2- and Mg²⁺ over the Northwest Pacific Ocean, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-, Ca²⁺ and Cl^- over the Yellow Sea and Cl^-, Na⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2- over the East China Sea and South China Sea. The magnitude of the mean concentration (mmol/L) of total ions in precipitation among the four sampling regions was in the order of the Northwest Pacific Ocean (1.27) > the South China Sea (0.53) > the East China Sea (0.40) > the Yellow Sea (0.31). Inorganic nitrogen mainly existed in the form of nitrate and the contribution of nitrate to total inorganic nitrogen continues to increase during the air mass transport from the land to ocean. The wet deposition fluxes[mg/(m²·h)]of Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-, PO₄^3-, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ were in range of 3.47~451.43, 0.60~49.36, 1.13~124.02, 0.0015~0.094, 1.21~383.37, 0.06~7.57, 0.25~28.86, 0.17~47.39and 0.37~27.24, respectively. In regions near the emission source and abundance of precipitation, the wet deposition flux of major ions was relatively high. The inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in precipitation was able to provide new productivity, approximately accounting for 0.13‰~32.08% of the primary productivity per hour on average.

The Model-3/CMAQ chemical transport model was employed to simulate PM_2.5 concentration in Foshan during November 2014. The comparison between the modelled and observed concentrations suggested a good performance for PM_2.5. Sensitivity analysis was used to investigate the relative importance of local emission sources on ambient PM_2.5 in Foshan and the influence of air pollution originated from surrounding areas. The results indicated that local sources dominated the ambient concentration of PM_2.5 in Foshan with an average contribution of 64.9% during the whole campaign. For the pollution episodes, the impact of regional sources enhanced significantly, e.g. emissions from Guangzhou accounted for up to 36.8% of PM_2.5 at Huchong and Huijingcheng, and sources from Qingyuan contributed 18.5% of PM_2.5 at Yundonghai. The influences of various local sources on PM_2.5 in Foshan showed distinctive differences. In the pollution episodes, local industrial emissions were estimated to contribute 54.6% of PM_2.5 at Huchong while only 28.2%~30.2% for other sites. 28.9% of PM_2.5 concentration at Huijingcheng was attributed to vehicle exhaust emissions. In order to improve the air quality in Foshan, effective reduction measures on local sources should be fully implemented, together with inter-cities collaboration and inter-regional prevention and control.

The concentrations of four kinds of VHCs including CH₃I, CH₃Br, CHBr₃ and C₂Cl₄ in the East China Sea were measured during the period of 19 October 2015 to 2 November 2015. Furthermore, C₂Cl₄ and three kinds of CFCs concentrations in the marine atmosphere were determined. The concentrations of CH₃I, CH₃Br, CHBr₃ and C₂Cl₄ in the coastal waters were higher than those in the open sea. In the PN section the vertical distribution of VHCs had a common feature that the maxima appeared in the upper mixed layer. The distributions of the four kinds of VHCs were significantly influenced by the Yangtze River runoff, the Kuroshio water, biological production and anthropogenic activities. A positive correlation was found between the CH₃I and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in the surface seawater, indicating that phytoplankton biomass might play an important role in the distribution of CH₃I. Besides, a marked positive correlation among the CH₃I, CH₃Br and CHBr₃concentrations were observed, suggesting that they might have some common sources and removal pathways. The atmospheric concentrations of the three kinds of CFCs were lower than the global averages, showed that the emissions of CFCs in China were progressively reduced. According to the analysis results of backward trajectories, the offshore terrigenous pollutant diffusion and transport were the main source of C₂Cl₄, CFC-11, CFC-113 and CFC-114 in the East China Sea atmosphere. The sea-to-air flux data indicated that the entire East China Sea shelf acted as a source for atmospheric CH₃I, CH₃Br, CHBr₃ and C₂Cl₄ during the study period.

Crop residues of rice, wheat and maize were burned under conditions simulating open combustion. Compound specific carbon isotopic ratios (δ¹³C) of n-alkanols (C₂₀-C₃₀) and sterols (cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol) in smoke from biomass burning were determined. The results showed that the mean distinction (Δ¹³C) values of δ¹³C ratios for n-alkanols and sterols between flaming smoke from rice straw and the fuel were -1.3‰ and +0.7‰, respectively. The mean Δ¹³C values in smoldering smoke from the fuel were -1.4‰ and +1.1‰, respectively. Moreover, the mean Δ¹³C values for the two groups of compounds in flaming and smoldering smoke from wheat straw were +2.4‰, +0.5‰, and +3.0‰, +1.7‰, respectively. The mean Δ¹³C values for the two types of compounds in flaming and smoldering smoke from maize stover additionally were -2.5‰, +0.7‰, and -3.8‰, +1.8‰, respectively. Significant isotopic fractionations occurred in both n-alkanols and sterols in smoke from all three sorts of crop residues. Smolder was propitious to isotopic fractionation in the compounds from smoke relative to flame burning. This may have significance for identifying n-alkanol and/or sterol derived from crop residue burning in atmospheric particles.

Nitrogen source and fertilizing rate are the important factors that affecting greenhouse gas emissions from cropland. In order to evaluate the potential of reduced nitrogen and combined application of different types of fertilizer to mitigate CH₄ and N₂O emissions, a field experiment was conducted to investigate CH₄ and N₂O emissions from paddy field and the relevant driving factors. Seven fertilizer treatments were applied in this experiment, including reduced nitrogen combined with increased potassium treatment (N190_CF+U+K), reduced nitrogen plus topdressing urea ammonium treatment (N230_CF+UA), formula fertilization treatment (N230_CF+U), combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizer (N230_OF+U), stability urea with dicyandiamide and hydroquinone treatment (N230_UHD), urea formaldehyde treatment (N230_UF) and conventional fertilization treatment (N270_CF+U). The results showed that cumulative CH₄ emissions from different fertilizer treatments ranged from 78.61~181.96kg/hm². All fertilizer treatments except for N230_UHD reduced CH₄emissions by 32.0%~49.6% relative to the N270_CF+U treatment. The reduced nitrogen plus topdressing urea ammonium treatment had the best CH₄mitigation effect among all fertilizer treatments. Cumulative N₂O emissions from the paddy field ranged from 0.28~0.46kg/hm². With the exception of N230_CF+UA, total N₂O emissions for all fertilizer treatments were decreased by 15.4%~38.6% in comparison with conventional fertilization treatment. The combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizer showed the priority among all fertilizer treatments. Moreover, N₂O emissions in paddy field were positively correlated only with the NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N concentrations of field surface water (P<0.05). However, CH₄ emissions were significantly and positively correlated with water depth and soil temperature (P<0.01), while being negatively correlated with NH₄⁺-N value of topsoil (P<0.05). The aggregate emission of N₂O and CH₄in the CO₂ equivalent (GWP) for the 100-year horizon of each treatment and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI, defined as yield scaled GWP at the 100-year horizon) were also calculated. The N230_UHD treatment increased GWP in the 100-year horizon, while the other treatments decreased the GWP, with a 32.2% reduction for N230_UF, a 34.9% reduction for N230_CF+U, a 37.2% reduction for N230_OF+U, a 37.7% reduction for N190_CF+U+K, a 47.9% reduction for N230_CF+UA compared to N270_CF+U. The N230_CF+UA, N230_OF+U, N230_UF and N190_CF+U+K treatments performed the best in reducing GHGI, and particularly the N230_CF+UA and N230_OF+U treatments decreased GHGI by more than 40%, may be the better agricultural practice for both trace gas mitigation and increasing crop yields.

Photocatalytic conversion of CO₂ into renewable hydrocarbons using solar energy is one of the potential solutions to both global warming and fuel crisis. Of particular interest in this work, we prepared AgI/Ag₃PO₄ heterojunction catalyst as photocatalyst to convert CO₂ into value-added products. The synthesis route of AgI/Ag₃PO₄ involved first ion-exchange preparation of tetrahedron Ag₃PO₄ followed by precipitation of AgI. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), specific surface area test (BET), and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra (UV-Vis). With the mole ratio of AgI/Ag₃PO₄ being 30%, the catalyst showed the best catalytic performance for reduction of CO₂, and the major product was CH₄. The pronounced photocatalytic performance should be attributed to the efficient separation of the light electrons and holes arisen from the p-n junction between Ag₃PO₄ and AgI.

In order to establish characteristic indexes of floc structure in activated sludge, 19microscopic parameters used for description of floc structure were divided into four groups: floc size (SZ), compactness (CP), regulation (RG) and filamentous microbes (FL). These four groups included 4, 5, 8, 2indexes, respectively. Principal component analysis method (PCA, linear dimension reduction) and Isometric mapping method (Isomap, nonlinear dimension reduction) were used to reduce dimensions of these parameters of floc structure. By comparing decrease range and effectiveness of dimension reduction with two methods above, the characteristics indexes of floc structure were established. After treatment of dimension reduction with PCA, the group index of SZ, FL of floc structure can be characterized by 1comprehensive index, so can the group index FL, but for the group index CP, RG, each of them need 3comprehensive indexes to represent their characteristics. The decrease range of dimension reduction of SZ, CP, RG, FL are 0.750, 0.400, 0.625 and 0.500, respectively. The dimensionality of floc structure reduced by Isomap method can be characterized by 1comprehensive index for each group, the decrease range of dimension reduction of SZ, CP, RG, FL are 0.750, 0.800, 0.875 and 0.500, respectively. Therefore, the comprehensive indexes with Isomap dimension reduction are more accurate, concise to describe floc structure characteristics than those with PCA dimension reduction and more suitable for being characteristics indexes of floc structure in activated sludge.

The characteristics and microbial community of nitrifying bacteria cultivated at the low DO concentration of 0.3~0.5mg/L in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated in this study. The bacterial abundance and diversity were analysed with different influencing factors after successful cultivation of the active sludge. Results showed that, the optimum temperature for low-DO nitrifying bacteria was 25℃, and the optimum pH was 8.5. Under the condition of pH 7.5 at 20℃, specific ammonia oxidate rate and specific nitrite oxidate rate were 0.3 and 0.6mgN/(mgMLSS×d) with DO of 0.5~4mg/L, respectively. High throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Nitrospira genus was the dominant nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) accounting for 33% of whole community, and Nitrosomonas was the major ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) accounting for 7% in the low-DO nitrification reactor.

In order to start up astable simultaneous anammox and heterotrophic denitrification process to treat domestic sewage, the experiment was carried out at different ammonia nitrogen removal of the load (ANR). During the operation period, the variation of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N)nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) and dynamics activities of functional microbes were investigated to elaboratemain factors for the SAD process. The results showed that the reactor could treat domestic wastewater containing 100~150mg/L COD when the ANR was during 0.27~0.40kg/(μ³·d) and it could treat domestic wastewater containing 100~200mg/L COD stably when the ANR was 0.85kg/(m³·d) The reactor could start up stable SAD process if the ratioof ananmmox bacteria dynamics activity (μ_NH4⁺-N)with heterotrophicbacteria (μ_COD)and denitrificationbacteria (μ_NH3^--N) was within reasonable limits.The anammox bacteria activity was increased ,meanwhile the heterotrophicbacteria and denitrificationbacteriaactivity were decreased when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was reduced. According to the cycle experiments,the simultaneous anammox and partial denitrification process

Under the Euler-Euler framework, an Euler-Euler two-fluid model coupled population balance model (PBM) was used for numerical simulation of gas-liquid two-phase flow in the activated sludge as non-Newtonian fluid in a lab-scale tower type aeration tank to study the dynamic behaviors, including gas-liquid two-phase flow velocity field, gas hold-up, and dynamic viscosity, etc., at different mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSSs). It was found that gas hold-up distribution was inverted-trapezoid and the time-averaged flow field and velocity distributions were symmetric at low velocity. With increasing MLSS, the high gas hold-up distribution zones gradually narrowed and the velocity peak of the liquid phase in y-direction increased in the middle and upper parts of the aeration tank. For low concentration sludge, the liquid velocities in x-direction periodically oscillated similarly to a Newtonian fluid. With increasing MLSS, the time-averaged gas hold-up declined in the aeration tank. For water as the liquid phase, total gas hold-up in the aeration tank was overestimated. At the sludge concentration of 10.2g/L, maximum dynamic viscosity peak occurred and the low dynamic viscosity zone distributed in the "V" shape in the center of the aeration tank.

A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) combined with a self-made PVDF-coated sensor crystal was used to investigate the deposition and adsorption behavior of BSA on the PVDF surface and the structure of the BSA adsorption the layers at ionic strengths of 0and 100mmol/L, of LiCl, NaCl, KCl. These results were combined with t fouling experiments and the flux recovery rate (at corresponding ionic strengths) to give a deep insight into the effect mechanism of monovalent cation on protein fouling of ultrafiltration membrane. The cause and influence factors of the action of hydrated ion in the process of pollution were described in a microcosmic view. Results showed that, compared with ionic strength 0mmol/L, the hydration repulsive forces between PVDF membrane and BSA or between BSA and BSA could produce effectively by Li⁺, Na⁺ or K⁺, which leading to decrease in the adsorption amount and rate of BSA on PVDF surface, more nonrigid and soft BSA layer was formed and accompanied by a decrease in membrane fouling. However, membrane fouling rate were different at Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ environment. The smaller radiu of ion, the slower adsorption rate of BSA on PVDF surface, the more loosely BSA layer was formed, and lesser membrane fouling was occured. These results indicated that there was a positive relationship between membrane fouling rate and the sizes of ions, which mainly due to the difference of hydrated ability of Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺.

The present study was directed towards the feasibility of purification of water with low concentration of As (III), using coagulant of ferrous salts and ferric salts without pre-oxidation technique, as well as the differences. Experiments about dosage, the best pH, adsorption capacity and oxidation capability of As (III) with ferric salts were conducted. The results showed that ferrous salts was more effective in removal of As (III), just half of the dosage was needed compared with ferric salts. Both pH of the treated water fluctuated narrowly. Adsorption was proved the main mechanism for As (III) removal in the coagulation processes, and the adsorption made the greater contribution with the increasing dosage, while the ferrous salts had the better absorption efficiency than the ferric salts all the time. The adsorption of As (III) by coagulation particles cost nearly 6hours to reach equilibrium and the maximum adsorption capacity were 42.445μg/mg for ferric salts, 50.865μg/mg for ferrous salts respectively. Due to a poor adsorption efficiency, ferric salts did worse in As (III) removal, even though 40% of As (III) was catalytically oxided in the process.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were categorized based on the compactness: soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). The EPS used for experiment was extracted from Brevibacillus agri strain and the adsorption characteristics of Pb²⁺ onto S-EPS, LB-EPS and TB-EPS were investigated at different temperature and pH. Meanwhile, adsorption kinetics model and adsorption isotherm model were also be established and the change of surface morphology of EPS before and after adsorption were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). When temperature was 35℃ and pH was 5.5, the Pb²⁺ adsorption capacity of S-EPS, LB-EPS, TB-EPS was 91.35, 100.61, and 90.28mg/g, respectively. The results showed that the Pb²⁺ adsorbability of LB-EPS was better than those of S-EPS and TB-EPS. Additionally, adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm of EPS for Pb²⁺ fitted Pseudo second order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The results indicated that adsorption process was controlled by chemisorption mechanism and monolayer adsorption, respectively. The largest adsorption capacities calculated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model of S-EPS, LB-EPS, TB-EPS were 124.224, 127.389 and 119.760mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, SEM analysis confirmed that surface morphology of S-EPS, LB-EPS, and TB-EPS changed significantly before and after adsorption. In which, LB-EPS had the largest adsorption capacity as its pulmonary alveoli structure and large specific surface area.

The Box-Behnken design methodology including five factors: adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature and initial concentration of Pb²⁺ was employed to study the adsorption rate of Pb²⁺ from aqueous solution by humin. A quadratic model for predicting the optimum adsorption conditions was derived which determined the best conditions of adsorption. The adsorption isotherms, thermodynamic property and mechanism were also studied. The study showed that dosing quantity, pH, temperature and initial concentration of Pb²⁺ as significant factors. The adsorption rate reached 92.59% at the optimized conditions of adsorption time 85min, adsorbent dosage 1.2g/L, pH= 4.7, temperature 44.5℃ and initial concentration of Pb²⁺ 202mg/L. The adsorption performance was well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum adsorption capacity presenting 170.28mg/g. And the thermodynamic state function of ΔG⁰、ΔS⁰ and ΔH⁰ were calculated respectively as-29.30~-24.21kJ/mol、126.70J/(mol·K) and 13.59kJ/mol, the adsorption manifesting endothermic process. Active groups on humin such as carbonyl, hydroxyl, amidogen, and carboxyl group participated absorption by complexation with Pb²⁺, accompanied by ion exchange of Ca, Na and Mg ions with Pb²⁺. It is revealed that humin is an potentially green and low-cost absorbent for the treatment of Pb²⁺ contaminated water.

In order to realize rapid determination of intracellular poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyphosphate (Poly-P) and glycogen (Gly) in denitrifying phosphorus removal process with near infrared spectroscopy, the calibration models (ELM models) of PHB, Poly-P, Gly were established by multiple scatter correction preprocessing and extreme learning machine algorithm. The preprocessing results showed that the multiple scattering correction can eliminate the scattering effects on the raw near infrared spectral data of PHB, Poly-P and Gly. The ELM models of PHB, Poly-P and Gly were established with preprocessed spectral data by extreme learning machine. The principal component numbers of ELM models of PHB, Poly-P and Gly were respectively 6, 6 and 7, with the nodes number of hidden layer being 18, 12 and 17 respectively. The ELM models of PHB, Poly-P and Gly showed that the correlation coefficients (r_c) were respectively 0.9835, 0.9499, 0.9589, with the root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) being 0.0541, 0.0579, 0.0489 respectively. The prediction results of ELM models of PHB, Poly-P and Gly indicated that the correlation coefficient (r_p) were respectively 0.9683, 0.9288, 0.9488, with the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) being 0.0668, 0.0776, 0.0501. It showed that ELM models of PHB, Poly-P and Gly had better prediction performance for the contents of PHB, Poly-P and Gly. This study provides a convenient method for rapid determination of PHB, Poly-P and Gly in denitrifying phosphorus removal process with near infrared spectroscopy and extreme learning machine.

The degradation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) in UV/H₂O₂ process was investigated in the present study. Effects of water matrix (i.e., natural organic matter (NOM), carbonate/bicarbonate (HCO₃^-/CO₃^2-), chloride ions (Cl^-)), TCA concentration, and H₂O₂ dosage were evaluated. The second order rate constant of TCA react with HO· was determined to be 5.1×10⁹L/(mol×s). The degradation efficiency of TCA was increased with increasing H₂O₂ dosage. The increase of TCA initial concentration (0.5~200nmol/L) and Cl^- concentration (0.5~10mmol/L) had slight negative effects on TCA degradation. The removal of TCA was significantly inhibited in the presence of NOM or HCO₃^-/CO₃^2-. Further, the main degradation products, including 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone and two aromatic ring-opening products, were detected in the reaction of TCA with HO·, and thus a tentative pathway was proposed.

Immature end-of-pipe treatment mode and technology restrict resource utilization of food wastes with increasing growth rate, and bring potential environmental risk to society and human. Strengthen conditions, different kinds of pretreatments, for producing VFAs through a micro-aerobic fermentation by yeast and acetic acid bacteria in food wastes was studied, including acid, alkaline, ultrasonic, heat and alkali-heat pretreatment. The results showed that all kinds of pretreatments benefited the production of VFAs and acetic acid with no influence on product components. Acetic, propionic and butyric acid accounted for about 81.81%~92.35%, 0.00%~7.48% and 6.69%~17.36% of total VFAs, respectively. The best performance was reached by alkali-heat pretreatment through 7days micro-aerobic fermentation with 22.04g/L SCOD concentration, 30.08g/L VFAs and 27.78g/L acetic acid, which increased by 46.54%, 54.34% and 77.06% compared to blank group.

The environmental potential impacts of rice husk fast pyrolysis and upgrading in supercritical ethanol (PY-USE) system and catalytic hydrotreating system (PY-CH) were calculated and compared based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) models. The results of this work revealed that FDP, GWP, ODP, POCP and AP of the PY-CH system were lower than those of the PY-USE system, while the HTP and EP was higher than that of PY-USE system. The fossil ethanol consumed during fast pyrolysis and upgrading process and agriculture system were the main sources of the potential environmental impacts of the PY-USE and PY-CH system, respectively. It was founded that the impact of the pyrolysis fuels were lower than that of the fossil fuels for FDP, GWP and ODP, but higher for HTP, POCP, AP and EP. LCA results showed that greenhouse gas(GHG) saving of 38.83% and 45.93% for the produced fuel of PY-USE system compared to conventional gasoline and diesel, while the GHG saving of 73.50% and 76.58% for the fuel of PY-CH system.

The influences of reaction parameters, including pyrolysis temperature, reaction time and the mass ratio of PE/COPR, on Cr (VI) reduction were evaluated. The change of chromium speciation during the treatment was studied by XANES and EXAFS spectroscopy. The results indicated that, (1) Through the co-pyrolysis treatment, the Cr (VI) reduction can be effectively reduced. When the temperature reaches 550℃, the reduction rate could reached to 99.93%. The Cr (VI) reduction rate gradually increased with the rising dose of PE and then became stable when the mass ratio was over 0.05. Cr (VI) reduction rate rapidly increased during the initial reaction time while almost unchanged after 6min. The optimum reaction condition was evaluated as below: pyrolysis temperature: 550℃, pyrolysis time: 6min, and PE/COPR: 0.05. (2) Cr₂O₃ as the reference material of Cr(III) is more accurate and reasonable than CrCl₃ during the Cr(VI) detection by XANES, and the Cr(VI) in the COPR was reduced as amorphous Cr₂O₃. (3) Compared to the biomass, PE as the reducing agent can be more efficient in Cr(VI) reduction, ascribed to the higher content of C, H and no O. (4) Cr(VI) can be continuously reduced under continuous contact with the volatile compounds generated from the pyrolysis of PE.

This study was designed to pinpoint the effect of salinity (NaCl and Na₂SO₄, add at salinity levels of 0~5%, respectively) on the species distribution of exogenous Hg (II) in wastewater-irrigated areas of Tianjin City. The fractions distribution of mercury in the studied fluvo-aquic soils were investigated by a modified Tessier scheme of sequential extraction procedures (SEPs), which detected with a quantitative analytical method and an isotopic ²⁰²Hg labeling method, respectively. Furthermore, the pools of isotopically exchangeable Hg (E-value) in soils which used as indictor of content of soil available Hg were also calculated based on the isotope ratios of R_Hg (²⁰²Hg/²⁰⁰Hg). It was showed that after amendments of exogenous ²⁰²Hg in salt-amended soils, isotope ratios of R_Hg (²⁰²Hg/²⁰⁰Hg) significantly varied in exchangeable (including water-soluble), fulvic acid and humic acid fractions, while barely changed in the fractions of carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides, organic, and residual species. It was also found that by comparison of the control without salt amendment, NaCl spiked to soils resulted in the more movement of exogenous ²⁰²Hg toward more instable fractions, including water exchangeable and fulvic acid fractions, while the distribution of exogenous Hg speciation in soils was not significantly influenced by Na₂SO₄. The content of isotopic exchangeable fraction (E-value) in 5% NaCl-amended soil increased by 51% compared with that in the control soil. E-value as a function of Cl^-1content in soil could be simulated by linear model (lnE = 0.0961lnCl + 4.895, n = 7, R² = 0.918). The study manifested that NaCl can significantly increase migration of Hg(II) in the soil irrigated with wastewater, which may enhance Hg(II) bioavailability in the soil and cause a hazard to surface water. Especially, it will be harmful to human body through the food chain.

Unified Bioaccessibility Method (UBM) assay was used to characterize the bioaccessibility of Pb in 11 soils from Dalian and Zhuzhou. The results revealed that the bioaccessiblity of Pb in stomach covered between 21.1% and 77.9% with the average being 54.5% while those in intestine ranged between 0.2% and 4.2% with the average being 0.7%. Significant positive correlation between the total Pb, manganese and phosphate content and the bioaccessible Pb concentration in stomach was observed while the bioaccessible Pb in intestine correlated well with the concentration of total Pb in soil and bioaccessible Pb content in stomach. Significant positive correlation between the bioaccessible Pb concentration in stomach and intestine and the weak acid extractable, reducible and oxidative Pb was observed, and most bioaccessible Pb was contributed by the weak acid extractable, reducible and oxidative Pb. In addition, parts of residual Pb characterized by sequential extraction method (BCR) could be dissolved in acidic solution in gastric phase.

Formation process of water bloom was complicated, time-varied and uncertain. So far water bloom prediction of urban lake was still difficult. An integrated modeling approachby using interior-outer-set, rough sets reduction algorithm and RBF neural network model was proposed for early-warning of water bloom risk. Interior-outer-set model was employed to define the threshold of chlorophyll a for predictingwater bloom risk, and a method was put forward for calculating the risk probability of water bloom.Rough sets reduction algorithm was used to identify the keydriving factors ofwater bloom. An early-warning model of water bloom risk was developed based on RBF neural network model. Feasibility of themodeling approach was proved though the application in Qingjing Lake. The results indicated thatthe threshold value of chlorophyll a was 70.98μg/L; water bloom risk was divided into five grades based on the risk probability of water bloom; fourwater quality indexes including water temperature, dissolved oxygen, permanganate index and total dissolved solids were identified as the indicators of water bloom. Result of model validation showed that the RBF neural network model's accurate rate exceeded 85%, and could be applied to early-warning of water bloom risk in Qingjing Lake.

The release of extracellular amino acids from algae was studied through comparative analysis of the type and composition of EOM in algae. Typical freshwater algae species, including Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Navicula rhynchocephala were selected to explore the difference of the characteristic of EOM, and the quantity and composition of extracellular free amino acid and bound amino acids in algaes of stable phase, by excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEMs-PARAFAC) and pre-column high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that inorganic nitrogen can be transformed to organic nitrogen in algaes and sequentially to be released into water. The fluorescence intensity of total tryptophan and of total tyrosine in EOM was Microcystis aeruginosa > Scenedesmus quadricauda > Navicula rhynchocephala, and Navicula rhynchocephala > Scenedesmus quadricauda > Microcystis aeruginosa, respectively. The concentration of histidine, phenylalanine, glycine, and serine were higher than that of threonine, arginine and tyrosine. All of the ratios of c(DFAAs)/c(DCAAs) for the three algaes were low. Most of the amino acids existed as proteins and peptides. The ρ(DON), ρ(TDAAs) and amino acids of the Microcystis aeruginosa were the major contributor to the DON in the water body, and they are 1.31mg/L, 5.35mg/L, 69.08%, respectively. Therefore cyanobacteria bloom may release lots of amino acids into water and may increase organic nitrogen load in freshwater ecosystem.

Levels and distribution of ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁰Pb, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs in surface sediment and sediment core samples collected from Dalian coastal area were analyzed, the influencing factors and sedimentation rates were discussed. The results showed that the horizontal level of individual radionuclide was similar. Characteristic of terrestrial input was obvious. On the vertical level, the content of ⁴⁰K displayed no apparent change with depth, while the levels of other radionuclides fluctuated with depth increase, there was no significant change in the material input. A deficit in ²²⁶Ra was recorded in comparison with matrix ²³⁸U, excessive of ²¹⁰Pb was recorded in comparison with matrix ²²⁶Ra, and a positive correlation between ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K existed .The sedimentation rate in Dalian coastal area was 0.49 and 0.43cm/a based on the methods of ²¹⁰Pb_ex and ¹³⁷Cs, respectively.

In order to ensure the health and safety of Dongting lake water ecosystem, we must firstly reveal the evolution process and response mechanism of water ecological and eutrophication risk of Dongting lake under the influence of high-intensity human activities and different hydrological rhythm. And then solve two technical difficulties including establishment of the suitable ecological water level and the eutrophication prevention technology of Dongting lake. This study intends to use mathematical statistics, remote sensing quantitative inversion and quantitative interpretation method and analytic hierarchy process method, to determine the connotation of Dongting lake water ecological risk and to establish the roadmap of Dongting lake water ecological risk prevention and control technology. Specifically, four aspects of researches are performed: the integrated technology of ecological effect quantitative assessments and suitable ecological water level under the condition of water drive; the integrated technology of water environment evolution and algae blooms risk control; the integrated technology and demonstration including prevention and control water ecological risk and eutrophication risk. Finally, a rather perfect system of Dongting lake water ecological risk prevention and control technology should be established in order to support the sustainable development of Dongting lake basin.

To better understand the source changes and the response of river water to climate change, waters in mainstream and tributaries in Yellow River Basin were sampled from July to August 2012, and temporal and spatial variations of hydrogen and oxygen isotope values in water samples were analyzed. The results showed that (1) Excluding source water, the values for hydrogen, oxygen isotope, and d excess in mainstream waters in Yellow River ranged from-97.2‰ to-62.9‰ with mean value of-72.2‰, and from-13.0‰ to-8.7‰ with mean value of-9.9‰, and from 4.1‰ to 11.0‰ with mean value of 7.0‰, respectively. For tributary water, the values for hydrogen and oxygen isotope varied from-103.8‰ to-30.5‰ with mean value of-68.9‰ and from-13.7‰ to-1.5‰ with mean value of-9.2‰, respectively, and the d excess varied between-18.5‰ and 13.2‰ with mean value of 4.5‰; (2) The hydrogen and oxygen isotope values in water from the upper-stream of Lanzhou station and middle-stream of Yellow river were more negative than those of water from upper-stream between Lanzhou station and Toudaoguai station and the low-stream, while the d excess values decreased gradually along the flow path; (3) The Na⁺/Cl^- molar ratios varied from 0.94 to 3.02. The mean value of Na⁺/Cl^- molar ratio was 1.02 in source water, and 1.58 in mainstream water above Lanzhou station, and 1.30 in mainstream water between Lanzhou station and Toudaoguai station, and 1.79 in middle-stream water and 1.41 in low-stream water. The negative correlation between Na⁺/Cl^- molar ratio and oxygen isotope values of river water indicated that the Yellow River waters were mainly controlled by atmospheric deposition, groundwater recharge and evaporation; (4) Compared with results of previous studies, it was found that since 2000, the annual water flux of Yellow River increased gradually, the second-evaporation effect on the upper-stream river water decreased, and the evaporation effect on middle and low stream water also decreased, indicating that the climate in Yellow River Basin was becoming less dry.

In this paper, a mathematical model coupling buoyancy regulation model and hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate the trajectory of Microcystis colonies in calm water. The simulation results showed that Microcystis present different movement trajectories in water with different depths. In shallow water where large amounts of incident light could reach at the bottom of water, all the Microcystis colonies, whatever size they have, stayed at the bottom. However, in deep water, again whatever size they have, Microcystis colonies made periodical movements. The simulation results revealed that colony size was the main factor that determined the trajectory amplitude in the vertical. The Microcystis colony with larger size would reach deeper positions and also reach water surface. Extinction coefficients determined the movement position. If the extinction coefficient was small, Microcystis colonies would move in the deeper position. On the contrary, if the extinction coefficient was large, the colonies would move near the water surface.

To improve the denitrification of bio-reactor and reveal dynamic changes of microbial community structure over time, the microbial community structure and diversity were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology in different stages of the SBR reactor inoculated with heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification XH02. Results showed that the removal rates of TN and COD increased by more than 15% and 10%, respectively. The relative abundance and diversity of microbial flora on the genus level decreased at first and then increased. XH02 exerted a great influence on the microbial community structure of indigenous microorganisms, leading to a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Acinetobacter, Blvii28 and Aquabactenium, but a visible increase in the relative abundance of Treponema and Fontibacter. The relative abundance of XH02 increased gradually with the operation of the reactor until a relatively stable flora was finally established. The SBR operation was roughly divided into four stages based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and UPGMA cluster analysis.

N-(3-oxo octanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C₈-oxo-HSL) is a commonly detected quorum sensing molecule in both natural and built environments. Although it is known that Pseudomonas aeruginosa CICC 23618 can secrete C₈-oxo-HSL, behavioral changes of P. aeruginosa under the influence of C₈-oxo-HSL remain unelucidated. Due to unique bioactivities often harbored by P. aeruginosa species important to many biological processes (e.g., activated sludge process), it is fundamentally important to understand effects of C₈-oxo-HSL to P. aeruginosa. The study showed that C₈-oxo-HSL at as low as 10^-10g/L level could enhance the growth rate of P. aeruginosa. Thus, it is rational to predict that the growth of gram-negative bacteria bearing the LuxI/R quorum sensing system might also be enhanced by HSL molecules at low concentrations. The study also observed that 10^-7g/L C₈-oxo-HSL was sufficient to cause P. aeruginosa to secrete a relatively high amount of proteins into its tightly bound EPS, but the production of polysaccharide unaffected by C₈-oxo-HSL. Biofilm formation is a complex biological process involving combined effects of cell growth and EPS production. Given the effects mentioned above, it is not surprised to see that 10^-8g/L C₈-oxo-HSL eventually enhanced the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilm and improved the stability of its cell aggregates. Overall, the study quantitatively demonstrated how C₈-oxo-HSL as a representative of HSL quorum sensing family impacted the physiology of P. aeruginosa and revealed its potential implications in biological processes.

Effect of bicarbonate concentration ([HCO₃^-]) on hydrogenotrophic methanogens (HM) and aceticlastic methanogens (AM) in anaerobic activated sludge was investigated with H₂/CO₂ and acetate as the sole carbon source, respectively. The mechanisms of bicarbonate's effect on methane formation was analysed based on the methane production efficiency, community structure of methanogens, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. The results showed that [HCO₃^-] ranged from 0.05 to 0.20 mol/L could stimulate the activity of HM, and the higher hydrogen partial pressure, the lower [HCO₃^-] for the stimulation. An increased [HCO₃^-], on the contrary, would inhibit the methanogenesis of AM. Methanobacterium formicium and Methanosarcina mazei were identified as the dominated HM and AM, respectively, in the incubated anaerobic active sludge. It was found that the abundance of M. formicicum was enhanced by the increased [HCO₃^-] in the fermentation systems. The abundance of M. mazei was also improved by a [HCO₃^-] less than 0.10mol/L, but decreased with the [HCO₃^-] over than 0.15mol/L. Variation of [HCO₃^-] could significantly change the pH and Gibbs free energy of the methanogenic reactions in the fermentation processes, and the methanogenesis activities of HM and AM were further affected as a result.

Bromate is an oxyhalid disinfection byproduct (DBP) during chlorination or ozonation of bromide-containing water, which has been classified as a group II carcinogen (as a possible human carcinogen) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In this study, an auto-hydrogenotrophic rotating biofilm-electrode reactor (RBER) was designed for bromate removal, and the running tests confirmed that the RBER system could completely reduce 150~800 μg/L bromate to bromide without accumulation of by-products. The competition for the electron donor H₂ appeared between bromate and nitrate during the RBER operation, and H₂-utilization of NO₃^- was prior to BrO₃^- when H₂ was limiting. The high-throughput sequencing was employed to investigate the microbial communities of six biofilm samples from different stage of RBER. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the dominant genus-level bacteria were Bacillus (37.0%), Pseudomonas (16.2%) and Lactococcus (11.1%). These three species are dominant genus-level bacteria, which may be the main bromate-reducing bacteria in RBER.

Sixteen kinds of phthalate esters (PAEs) in sanitary napkins of sixteen different brands were detected using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to improve our understanding of the contamination of PAEs in the marketed products in China. Further, the health risk of PAEs in sanitary napkins was assessed based on the method recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The results showed that the concentrations of 16congeners of PAEs ranged from 2.705 to 13.779μg/g, with an average of 5.477μg/g, which were slightly higher than the PAE concentrations in the baby diapers observed in the previous study. Di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant congener in all samples, representing 73.5% of the total PAEs. Pollution of the three congeners may be related to the using of raw materials and additives consisting of, containing or contaminated with PAEs. The hazard quotients of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), DIBP, DBP, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), DEHP and total PAEs were far less than 1.0, respectively, indicating that the non-carcinogenic levels from exposure to PAEs in sanitary napkins were acceptable. However, the carcinogenic risks from exposure to DEHP in sanitary napkins exceeded the acceptable level, which should be of concern.

To investigate the emission characteristics of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene) in domestic refineries and their impact on health, the aromatic hydrocarbons around the installation facilities of a typical oil refinery in Pearl River Delta (PRD) was collected in November 2015. Then the aromatic hydrocarbons was tested using the Pre-concentration-GC-MS method. Furthermore, the USEPA's human exposure assessment model was applied to evaluate the human health risks of BTEX in the refinery. Results showed that, the concentrations of VOCs emitted from atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit (AVDU), catalytic cracking unit (CCU), methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), catalytic reforming unit (CRU), aromatic combination unit (ACU) and delayed coking unit (DCU) were (239.5±159.5) μg/m³, (149.9±36) μg/m³, (313.8±373.8) μg/m³, (136.3±12.8) μg/m³, (103.5±92) μg/m³, (116.9±102.8) μg/m³, respectively. Moreover, the risk assessment results presented that the non-carcinogenic risk indexes of BTEX ranged from 1.0×10^-3~ 1.0×10^-1 by inhalation exposure, and 1.0×10^-9~1.0×10^-7 by dermal exposure, indicating that the non-carcinogenic risk indexes of the BTEX emitted from the six facilities were all lower than 1. Thus, it suggested that there was no significant effect on the human health considering the non-carcinogenic risk. On the other hand, the carcinogenic risk indexes of the BTEX were all in the range from 1.0×10^-6~1.0×10^-5 by inhalation exposure and 1.0×10^-12~1.0×10^-11 by dermal exposure. The carcinogenic risk indexes of benzene and ethylbenzene of the six facilities all exceeded the acceptable EPA human cancer risk value (1.0×10^-6).The risks of dermal exposure showed the same trend as inhalation exposure, but the level was much lower than that of inhalation exposure, which accounted the total risk value of less than 0.001%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the inhalation exposure of the BTEX was the dominant pathway.

Ecological carrying capacity (ECC) evaluation provides important references for sustainable development of regional economy and society. However, the methods of conventional regional ECC evaluation do not include assessment on resource depletion or environmental effects of specific planning. Using the pressure (P)-state (S)-response (R) model, taking a coastal port master planning as an example, the technical solutions for strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of ECC on coastal port master plan was proposed. Based on the analysis results on natural resources, environmental carrying capacity and ecological risks of coastal port master plan of the coastal tidal, intertidal and sublittoral zones, the technical framework for SEA on coastal construction projects were established with detailed illustrations. The framework included carrying capacities of land resources in tidal zone, shoreline resources, and reclaiming land derived from sea in intertidal zone, as well as the water environmental carrying capacity of the offshore marine areas. The results can be used as scientific base for the sustainable use of coastal natural resources, and references for building new SEA system of ECC of project plans.

The evaluation index system with three-layer structure had been established for the evaluation of water environmental carrying capacity according to construction of DPSIRM model. The DPSIRM model mainly involved Driving Force (D: population, socio-economic development), Pressure (P: water problems and pollution emissions), State (S: water quality changes), Impact (I: natural ecology, water and soil resources), Response (R: sewage treatment and water penetration) and Management (M: green, investment). Several indexes were chosen from socio-economic, water resources, water quality status, investment management and other aspects. And the variation coefficient method was used to determine the weight of each index in order to calculate the evaluation index of water environment carrying capacity in Taihu Lake Basin from 2005 to 2014 for assessing the effect of social economy on water environment. The results indicated that the economic and environmental carrying capacity of Taihu Lake Basin exhibited a significant improvement from Grade III in 2005 to Grade II in 2014. The Pressure indicator plays the most significant role, followed by State, Drive force, Impact and Response in sequence. The Management indicator has the weakest impact in the six subsystems. During the decade, the Driving force indicator exhibits a clear upward trend; the Impact and Management indicators were in undulation; other indicators such as the Pressure, State and Response increased year by year. The results suggest that the carrying capacity of Taihu Lake Basin on industrial and agricultural economic development is enhanced from 2005 to 2014. Among all evaluation indexes, both water consumption per million yuan GDP and wastewater discharge per unit of industrial output could be attributed to the pressure indicator, indicating that the pressure indicator exhibited a comprehensive impact on water environment evaluation. The DPSIRM model was therefore proved to be practical and feasible for evaluating the water environment carrying capacity of Taihu Lake Basin, and also provided the basis for making the scientific strategic decision on the planning and integrated management of regional water environment.

The slacks-based measure (SBM) with the environmental undesirable outputs was used to estimate the environmental efficiency of the production of wheat, maize and rice in the 31 provinces of China in 1998~2013, and then the dynamic panel GMM method was used to investigate the effect of fertilizer pollution on the environmental efficiency of the grain crop production. The results showed that the environmental efficiency in the grain crop production had increased but fluctuated, and had an upward trend since 2003. However, the level of the environmental efficiency was low. The environmental efficiency in the main grain production areas was higher than in the main grain consumption areas and in the grain production consumption balance areas. The fertilizer pollution had significantly negative effect on the environmental efficiency. An increase of the fertilizer pollution by 1% led to a decrease of the environmental efficiency by 10.38% for wheat, 13.45% for maize and 13.19% for rice. This proved that there existed a significant punishment effect of the fertilizer pollution in the grain production.

Based on the analysis of coal consumption in Beijing in 2014, the equivalent energy value method was applied to specifically quantifies the reduced emissions of SO₂, NO_x and CO₂ resulting from the measure of electricity in place of coal in Beijing and specific industry. Meanwhile, the reduction contribution rates of different industrial sectors were analyzed under the same substitute proportion. The results show the implementation of electricity in place of coal indeed reduces emission of SO₂, NO_x and CO₂. The reduced emissions of three gases were 5.61×10³t、0.42×10³t、0.57×10⁶t when 100t coal was substituted by electrial energy. For SO₂, the implementation of electricity in place of coal in resident life plays a leading role and the corresponding contribution rate was 53.11%. However, for NO_x and CO₂, the industy occupies a leading position with contribute rates of 94.06% and 68.36%. The contribution rate of each industrial sector is associated with the corresponding coal consumption. The implementation of electricity in place of coal in Nonmetal Mineral Products and Real Estate would make prominent contribution to the reduction emission of SO₂, NO_x and CO₂in industry and service industry.