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  Current Issue
 
2024 Vol.44 Issue.2,Published 2024-02-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Environmental Ecology
Carbon Emission Control
Emerging Contaminants and Environmental Toxicology
Air Pollution Control
593 Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of near-surface methane concentration in China
GUO Hao-hao, ZHU Wei-xin, ZHANG Xiao-yu, ZHANG Hong, WEI Ye-xiang, HOU Xin, XUN Nan-nan
Utilizing methane data products monitored by the GOSAT satellite, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution and interannual seasonal variation of near-surface methane concentration across China from June 2009 to September 2019. The influencing factors were also explored using correlation analysis and a random forest model. The near-surface methane concentrations in China exhibited substantial spatial variations, with higher concentrations in the eastern regions and lower concentrations in the western regions, displaying. In terms of interannual trends, the methane concentration displayed an increasing pattern over the years at a rate of (8.71~0.96)×10-9/a, and the annual growth rates varied between 7.01 and 11.76×10-9/a across different regions. Seasonally, the methane concentrations tended to peak in summer and autumn, while they decreased in spring and winter. The near-surface methane concentrations were positively correlated with temperature, vegetation, nighttime lights, soil moisture, and precipitation, while negatively correlated with wind for most regions of China. The results of the random forest model indicated that temperature, vegetation, and nighttime lights were the primary factors influencing the near-surface methane concentrations.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 593-601 [Abstract] ( 354 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2788KB] ( 1670 )
602 Atmospheric iron in Chinese marginal seas and the Northwest Pacific: A review
ZHANG Tian-le, ZHENG Mei
The research progress of iron in marine aerosol in Chinese marginal seas and the Northwest Pacific Ocean in recent 20 years was reviewed. First, the development history of iron emission inventory, from natural dust source to anthropogenic sources was introduced, including both total Fe and soluble Fe. Second, the latest progress of the measurement methods and source apportionment techniques for Fe in marine aerosol was discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of online measurement of total Fe and soluble Fe, which was the key for obtaining the high spatiotemporal distribution of Fe in marine aerosol. In addition, this study pointed out that the new emerging iron isotope analysis technique could be used for quantitative apportionment of iron sources, and the combination of online measurements with receptor models of source apportionment was a new way to provide quantitative understanding of iron sources. Finally, the impacts of iron deposition on marine ecology and climate were summarized. Studies had revealed that atmospheric iron deposition could significantly stimulate phytoplankton growth, but large uncertainties remained regarding its climate effects quantification. Future research was needed on marine aerosol Fe measurement data accumulation, in-depth analysis of related mechanisms of iron chemistry, and the integration between atmospheric and oceanic models.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 602-619 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 773KB] ( 1503 )
620 Species composition and tracing characteristics of VOCs in the air of gas station and surrounding areas
BI Shen-yu, SONG Li-lai, YIN Si-han, SHU Qin, YAO Lu, ZHU Jing, BI Xiao-hui, FENG Yin-chang
In this study, VOCs samples were collected and species composition analysis was carried out in and around gasoline and diesel refueling outlets in a typical urban area to investigate the marker species of VOCs emitted from gas stations. The results showed that the main VOCs species emitted by gasoline are alkanes (70~72%), olefins (13~14%) and oxygenated organic matter (11~12%). The main species were isopentane (20~24%), and other C4~C6alkanes were also high-proportion species. Alkanes were the main components emitted by diesel fuel, accounting for 70~72% of the total VOCs, followed by olefins and oxygenated organic compounds, respectively contributing 13~14% and 11~12%. Aromatic hydrocarbons accounted for 2~3%. The contents of isopentane (17~21%) and n-butane (15~17%) were relatively high. The proportion of low-carbon C2~C4 alkanes and heavier high-carbon C7~C12 alkanes were higher than that of gasoline. In comparison with the results from the single physical dispersion model, we found that the olefins species had undergone significant photochemical reactions during transport. The ratios of the characteristic species started to approach the ratio range of motor vehicle exhaust outside the area >70m from the gas station, beyond which the contribution of gas station emissions might be small.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 620-628 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1856KB] ( 1492 )
629 Modeling prediction of particle distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the winter atmosphere over Chongqing urban area
WANG Zi-qian, HAO Wei-wei, DONG Ling-chi, CHEN Jing, ZHAO Xin-quan, TIAN Mi
The gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is an extremely important factor affecting their migration and transformation. Two families of typical SVOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), were targeted to characterize their gas-particle partitioning in the winter atmosphere over typical urban area of Chongqing. Compared to homocyclic PAHs, OPAHs were more likely to be associated with particles. The Temperature empirical model could well predict gas-particle partitioning coefficients for PAHs rather than for PAHs. Referring to the development of the Temperature empirical model for PAHs, two empirical models based on temperature and relative humidity (RH) were developed for OPAHs using the same monitoring data, and the simulation results suggest that the empirical model based on RH can better predict the gas-particle partitioning of OPAHs. Obviously, the impact of RH on the gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric OPAHs can not be ignored.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 629-637 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 933KB] ( 1460 )
638 Machine learning models for aerosol particle size hygroscopic growth factor
MI Jia-yuan, LI Na, TONG Jing-zhe, NI Chang-jian
Based on the hourly observational data of nephelometer, aethalometer and GRIMM180 environment particle monitor from October to December 2017 in Chengdu, as well as the simultaneous data of atmospheric visibility (V), relative humidity (RH) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), aerosol hygroscopic growth factor (Gf) was retrieved by the aid of Mie scattering theory and immune evolutionary algorithm. Firstly, RH, CBC, CBC/CPM1, CPM1/CPM2.5 and CPM2.5/CPM10 were used as explanatory variables set, three machine learning models for aerosol particle size hygroscopic growth factors were constructed (XGBoost model, CatBoost model, and LightGBM model), and the corresponding judgment coefficients (R2) were 0.869, 0.893 and 0.898, root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.108, 0.097 and 0.090, mean absolute error (MAE) were 0.061, 0.054 and 0.052, respectively. Tests of three models showed that, machine learning models for aerosol particle size hygroscopic growth significantly reduced the simulation bias of traditional univariate aerosol particle size hygroscopic growth models under high humidity conditions, and it also improved the calculation accuracy of multivariate GAM model for aerosol particle size hygroscopic growth. Finally, the effects on different explanatory variables of the simulation results of machine learning models were analyzed, black carbon was confirmed as the main control variable in the aerosol hygroscopic growth model. The above study further explained the complexity of the multifactorial influences on aerosol particle size hygroscopic growth factors, and provided a new approach to scientifically characterisation of Gf models.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 638-645 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 783KB] ( 1360 )
646 Emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide from heavy-duty diesel vehicles based on remote monitoring
GE Zi-hao, YIN Hang, XU Long, YANG Yang, JI Zhe, HUANG Ying
Heavy-duty vehicles have become one of the major NOx pollution sources in China, as well as a key contributor of motor vehicles' CO2 emissions. Therefore, controlling NOx and CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles is the top priority in energy saving and emission reduction of motor vehicles. This paper investigated the real-road NOx and CO2 emission features of heavy-duty diesel vehicles by analysing the remotely monitored emission data of some typical China-5 and China-6 diesel vehicles. The results show that the real-road NOx emission level of China-6heavy-duty diesel vehicles is significantly lower than that of China-5 counterparts. However, the CO2 emission level is about 10% higher from China-6 heavy-duty vehicles than from China-5 counterparts. The 3B-MAW method for NOx emission analysis based on window power ratios can take into account not only the real-road emission characteristics of heavy-duty diesel vehicles, but also the technical features of SCR catalysts for NOx emission control, and is suitable for the evaluation of remote monitoring data of heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 646-653 [Abstract] ( 132 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1103KB] ( 1332 )
654 Emission characteristics and pollution controlling efficiency of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in exhausted gases from dismantling processes of electronic waste
FU Jian-ping, XIE Dan-ping, YANG Yan-yan, QING Xian, ZHANG Man-wen, HUANG Jin-qiong, CHEN Xiao-yan, YIN Wen-hua, WU Ming-liang, ZHOU Chang-feng, LIAO Hai-ting
A large number of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) could be emitted from dismantling e-wastes, which might result in potential impacts on the ecological environment and human health. A centralized e-waste dismantled park was selected to quantify emission levels and composition characteristics of PBDEs in the exhaust gases emitted from different purification treatment systems and further evaluate the control effects of each purification treatment system on PBDEs. Concentrations of PBDEs in the heating baking plate and pyrometallurgy dismantling processes were quite different, following the order:the electric furnace phase II (68210 ± 12588)ng/m3>the heating rotary plate furnace (10420±1785)ng/m3>the electric furnace phase I (9960±919)ng/m3> pyrometallurgical furnace (53±14)ng/m3. Meanwhile, there were also certain differences in PBDEs among four purification treatment systems with a concentration descending order of:purification system II (1754±551)ng/m3>purification system I (1630±344)ng/m3> purification system III (1220±51)ng/m3>purification system Ⅳ (9.5±1.1)ng/m3. The composition characteristics of PBDEs in the exhaust gases of the electric heating furnace phase I, electric heating furnace phase II and rolling plate furnace dismantled by heating were similar, with low brominated BDE-99 and BDE-47 as two main components (the sum of their mass fractions was equal to above 60%), the pyrometallurgical waste gas dismantled by high-temperature combustion was dominated by highly brominated BDE-209 (mass fraction of 52%); while the composition characteristics of PBDEs produced in the four purification treatment systems were basically similar, all of which were dominated by low-brominated BDE-28, BDE-47 and BDE-99 (the mass fractions of three monomers were over 50%). The total removal rate of PBDEs by four exhaust gas purification systems ranged from 82.1%~97.4%, demonstrating good pollution control effects on PBDEs generated by different e-waste dismantling processes.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 654-662 [Abstract] ( 120 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 549KB] ( 1146 )
663 Collection efficiency of electret bag filter for charged fine particulate matter
LYU Chao, YANG Xiao-chuan, ZHU Mian, LIU Jing-xian
In this study, the bag filters were charged by single needle corona discharge with negative DC power supply, and a hybrid electrostatic filter comprised of pre-charger and electret bag filter were designed and manufactured. The collection efficiency of electret bag filter for uncharged, positively charged, negatively charged and bipolarly charged particles (0.3~10μm) were systematically studied, and the stability of collection efficiency for particles with different charge types were compared under different flow velocity conditions. Compared to raw bag filter for capturing neutral particles, the collection efficiency of electret bag filter for charged particles was higher. Especially for the particles with a size of 0.3μm, the collection efficiency increased from 79.9% to 99.9% (positive charge), 99.3% (negative charge) and 98.6% (bipolar charge), respectively. The electrostatic collection efficiency compensates for the reduction of mechanical collection efficiency with the increase of flow velocity. For the 0.3μm particles, the decrement of collection efficiency decreased from 9.4% (neutral) to 0.06% (positive charge), 0.2% (negative charge) and 5.2% (bipolar charge), respectively. More specifically, the enhancement of collection efficiency by coulomb attraction was stronger than that by coulomb repulsion, and both were superior to the agglomeration behavior. Three filter cake models were inferred by SEM to systematically explain this experimental phenomenon. These findings are very important for further studying the combination of electrostatic and mechanical collection mechanism of bag filter for fine particulate matter.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 663-669 [Abstract] ( 133 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1103KB] ( 1407 )
670 NTP-coupled Fe2+ homogeneous catalytic degradation of toluene and acetone
LIU Rong-rong, QIN Cai-hong, JIANG Chao-chao, HUANG Jia-yu, ZHANG Peng
In this study, the degradation effect of two typical VOCs (toluene and acetone) in NTP sole, NTP+ LC/Fe2+ and NTP+ LC/Fe2++PCA systems were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the removal rate of both toluene and acetone increased with discharge voltage, and the degradation efficiency of toluene was higher than that of acetone at the same voltage. The amount of O3 produced during the degradation of toluene or acetone was similar. At a discharge voltage of 22kV, toluene removal efficiency of NTP+ LC/Fe2++PCA increased by 18.2% while acetone removal efficiency increased by 55.5% compared to NTP sole. O3 removal rate reached 100% in the NTP+ LC/Fe2++PCA system. EPR and burst experiment results showed that hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals played important roles for the removal of VOCs in LC/Fe2++PCA systems. Finally, the degradation pathway of VOCs in the NTP+ LC/Fe2+ system was postulated basing on the detected free radicals and intermediate organic products.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 670-678 [Abstract] ( 136 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1487KB] ( 1495 )
679 Greenhouse gas emissions characteristics of China VI light-duty gasoline vehicles
YIN Dai-lin, AI Li-li, WENG Yi
The World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) was used to measure the emissions of 84 China VI light-duty gasoline vehicles, including 6hybrid vehicles. The results showed that the greenhouse gas emissions of vehicles generally increase with engine displacement. Vehicles with larger displacements usually have more complex engine designs, which increases the uncertainty of greenhouse gas emissions. The CO2 growth rate caused by the CH4 and N2O emissions from various types of vehicles, converted into greenhouse gas warming potentials, is less than 1%, indicated that CO2 emissions from vehicle exhaust are still the main source of greenhouse gases. In addition, the greenhouse gas emissions of China VI light-duty gasoline vehicles were closely related to the engine technology, and the emissions from plug-in hybrid vehicles can be reduced by about 23.4% to 27.9%.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 679-685 [Abstract] ( 139 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 686KB] ( 1586 )
Water Pollution Control
686 Effect of superficial gas velocity on the granulation and metabolic characteristics of phosphorus removal sludge
CHEN Xi, HU Bin, ZHANG Rui-feng, GONG Yan-zhe, CAI Hu-lin, CAO Yin-huan, YANG Wen-hao, MU Rui-hua
In this study, the effect of superficial gas velocity on the granulation and metabolic characteristics of biological phosphorus removal sludge was investigated using a mixture of 60% sodium acetate and 40% soluble starch as the carbon source. The results showed that, unlike under the condition of small-molecule carbon source, the granulation of biological phosphorus removal sludge under complex carbon source condition was determined by both shear force and intracellular storage of carbon source, and the granulation process of the sludge was not completely consistent with the magnitude of the superficial gas velocity. R1 with the largest superficial gas velocity (0.45cm/s) achieved granulation on day 110, and R3 with the smallest superficial gas velocity (0.15cm/s) achieved granulation on day 190, which was slower than that in R1 but faster than that in R2 (0.30cm/s). Decreasing the superficial gas velocity successively increased the content of filamentous bacteria and decreased the hydrophobicity of the tightly bound extracellular polymeric substance (TB-EPS); but the system was easier to meet the demand of anaerobic feast and aerobic famine, and the content of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from anaerobic synthesis increased, and the corresponding content in R1, R2, R3 was 2.28, 8.16 and 23.96mg/gVSS, respectively. High-throughput sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that as the superficial gas velocity decreased, the abundances of Chloroflexi with hydrolysis and fermentation function successively increased, which were 7.86%, 8.77% and 32.74%, respectively. At the genus level, Candidatus_Competibacter, a typical glycogen accumulating organism, was the key group for sludge granulation. The high superficial gas velocity in R1was beneficial to the maintenance and proliferation of this group, and the granulation process in R1 was the fastest. The superficial gas velocity in R3 was the lowest, and Kouleothrix (filamentous bacterium type 1851, belonging to the Chloroflexi) with the function of hydrolysis and fermentation thrived (10.44% in abundance), which promoted the proliferation of Candidatus_Competibacter (25.73% in abundance) by providing filamentous skeleton and small-molecule carbon source, thus accelerating the granulation of the sludge.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 686-698 [Abstract] ( 162 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2010KB] ( 1089 )
699 Characteristics of dissolved organic matters in the treatment of the dewatering liquor of anaerobic digestion pretreated by thermal hydrolysis
YUE Wen-hui, LIU Ji-bao, GUO Jian-ning, WEI Yuan-song, SUI Qian-wen
An on-site investigation was conducted to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the anaerobic digestion (AD) filtrate that was generated from a typical sludge thermal hydrolysis process (THP). The results show that the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and COD in the filtrate were as high as 2034 (±465) and 4128 (±276) mg/L, respectively, and the DOM concentration in the filtrate was mainly macromolecular refractory organic matter, and DOM > 1000Da accounted for 80.6%. The existing "biological pretreatment + two-stage AO-MBR" filtrate treatment process could generally achieve a high-efficiency denitrification (TN removal rate of 94.9% and partial COD removal of 69.9%). Nitrogen removal relied mainly on biological pretreatment units (removal by 79.9%), while DOM removal on membrane filtration of the MBR process (removal by 184.7%). The membrane filtration intercepted DOM was in the order of high molecular polymer > humic acid substances > low molecular organic acids and neutral substances. The effluent DOM was mainly composed of humic acid and fulvic acid substances with a high degree of humification. Existing water washing, acid- and alkali washing had certain cleaning effects on organic pollution of membranes, but the types of DOM in the cleaning solution were significantly different.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 699-707 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1203KB] ( 1275 )
708 Research advances on the disintegration mechanisms and remediation strategies of aerobic granular sludge
GUO Yuan, FENG Si-qi, QUAN Chen-yan, LI Jia-ke, WANG Xin-hua, SHI Wen-xin
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology, which is expected to replace conventional activated sludge process, has been promised as the next generation technology of biological wastewater treatment. However, it has a key bottleneck problem that aerobic granules are easy to disintegrate, and then cause system instability under the long-term operation, so it is difficult to be applied in large-scale engineering. Through literature analysis and organization, a variety of adverse factors causing granules disintegration, their hazard threshold and reaction mechanisms were systematically summarized. Moreover, current recovery strategies for disintegrated granules, their effectiveness and re-granulation mechanisms were reviewed. Based on limitations of current research, this work proposed the future research directions, aim at realizing the dynamically stable operation of the AGS systems through the circle of disintegration to re-granulation. Finally, it is expected to promote the low-carbon transformation of the wastewater treatment plants by practically adopting AGS technology.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 708-720 [Abstract] ( 134 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 442KB] ( 2085 )
721 Response of wastewater anaerobic treatment system and microbial community under F-53B stress
GUO Yu-ting, LIU Ya-jun, DENG Mi, TU Xun, WU Hu-bin, LI Kun, LI Rong-fu, WU Yong-ming
By constructing an anaerobic reaction system, evaluate the response characteristics of effluent water quality, sludge properties, and bacterial communities under low concentration (1mg/L) and high concentration (10mg/L) of chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acids (F-53B) stress. The results showed that under F-53B stress, the contents of COD, nitrogen (TN, NH4+-N), and phosphorus (TP, PO43--P) in the effluent were elevated, while the relative biomass of sludge (MLVSS/MLSS) showed a decrease, and the higher the concentration of F-53B, the greater the effect. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that only the diversity of bacterial communities (ACE, Chao1, and PD_whole_tree indices) significantly decreased under high concentration F-53B stress compared to the control group (0mg/L F-53B). Additionally, the study found that with prolonged exposure to high concentration F-53B, the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum gradually increased, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Nitrospirota decreased. Furthermore, based on FAPROTAX functional prediction analysis, microorganisms exhibited lower nitrogen (N) metabolism potential and higher chemoheterotrophic and fermentative capabilities under F-53B stress. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the Firmicutes was mainly positively influenced by F-53B and positively correlated with TN and NH4+-N, while the Proteobacteria was negatively influenced by F-53B and positively correlated with COD, TP, and PO43--P. Revealed the stress mechanism of a novel fluoride compound,F-53B, on wastewater anaerobic treatment systems.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 721-729 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2812KB] ( 1279 )
730 Proliferation characteristics of nitrifiers during enrichment culture of Anammox biofilm
LI Ren, YU Li-fang, LIU Tian, LIU Ran, YU Tao, PENG Dang-cong
The proliferation characteristics of nitrifiers during enrichment culture of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) biofilm by increasing TN loading rate were investigated in an unsealed up-flow anaerobic fixed-bed biofilm (UAFB) reactor. The results showed that with the increasing surface ammonium loading rate (SALR), the ratio of ΔNO3-/ΔNH4+ in UAFB reactor gradually decreased from 0.76±0.11 to 0.42±0.10, indicating that high substrate concentration is more conducive to the culture of Anammox biofilm and not conducive to the proliferation of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Moreover, the ammonia oxidation rate (AUR) and nitrite oxidation rate (NUR) of Anammox biofilm significantly increased during the culture of Anammox biofilm but eventually tend to stabilize. The results of fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and Illumina MiSeq further confirmed that the abundance of Ca. Brocadia and Ca. Jettenia was up to 33.51% and 3.02%, and the total abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)-Nitrosomonas was just 0.78%. However, the relative abundance of Nitrospira was up to 2.32%, which might negatively affect the stable operation of PN/Anammox system.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 730-738 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1631KB] ( 1577 )
739 The promoting mechanism of sodium lactate co-metabolism on the degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3
ZHANG Qi, NIE Hong-yun, GUO Di-ni, CHEN Li-jiao, NIE Mai-qian, WANG Lei, WANG Lei
Degradation of TBBPA by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3 was improved through the co-metabolism of sodium lactate, and its promoting mechanism was studied. The results showed that, when the non co-metabolic carbon source system was as the control, degradation efficiency of TBBPA in the system with sodium lactate as co-metabolic carbon source was improved significantly at 48h, with an increase of approximately 74%. Further study revealed that, the TBBPA degrading active substances in the sodium lactate co-metabolism system are distributed both intracellular and extracellular. Compared to that without co-metabolic carbon source, the biomass of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3, as well as the level of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical in its extracellular fluid, were increased by the co-metabolism of sodium lactate. The increase in reactive oxygen species levels in extracellular fluid mainly related to the secretion of small molecule secretions such as phenazines and quinolones by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3. In summary, sodium lactate co-metabolism promotes the degradation of TBBPA by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3 through both intracellular and extracellular pathways.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 739-746 [Abstract] ( 163 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1016KB] ( 1573 )
747 Interactions of multiple factors in micro-nano bubbles coagulation process as explored with Response surface methodology
HUANG Xiao-jiang, CHEN Kun-yu, ZHANG Zhi-qiang, LI Ping, LI Chun-bo, LU Jin-suo
The micro-nano bubbles (MNBs)-coagulation process developed to meet the needs of cleaning production has attracted the public's attention, but the interactions between multiple factors in this process has not been fully understood. Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology were used to explore interactions between factors in the MNBs-coagulation process by taking polymeric aluminium chloride (PACl), micro-nano bubbles intake (Qg), and solution pH as the influencing factors, and humic acid (HA) removal efficiency and the residual Al3+ concentration in the precipitated water as the response variables. The results show that the PACl dosage, Qg and pH could significantly affect the removal efficiency of HA, however, neither the PACl dosage nor the Qg had a significant effect on the Al3+ concentration in the precipitation effluent except pH's significant influence on the response variable. Compared with the conventional coagulation process, the participation of MNBs in the coagulation process could significantly reduce the residual Al3+ concentration in the precipitated water and improve the utilization efficiency of PACl. Evidently, the MNBs-coagulation process is more suitable for treating pH-neutral raw water, and our study will provide reliable data and theoretical support for the engineering application of the MNBs-coagulation process.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 747-754 [Abstract] ( 116 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1378KB] ( 1399 )
755 Bio-MOF-11 (Co) activated PMS for simultaneously removing rhodamine B and Cu2+ from wastewater
ZHANG Xia-ling, SU Bing-qin, SONG Xing-tong, ZHAO Wen-bo, LIN Jia-wei, WEI Yue-xing
Bio-MOF-11(Co) was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for simultaneously removing rhodamine B (RhB) and Cu2+ from wastewater, and the effects of Bio-MOF-11(Co) dosage, PMS concentration, initial pH value, reaction temperature, initial concentration of RhB and Cu2+ concentration on the degradation of RhB and the removal of Cu2+ were evaluated. Experimental results indicate that the degradation of RhB was in accordance with the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics and the maximum adsorption of Cu2+ was 22.98mg/g. The degradation efficiency of RhB and the removal rate of Cu2+ after the reaction of 15min reached to 98.2% and 73.3%, respectively, under the optimal conditions of 20mg/L RhB, 2.5mg/L Cu2+, 80mg/L Bio-MOF-11(Co), 1.0mmol/L PMS, pH 7.0, and reaction temperature of 25℃. Free radical quenching experiments confirmed that RhB could be degraded by both non-free radical (1O2) and free radical (SO4-·, ·O2- and ·OH) oxidation as inferred by UV-VIS absorption spectrum analysis, and Cu2+ could be removed by Bio-MOF-11(Co) adsorption. Simultaneous removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals could be achieved in Bio-MOF-11(Co)-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 755-767 [Abstract] ( 160 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1941KB] ( 1407 )
768 Effects of oleic acid on the transformation of schwertmannite and Cr migration
YU Sheng-hui, FENG Xin-yi, WANG Yi-yuan, ZHANG Lei, GUO Jun-kang
Schwertmannite (Sch) was first synthesized via a rapid chemical method, and the effects of oleic acid concentration and pH on the transformation of Sch minerals and migration of Cr were investigated systematically. The results indicate that the transformation of Sch was greatly influenced by oleic acid via the inhibition of dissolution-transformation processes, and Sch remained at the primary stage after the transformation of 150days. Meanwhile, the stability of Sch was strengthened by the doping of Cr. Moreover, the Sch transformation rate increased with pH. In addition, the migration of Cr in Sch was heavily influenced by the dissolution-transformation processes. The release of Cr into the aquatic environment from Sch mineral occurred at low pH, whereas the migration of Cr into goethite took place in high pH environments.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 768-780 [Abstract] ( 166 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 4262KB] ( 1198 )
781 Preparation of sodium alginate-activated carbon immobilized algal-bacteria and its effect on basic orange Ⅱ degradation
ZHAO Lian-fang, DING Kui-yuan, YU Xue-qing
The adsorption-embedding method was used to prepare immobilized algal-bacteria spheres, in which sodium alginate and activated carbon were used as embedding agents, along with CaCl2 as the cross-linking agent for treating azo dye basic orange ll. The external and internal structures of these spheres were examined via scanning electron microscopy and their reusability was investigated. Results indicate that the optimal preparation conditions were as follows:sodium alginate, activated carbon and CaCl2 concentrations (w/w) of 2.58%, 0.838% and 2%, respectively, an immobilized biomass concentration of 1.139%, a sludge-to-algae mass ratio of 2:1 and an immobilization period of 14h. Decolorization efficiency exceeded 90%, while TOC removal rates ranged from 74% to 90% at influent dye concentrations between 50 and 250mg/L and influent pH values between 6and 10.5. UV-visible full-wavelength and GC-MS scanning spectra demonstrated the destruction of the nitrogen-nitrogen double bond, conjugated system and benzene ring structure in basic orange II, which confirmed the decolorization and degradation reactions, thereby the mineralization of the azo dye. After five cycles of reuse, the algal-bacteria spheres maintained a high efficiency of decolorization and TOC removal.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 781-792 [Abstract] ( 163 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2303KB] ( 1247 )
793 Effects of typical antibiotics on denitrifying performance in the pyrite/sulfur-based remediation system
CAO Xi-shuang, XIN Xin, YANG Wen-yu, LIU Xin, PAN Xian-bing
In order to evaluate the performance of denitrification process in the pyrite/sulfur-based remediation system (FeS2/S0) under different types of typical antibiotics, sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and sulfadiazine (SDZ)), fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin (ENR) and ofloxacin (OFL)), tetracycline (tetracycline (TCY) and oxytetracycline (OTC)), macrolides (erythromycin (ERY) and spiramycin (SPM)) which are usually highly detected in groundwater were taken as typical antibiotics with a set range of concentrations from 100ng/L to 500ug/L. Based on the simulated groundwater microcosm experimental system in this study, the changes in nitrogen, nitrate reductase (NAR), nitrite reductase (NIR) and electron transfer activity (ETSA) during the denitrification in the FeS2/S0 remediation system were investigated. The results show that denitrifying inhibition effect was significantly associated with concentration and species of antibiotic at the order of inhibition degree as:OFL (5.81%~27.73%) > ENR (3.06%~14.17%), OTC (1.95%~14.25%) > SMZ (2.54%~11.75%), SDZ (1.87%~10.90%) > TCY (1.98%~9.44%), SPM (2.45%~9.43%) > ERY (2.13%~8.47%), and the higher the concentration, the greater the level of inhibition. In all experimental groups, the removal rate of NO2--N was lower than that of NO3--N, the activity of both NAR and NIR increased and then decreased, resulting in a single peak change with the greatest reduction. There was a positive correlation of the removal rate of NO3--N to the concentrations of SO42--S, TFe and Fe2+ in effluent. The most significant denitrification inhibition occurred in OFL interrupting groups. Contrasting to the control group, the average value of ETSA in each experimental system (especially in the OFL stressing group) decreased. Meanwhile, the k value in each reaction system of antibiotics did not change much at the ng/L level but varied significantly at the mg/L concentration level, and the k value was significantly lower in the OFL reaction system than in other reaction systems.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 793-802 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1563KB] ( 1449 )
803 Effects of chemical aging on the properties of Zn-modified biochars and the adsorption properties of Pb2+
WU Yu-qian, HAN Lin-xi, QIAN Min, ZHU Zi-yang, WANG Li, DUAN Wen-yan, CHEN Fang-yuan
In this paper, ZnSO4-impregnated biochar (PRZn) was subjected to high temperature (60℃ and 90℃) abiotic aging for six months. The characteristics of biochar properties after aging were determined by elemental analyzer, specific surface area analyzer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of aging on the adsorption performance of Pb2+ was comparatively studied with aged biochars and pristine biochars. The results indicated the free radicals (methyl radicals) generated by high temperature aging process led to the increasing of oxygen-containing functional groups content on the surface of biochars. The specific surface area of biochars pyrolyzed under 500℃ was greatly increased after aging (from 24.67m2/g to 85.51m2/g), while Zn oxides introduced from modification process were transformed from crystal structures to organic bound forms. The adsorption capacity of Pb2+ was increased from 31.18mg/g to 47.70mg/gbecause of aging processes. However, a slight decrease of oxygen functional groups and Pb2+ adsorption capacity (36.05mg/gdecreased to 31.92mg/g) was observed for biochars pyrolyzed under 700℃ after ageing at high temperature (90℃), mainly because a self-quenching effect of reactive substances at high ageing temperature and a stable structure for biochar pyrolyzed at 700℃. Findings of this study can provide new insights to the long-term utilization of modified biochar in lead-contaminated soil.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 803-813 [Abstract] ( 142 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1543KB] ( 1648 )
814 Preparation of CNT-Fe/Zn catalyst and its catalytic ozonation for DBP degradation
WU Tian-xiang, ZHANG Yi-fei, LIN Yuan, MA Si-jia, WANG Yan-ru, REN Hong-qiang, XU Ke
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), an endocrine disruptor, has been frequently detected in surface water, soil, and groundwater in recent years, posing potential risks to both ecological environments and human health. Catalytic ozonation has been proven effective for DBP removal, albeit its efficacy is significantly influenced by pH level. In this study, carbon nanotube-based catalysts were prepared through an impregnation-calcination method, including zinc-loaded (CNT-Zn), iron-loaded (CNT-Fe), and zinc-iron co-doped (CNT-Fe/Zn) catalysts, whose performances in catalytic ozonation of DBP in water were examined at varying pH levels. The results demonstrate that CNT-Fe/Zn exhibited optimal catalytic performance with a removal rate increase by 22%~52% compared to sole ozone degradation of DBP over a wide pH range. Even after five consecutive uses, CNT-Fe/Zn maintained high catalytic activity and low metal leaching rates. Under conditions of an initial DBP concentration of 4mg/L, initial pH of 4, ozone dosage of 20mg/L, and catalyst addition of 50mg/L, the DBP removal rate was up to 72.4% within 30minutes. The catalyst was characterized to reveal oxygen-containing groups on the surface of CNT-Fe/Zn as the primary active sites. In general, the CNT-Fe/Zn can facilitate the generation of hydroxyl radicals and further enhance DBP removal by forming hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions, and its robust stability and reusability have been also confirmed by catalysis cycling experiments.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 814-824 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1983KB] ( 1491 )
825 The performance of biochar/nZVI composite in remediating trichloroethylene contaminated groundwater
YAN Fang-min, GUO Ming-shuai, WANG Fei
The column test and permeability test were carried out to explore the biochar/nZVI composite removal effect on trichloroethylene and the permeability of the BC-nZVI composite. The results show biochar/nZVI composite for TCE removal rate can reach more than 90% in 2h, close to 100% at 10h. The removal rate gradually declined with the consumption of Biochar/nZVI composite; however, it maintained a noticeable remediation effect within 24hours, and the removal rate remained at over 90% but decreased to 73.96% after 72h. In the PRB system, the reaction medium material migrates under the long-term water flow, and the stability of the BC-nZVI composite decreases with the decrease in the iron ratio. Compared with pure BC material, the migration and loss of 5BC-1nZVI material were relatively low under continuous 3-day seepage. The microscopic results show that the BC-nZVI composite can be successfully synthesized by the ball milling method, and it was found that after ball milling, nZVI particles have a certain degree of oxidation. Due to the adhesion of degradation products by the reaction of BC-nZVI composites with TCE, a white film will be formed on the surface of the carbon-iron material, and the pore size decreases; hence, the removal efficiency of BC-nZVI composites for TCE decreases.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 825-831 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1131KB] ( 1583 )
832 Removing bisphenol A with magnetic sandwich composite activated peroxymonosulfate
ZHOU Yu-hui, LIN Yang-qian, WANG Yu-hao, YANG Ying, XU Xi-meng
The magnetic sandwich composite Fe3O4@MXene was prepared to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for removing Bisphenol A(BPA) from water. The effects of PMS dosage, Fe3O4@MXene dosage, initial solution pH value and initial BPA concentration on BPA degradation were investigated. The results show that the degradation of BPA conformed to the quasi-first order reaction kinetics. At 25℃, the combination of Fe3O4@MXene dosage of 0.3g/L, PMS dosage of 1.01g/L and initial pH of 6.0could degrade 97.4% of BPA (25mg/L) after 90-minute, in which hydroxyl radical and sulfate radical were the dominant reactive oxygen species for BPA degradation despite having singlet oxygen involved. The MXene-supported Fe3O4 particles showed a uniform size distribution with obviously improved activity and stability. The Ti atoms on the surface of MXene helped accelerate the Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox cycle, which thus improved PMS activation. Evidently, the Fe3O4@MXene can be used as an ideal heterogeneous catalyst for the advanced oxidation process of persulfate.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 832-840 [Abstract] ( 116 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1614KB] ( 1455 )
841 The electrodynamic coupled circulation well technology remediates pollution in low-permeability aquifers
DU Zhong-hai, DONG Yan-hong, LIU Fang-yuan, DONG Shu-jun, CHEN Shao-yin, DONG Qian, ZHOU Rui
A electrodynamic coupled circulation well remediation technique was proposed, with chromate ions as the typical target contaminant. The effectiveness and removal patterns of this technique on groundwater pollution in low-permeability aquifers were investigated. Compared to conventional circulation well techniques, the electrodynamic coupled circulation well technique expanded the remediation radius by 1.25 times, eliminated the remediation blind zone (from 35.56% to 0), and increased the pollutant removal rate from 76.01% to 90.56%. Additionally, the electrodynamic power consumption was reduced by three orders of magnitude compared to electrodynamic remediation techniques, resulting in a higher pollutant removal rate, potentially doubling or tripling the efficiency. This technology coupled with the electric power method realizes the enhanced directional migration of charged ion components in low-permeability aquifers, solves the problems of low mass transfer efficiency, small repair range, and hydraulic circulation blind spots in circulation wells in low-permeability aquifers, and significantly improves the restoration effect.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 841-850 [Abstract] ( 160 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1800KB] ( 1540 )
851 SILAR preparation of ZnS@CdS/HAP composite microspheres and their photocatalytic capacity
YANG Li, JING Xiao-man, JIANG Xiao-xue, WANG Ke, LUO Yue
Hollow hydroxyapatite (HAP) microspheres prepared using yeast template method were used as substrates for the preparation of ZnS@CdS/HAP composite microspheres through the successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR) method. The crystal structure, micro morphology, and light absorption capabilities of the materials were analyzed using XRD, SEM, UV-vis characterization techniques. Additionally, the photocatalytic mechanism of the composite microspheres was investigated through methylene blue photocatalytic degradation experiments. ZnS@CdS/HAP composite microspheres were successfully prepared using the SILAR method. The ZnS@CdS/HAP composite microspheres had a diameter of about 3~5 μm and showed good dispersibility. They exhibited excellent absorption performance in the visible light region and high photocatalytic activity. Under the conditions of 1g/L catalyst addition, pH=7, and 25℃, the removal rate of the 50mL methylene blue solution with a concentration of 10mg/L reached up to 93% after 100min of visible light photocatalysis. The mechanism analysis confirmed that the Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism possibly existing in ZnS@CdS/HAP effectively inhibited the recombination of photogenerated carriers and the occurrence of photocorrosion, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity and stability of the ZnS@CdS/HAP composite microspheres.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 851-858 [Abstract] ( 135 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1826KB] ( 1363 )
859 Advances in modification and application of titanium substrate lead dioxide anode
SHEN Yan-ting, LI Yao, WU Xin-yi, LIANG Jun-man, ZHANG Yi-xin, WANG He-ming
This review summarizes the modification methods of the base layer, intermediate layer and active layer of titanium substrate lead dioxide (Ti/PbO2) anode, analyzes the enhancement of electrode performance by different modification methods, enumerates the engineering applications of modified anode on wastewater treatment, and finally views the prospects of the modified anodes and their treatment on pollutants.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 859-876 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 535KB] ( 2484 )
877 Research progress on reductive degradation of PFAS in water by hydrated electron
YANG Ye, BAO Yi-xiang, HU Jia-min, WU Min, ZHONG Jin-kui, LI Jing-feng
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have garnered global attention in recent years, they have strong persistence, bioaccumulation and pose significant risks to human health and the ecological environment. However, PFAS are resistant to degradation by conventional advanced oxidation technologies, This poses a challenge to existing water treatment systems. Hydrated electron (eaq‾) has emerged as a potent reducing agent with a high affinity for PFAS. Several technologies, such as UV/sulfite and UV/potassium iodide, have been developed to generate hydrated electron through photo-induced reactions. These technologies effectively break the carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds, leading to the degradation of PFAS. This article provides an analysis and summary of the progress in research, development and technical advantages and disadvantages of various photo-generated hydrated electron reduction technologies for PFAS degradation in water. It delves into the influence of water quality parameters (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen, coexisting substances, temperature) and molecular structures (e.g., carbon atom number, functional groups, heteroatoms) on the efficiency and pathways of PFAS degradation. Additionally, it discusses the major challenges and future directions for fundamental research and engineering applications in this field. The aim is to provide a technical reference for achieving efficient PFAS degradation in water.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 877-893 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2529KB] ( 3693 )
Solid Waste
894 Research progresses on organic amine solution absorption method for biogas purification process
MENG Fan-zhi, HAN Si-yu, LIN Li, LI Jing-lin, CHEN Kai-lun, JIANG Jian-guo
Organic amine solution absorption method, a mature carbon capture technology, has many advantages such as fast CO2 absorption rate, high selectivity and excellent regeneration effect, which has critical research significance and application value in the field of biogas upgrading, but has high regeneration energy consumption, volatility, degradability and some environmental risk issues which thus greatly restrict its commercial value. In this paper, the research progresses on organic amine absorption method in the field of biogas purification is systematically reviewed in terms of the process flow, reaction mechanism, manipulable variables, existing issues and its application status, and corresponding research ideas and suggestions are proposed to promote the application of organic amine absorption method in the field of biogas upgrading. The results show that the CO2 absorption efficiency can be significantly improved by appropriately elevating the concentration of amines, and the mixed amine solution can be conducive to the improvement of the lower economy in the biogas upgrading process of monoamine solution. In addition, compared to the traditional dry absorption method, the energy consumption of the amine solution absorption method in the CO2 capture process can be reduced by more than 30%, implying that the amine solution absorption method requires more energy input compared to the dry absorption method.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 894-902 [Abstract] ( 139 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 862KB] ( 1539 )
903 Characteristics of volatile organic compound release and kinetics of automotive waste paint sludge
YANG Rui-hao, LI Bin, LIU Yi, YAN Yu-sen, LIU Ze-wei, HUANG Qi-fei, HUANG Ze-chun, LIU Ting-ting
Automotive waste paint sludge (PS) is a hazardous waste produced in the process of automobile painting. PS has a high environmental pollution risk due to the presence of hazardous characteristics such as VOCs, substantial content of heavy metals and low flash point. However, the environmental risk of VOCs released from PS during storage has not been explored. VOCs release characteristics from four typical PS and the release kinetics of VOCs in PS were investigated with environmental test chamber. The results show that the internal diffusion mechanism of PS dominated the whole release period, the oxygen compounds in the released VOCs were more easily diffused from PS into the air than did the aromatic compounds, and the oil based wet paint sludge (OBWPS) had higher total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and longer release time. Both cumulative emission mass flux of single VOCs and TVOC were fitted well by first-order kinetic equation with high squared correlation coefficients (R2>99%).
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 903-910 [Abstract] ( 137 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1896KB] ( 1371 )
Environmental Ecology
911 Characteristics and algal source effects of dissolved organic matter in small and medium-sized gate-controlled seagoing rivers in South China
LI Dan, FAN Zhong-ya, LUO Qian-li, JIA Zheng-bo, CHEN Gang, ZHAO Chang-jin, ZENG Fan-tang, HUANG Lu
Due to the influence of climate change and human activities, algal blooms frequent occurrences in rivers in South China. Evaluating the concentration, sources and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is of great significance for regional carbon cycle. In this study, we focused on three typical small and medium-sized gate-controlled rivers (Huangjiang River, Dongxi River and Lianjiang River) in South China. From January to December of 2022, the DOM characteristics in these rivers were continuously monitored to investigate the spatial-temporal distribution of DOM concentrations, sources, and the effects of algal blooms. The results show that DOC accounted for 78.6%, 81.3%, and 67.2% of the total organic carbon (TOC) in Huangjiang River, Dongxi River, and Lianjiang River, respectively, being the dominant form of organic carbon. The annual average DOC concentrations in these three rivers were 2.6mg/L, 4.3mg/L, and 5.1mg/L, respectively, which were lower than the average concentration in all world rivers but higher than those in the large rivers in South China. The DOM in the three rivers exhibited characteristics of both terrestrial and endogenous sources, with a more pronounced contribution from endogenous sources. And the algal-derived DOC concentrations in Huangjiang River, Dongxi River, and Lianjiang River were determined to be 1.2mg/L, 1.8mg/L, and 2.2mg/L, or proportionally accounted for 49.6%, 42.6%, and 48.0%, respectively, further indicating that algal blooms were the main contributors to DOM in the three rivers. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) of DOM in the three rivers revealed three types of protein components and two types of humic substances. Among them, the fluorescence intensity of endogenous protein components C1 and C3 in the dry season was significantly higher than that in the wet season under the influence of algal blooms. The fluorescence intensity of humic substance components C2 and C4, originating from terrigenous humus, showed a pattern of Lianjiang River>Dongxi River>Huangjiang River. Consequently, the massive proliferation of algal was one of the major reasons why the DOC concentration was higher in these three rivers than in larger rivers in South China, and the protein-like components C1and C3were significantly higher in the dry season than those in the wet season. Exogenous inputs and river physical and chemical parameters, including rainfall, temperature, salinity, nutrient concentrations, and anthropogenic interference (e.g., gate control schedules), jointly influenced the concentrations and compositions of DOM in these rivers.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 911-922 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 3109KB] ( 1662 )
923 Sediment occurrences and risk of organochlorine pesticides in the surface water across a river network area in Jiangsu
WEI Hao-yuan, LIN Gui-ying, YAO Xiao-long, LI Jian-ping, WANG Su-hong, GONG Xiong-hu, CAI Yong-jiu, ZHANG Lu, ZHAO Zhong-hua
In order to evaluate the ecological risks and provide scientific basis for the improvement of water quality and pollution control in the plain river network regions in China, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to quantify the residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface water sediments in Jiangsu Province, a typical plain river network region which includes key lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. The detection rate of 20OCP compounds in the surface sediments of the target lakes, reservoirs, and rivers was 100%, with residues ranging from 0.41 to 10.62ng/g dw (average 3.14ng/g dw). Compared with other domestic river basins, the overall pollution load of OCPs was relatively low. The source tracing results of OCP individual compound characteristic ratios demonstrate that the OCPs in the surface sediments mainly originated from historical residues. We found that Heptachlor epoxide was the main ecological risk factor, followed by α-Endosulfan and Endrin; and the Meiliangwan Lake area of Taihu Lake was at a high risk, of which the OCPs risk level was higher in various water bodies than in rivers, and higher in rivers than in reservoirs. In the context of strengthening the control of new pollutants, OCPs and other traditional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) also require continued attention to support complex pollution control and risk prevention of the water environment in the basin.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 923-931 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1009KB] ( 1542 )
932 The effects of water eutrophication and species invasion on the food web of Xingyun Lake
DENG Su-yan, GUO Wen, WEN Wen-wen, WANG Ming-guo, HUANG Lin-pei, CHEN Zi-dong, CHEN Guang-jie, ZHAO Shuai-ying
Samples of lake water quality, primary producer phytoplankton (pelagic carbon source), submerged plants (benthic carbon source), terrestrial organic matter (terrestrial sources), and consumer zooplankton, benthos and fishes were systematically collected from Xingyun Lake, a shallow and eutrophic lake of Yunnan, in 2019~2020. These samples were analyzed to identify the characteristics of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of primary producers and consumers, and to quantify the food sources of consumers using the MixSIAR model. We tried to find out the best model for constructing the food web structure applicable to this shallow and eutrophic lake by a comparison of the outputs from three calculation models, with the isotopic baseline of primary producer (Model A), carbon source contribution weight (Model B), and primary consumer (Model C), and thus revealed the possible effects of eutrophication and invasive alien species on the lake food web. The contributions of planktonic, benthic and terrestrial carbon source to consumers were 77.3%, 12.2% and 10.5%, respectively. Moreover, no significant difference in the carbon isotope signals of fishes between littoral zone and pelagic zone indicated that planktonic carbon source was the most important food source of consumers in eutrophic lakes, and its energy flow of food webs was dominated by planktonic pathway. For fishes of different diets, omnivorous fish had wide dietary sources and carnivorous fish had a higher trophic level, separating their core ecological niches. The core ecological niche of omnivorous fish (3.79) was higher than that of carnivorous fish (2.46), indicating that omnivorous fish had higher adaptability. The trophic level results calculated by model B were more consistent with the food habits of consumers than other two models, and the model B could be selected as the best model applied to the calculation of trophic level of consumers in Xingyun Lake. The results of Model B showed that the food chain length of Xingyun Lake was 3.73, and its top predator was Silurus graham, followed by the invasive species Neosalanx taihuensis (3.37), competing with Anabarilius andersoni (3.01) in terms of food and survival space. This study concluded that the alterations of material sources and energy flows caused by the eutrophication as well as the introduction of invasive species were the main reasons for the decline of indigenous fish resources, the reduction of biodiversity in the food web structure, and the weakening of ecosystem functions in Xingyun Lake.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 932-943 [Abstract] ( 194 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1180KB] ( 1574 )
944 Spatiotemporal variations of Fe and affecting factors in larger reservoirs of South China: A case study on Dashahe Reservoir
ZHANG Yi, ZHOU Shi-qiang, XIAO Li-Juan, ZHANG Ying
The present study investigated spatiotemporal variations in Fe contents and their affecting factors between September 2016 and October 2017 in the Dashahe Reservoir in South China. The results show that Fe in surface water was dominated by particulate Fe, while the total Fe concentration (TFe) decreased along water flow from riverine to lacustrine zone. The TFe concentrations in the riverine and transition zones were obviously higher in wet season than in dry season, which should be ascribed to the input of Fe caused by seasonal rainfall in wet season. High Fe level (i.e., TFe > 0.3mg/L) occurred in the riverine and transition zones due to the input, while the overloading of Fe was seldom found in the lake zone because of the decrease in particulate Fe. The spatiotemporal variations in dissolved Fe (DFe) were similar to those in TFe, while the DFe concentration was more dependent on environmental parameters such as water temperature, rainfall, water depth, and dissolved oxygen. The DFe concentration was averaged being < 0.05mg/L in surface water due to high pH and dissolved oxygen, while could be up to about 6mg/L in the bottom layer due to the release of Fe from the anoxic sediment during the period from May to October. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive consideration of external input of Fe from rainfall and internal release from anoxic sediment in water bodies. The surface water in lacustrine zone should be used for drinking water to avoid Fe contamination.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 944-952 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2150KB] ( 1266 )
953 Components, properties and sources of DOM in Xi'an water bodies in dry season
YANG Yi, DONG Cheng-xuan, ZHU Yu-qiang, SHU Qi-lin, LIU Wei, WU Qin-yun
Due to the diversity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in regional water bodies, 3D fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis and UV spectroscopy techniques were used to explore the differences in fluorescence components, sources, and molecular properties of DOM in the water bodies in the dry season in Xi'an. The results show that the DOC of the water bodies in the dry season was 2.66~9.48mg/L. DOM contained two kinds of humus-like (the average value of the total contribution rate was more than 70%) and one kind of proteinoids-like, with fulvic acid as the main matter. The main source was biological, with strong or very strong characteristics of autogenesis and weak degree of overall humification. The relative content and degree of benzene ring substitution of DOM were relatively high in the lower reaches of Chanhe River and Bahe River, Zaohe River, Linhe River, Hucheng Moat, and Caoyun Canal and relatively low with the relatively high molecular weight in Heihe River. The relative molecular weight and proportion of fulvic acid content of DOM in the lower reaches of Bahe, Zaohe, and Fenghe rivers were smaller than those in the upper reaches. The DOC demonstrated a pairwise positive correlation with UV254, α355, or the total fluorescence intensity (r=0.850~0.939, P<0.01). The molecular properties and sources of DOM in the dry season demonstrated a spatial heterogeneity, which belonges to the humus-like dominant type. The UV254, α355 and total fluorescence intensity of DOM can be used to estimate relative content of DOM. This study can provide reference for developing effective water environment management measures.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 953-960 [Abstract] ( 137 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 969KB] ( 2055 )
961 Spatiotemporal variations and their driving mechanism of vegetation coverage across Dongting Lake Basin from 2000 to 2021
ZOU Tao-hong, XU Yan-yan, CHEN Peng, LIU Jia-fu, DU Hui-shi
Monitoring dynamic changes in vegetation cover is one of key factors for assessing environmental and governance effects. In this study, the Theil-Sen Median trend analysis along with Mann-Kendal was used to characterize the overall change trend of vegetation coverage across the Dongting Lake Basin based on the EVI time series data (2000~2021). Then, the intensity analysis was utilized to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations in EVI levels from 2000 to 2021 at the time interval, category and transition. The geographic detector model was employed to explain the natural driving forces of vegetation cover change. The results show that the EVI values in the growing season in the Dongting Lake Basin demonstrated a stage upward trend:an uptrend during 2000 to 2006 and 2012 to 2016 while a downtrend among 2007 to 2011 and 2017 to 2021. The area whose EVI increased was much larger than the area whose EVI decreased. The area with improved EVI accounted for 69.41% of the total area while the vegetation degradation areas for only 4.65%. The average annual change rate was relatively faster in the period of 2000~2010 than in the 2010~2021. In the 2000~2010, the gain of medium-high and low-medium vegetation coverage were active while the loss of high, medium and low-medium vegetation coverage was active; between 2010~2021, the gains of high, medium and low-medium vegetation coverage were active and the losses of medium and low-medium vegetation coverage were active. The spatial distribution of vegetation EVI in the Dongting Lake Basin was mainly affected by topographic and geomorphic factors. Among meteorological factors, the explanatory power of temperature on vegetation EVI was greater than that of precipitation. In the future, more attention should be paid to impacts of human activities (such as ecological engineering construction) on the dynamic changes in vegetation cover. The main environmental protection should be implemented in the study area according to EVI levels.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 961-971 [Abstract] ( 158 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1549KB] ( 1213 )
972 Response between arsenic and environmental factors and risk assessment in Wuliangsuhai during the ice-bound period
SHI Wen-jing, ZHAO Xin-ya, LIU Yi-zhe, LI Wei-ping
Analyzed the distribution characteristics of arsenic (As) in ice-water-sediment multiphase media during the ice-bound period, this study took Lake Wuliangsuhai (WLSH) as the studied area. The main microbial community were revealed by high-throughput sequencing technology. Combined with physicochemical factors, its response relationship between As and environmental factors was explored and the key environmental factors were identified in WLSH during the ice-bound period. Meanwhile, assess the ecological risk of As in the surface sediments that used multiple methods. Concentrations of total arsenic (TAs) in the sediments in WLSH during the ice-bound period were higher than the background values of As in the Hetao plain, with an average concentration of 1.7times that of the background value. The main of As was As(V) in ice-water-sediment multiphase media during the ice-bound period in WLSH, and the maximum concentration of TAs appeared at total drainage. Combined with correlation analysis of multiphase media and Redundancy analysis, iron was the key environmental factor affecting the distribution of As in ice-water-sediment during the ice-bound period. Microorganisms play an important role, especially genera such as Thiobacillus, norank_f_Steroidobacteraceae and Bacillus. The risk assessment results indicating that the surface sediment are mostly slightly polluted in WLSH during the ice-bound period, but the total drainage has tended to moderate pollution and the surface sediment may have the risk of As toxicity. The potential ecological risk of As cannot be ignored in WLSH during the ice-bound period.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 972-983 [Abstract] ( 136 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2556KB] ( 1308 )
984 Land use change and ecological risk assessment of the urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin
QING Xi, LI Wei, LU Zhong-gui
Five national urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin were selected as the research objects in this paper, and the land use changes from 1990 to 2020 were reviewed in combination with six land use types. The ecological risk index was used to analyze and evaluate the regional ecological risk and its evolution characteristics. The study found that in the past 30 years in the urban agglomeration area, the reduction of grassland except cultivated land was the most obvious, which decreased by 16778km2 and 7976km2 respectively. The overall proportion of low-risk areas increased by 7.1% and the proportion of high-risk areas was basically stable, and the overall ecological risk was in a good trend. However, the proportion of high-risk areas in the Jiziwan metropolitan area has increased by about 5% and is the largest compared to other urban agglomerations. As the core of the Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration, the high-risk areas of Lanzhou City have been further expanded, and new high-risk areas have emerged in the Central Plains urban agglomeration and the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration in the past 10years. In this regard, this paper proposes to formulate and improve the countermeasures for the differential control of land space in the urban agglomeration of the Yellow River Basin. Aiming at the existing and potential high-risk areas, the coordinated control of land use and ecological risk should be carried out, and the protection and restoration of cultivated land, grassland, and forest land should be further strengthened.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 984-991 [Abstract] ( 169 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1264KB] ( 1239 )
992 Trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in Yangtze River delta urban agglomeration: A spatiotemporally heterogeneous analysis approach
LI Chun-ying, LI Gui-e, LI Jie, JIAO Yang-yang
The Invest model was first employed to quantify the three ecosystem services, including habitat quality, carbon storage, water conservation, in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. Then, the trade-offs and synergies of these three ecosystem services were explored. Finally, the spatially non-stationary relationships between ecosystem services and influential factors were examined using geographically weighted logistic regression. (1) two ecosystem services in the study area experienced a decline from 2000 to 2020, with a decrease of 3.85% in habitat quality and a decrease of 0.51% in carbon storage, while water conservation underwent significant changes, with a large increase of 87.56%; (2) spatial heterogeneity was observed in the relationships among the three ecosystem services. Specifically, trade-offs were found between water conservation and habitat quality, as well as between water conservation and carbon storage, while synergies were observed between habitat quality and carbon storage; and (3) compared with other factors, the construction land area and the annual average temperature change exerted much stronger influence. In summary,the obvious spatial heterogeneity in both the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services and the influential factors was observed.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 992-1006 [Abstract] ( 171 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 6231KB] ( 1404 )
1007 Cold and hot spots identification for carbon sequestration capacity, water yield and soil conservation services of vegetation in Yunnan Province
LI Zi-hui, ZHANG Ya, BA Yong, CHEN Wei-zhi, DONG Chun-feng, YANG Meng-jiao, WEN Fang-ping
Taking Yunnan Province as the study area, this study evaluated the carbon sequestration capacity and typical ecosystem services of its vegetation ecosystems, and identified the integrated cold and hot spots areas of carbon sequestration capacity and typical ecosystem services through spatial cold spot analysis. The results showed that. (1) The carbon sequestration capacity of Xishuangbanna in Yunnan Province was the largest from 2000 to 2020, with maximum values of 590.02gC/m2 in 2000 and 591.15gC/m2 in 2020, respectively. In terms of the change in sequestration capacity, the carbon sequestration capacity of Diqing, Zhaotong, Nujiang, Dehong and Lincang was increasing, accounting for 37.5% of the total city in Yunnan Province, while the other cities showed decreasing trend in sequestration capacity. Overall, the carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation ecosystems in Yunnan Province showed decreasing trend. (2) From 2000 to 2020, the maximum water yield service capacity in Yunnan was 2215.84mm in 2000 and 2045.83mm in 2020, and the change in total water yield was generally decreasing. From 2000 to 2020, the total soil conservation service capacity in Yunnan Province showed overall increasing trend. Specifically, the soil conservation service capacity of Kunming, Diqing, Nujiang, and other regions showed increasing trend and only Dehong showed decreasing trend in the total soil conservation service, which accounted for 6.25% of the total city of Yunnan Province. (3) Overlaying the three services of carbon sequestration, water yield, and soil conservation in vegetation ecosystems, it was found that there were fewer changes in the spatial distribution of the integrated hotspot areas and significant changes in the spatial distribution of the cold spot areas during 2000~2020. The integrated hotspot areas (with 99% confidence level, 95% confidence level, and 90% confidence level) were mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna, Pu'er, Lincang and, Dehong, among which the extreme hotspot areas (with 99% confidence level) were most significantly distributed in Xishuangbanna. The results of this study could contribute to improving the carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation and optimizing the spatial pattern of ecosystem services.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1007-1019 [Abstract] ( 129 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 6791KB] ( 1547 )
1020 Dynamic change of vegetation cover in the economic zone of the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountains
HAO Xin-yi, ZHANG Zhe, ZHENG Hao, GAO Ning-zhen
To investigate the spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover and its causes in the economic zone on the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountain. This study is based on MODIS13Q1NDVI data, meteorological data, topographic data and humanities data, based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, the Theil-Sen Median trend analysis, Mann-Kendall significance test and stability analysis methods were used to explore the Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) of the economic zone on the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountain from 2000 to 2020 spatial and temporal change characteristics and its influencing factors. The results of the study indicates that:The FVC of the economic zone on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain was characterized by two parallel zones of high cover. Among them, the central area was characterized by high vegetation cover, while the edge area was marked by relatively low vegetation cover. The FVC of the economic zone on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain exhibited a mild spatial and temporal variation between 2000 and 2020, accounting for approximately 70% of the total changes. The vegetation improvement area primarily showed a zonal distribution and was concentrated in the central part of the study area, while the vegetation reduction area was mainly distributed in the southern edge of the study area. Overall, the vegetation cover of the northern slopes of Tianshan showed an interphase distribution trend from northwest to southeast and a gradual increase. In comparison with the eastern region, the vegetation improvement in the western region was more pronounced. During 2000 to 2020, high stability and small fluctuations overall were exhibited by the FVC of the economic zone on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain, and its variability was characterized by weak to moderate variability. However, strong variability in FVC was observed in northern Karamay, southwestern Urumqi, and scattered areas along the southern edge of the study area. The factors influencing FVC in the economic zone of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain were revealed to be studied through the geodetector model, indicating that the main explanatory factors for the spatial differentiation of FVC were human activities (population density, nighttime lighting, and land use type). In terms of drivers, FVC was found to be most impacted by population density, with a p-value of 0.283, followed by nighttime lighting with a p-value of 0.125, and land use type with a p-value of 0.179.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1020-1031 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 6529KB] ( 1671 )
1032 Spatial autocorrelation analysis of ecological land dynamic evolution and thermal environment: A case study of Shanxi central urban agglomeration
XIA Sheng-jie, CHEN Hui-ru, ZHANG Jun-wei, LIU Yan-hong
To examine the spatial correlation between ecological land and thermal environment on an urban agglomeration scale, Landsat remote sensing images from 2010 to 2022 were used as data sources. Based on an analysis of the dynamic evolution of ecological land and thermal environment in the Shanxi central urban agglomeration, a spatial auto-correlation analysis was conducted on various aspects, including thermal contribution, land equilibrium, spatial distribution, and dynamic evolution. The results indicate the following:(1) In urban agglomeration ecological land, basic ecological land and auxiliary ecological land conversion occurred frequently. (2) From 2010 to 2022, the thermal environment in the study area exhibited complex changes. The high-temperature zone increased by up to 11.63%, while the sub-high temperature area decreased by 5.75%. Regions experienced temperature rise accounted for 19.40% of the total area, while areas with temperature decrease accounted for 24.16%. (3) There was a close spatial auto-correlation between ecological land and the thermal environment in the urban agglomeration. Based on the thermal contribution index, the thermal contribution ranking of ecological land types was:auxiliary ecological land (0.95) > non-ecological land (0.33) > fundamental ecological land (-1.29), which shows that basic ecological land has a significant cooling effect. There was a negative correlation between ecological land balance and surface temperature, among which the most significant was in 2010, with a Moran's I of -0.264 and significant spatial aggregation. In terms of spatial distribution, ecological land types and temperature zoning had a strong spatial correlation; the gravity center migration trajectory shows that the two were consistent in the dynamic change process. This study explores the spatial autocorrelation of ecological land evolution and thermal environment from the perspective of urban agglomerations, providing additional insights into the theory of thermal reduction for ecological land in urban agglomerations. It also offers a scientific basis for improving the thermal environment in urban agglomerations.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1032-1040 [Abstract] ( 225 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 4081KB] ( 1322 )
1041 Water and heat flux characteristics and driving factors of dune ecosystem in Horqin Sandy Land
ZHANG Si-min, HAO Li-na, TONG Xin, JIA Tian-yu, ZHANG Yi-ran, MA Kuo, LUN Shuo, LIU Ting-xi
In this study, we investigated the surface energy fluxes in a typical dune ecosystem of the Horqin Sandy Land using an Eddy Covariance (EC) system for continuous monitoring from 2013 to 2022. The Ordinary Least Squares linear regression (OLS) and the Energy Balance Ratio (EBR) were applied to evaluate the energy balance closure, including monitoring of the diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations in energy flux during the growing season (April to October), calculating Bowen ratio (β) and the energy balance, and assessing influences of environmental factors on the variations in latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H), and soil heat flux (G). The results reveal that the multi-year average annual net radiation (Rg) was observed at 1592.8MJ/m2, contributed by H, LE, and G as 614.0, 636.2, and 117.8MJ/m2, respectively. The dominant component of the annual energy budget was found to be latent heat flux, constituting 40% of the total energy. The diurnal dynamic curve of β exhibited a unimodal pattern with relatively mild fluctuations. The multi-year annual mean EBR ranged from 0.75 to 0.90, indicating a 13% residual in energy balance closure. The study demonstrates that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was the primary factor influencing energy flux, followed by air temperature (Ta) and soil temperature (Ts), all showing significant positive correlations with energy flux. Additionally, the impact of vegetation on energy flux was observed to be a positive correlation between LE and leaf area index (LAI), while H exhibited a negative relationship with LAI.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1041-1052 [Abstract] ( 139 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 3558KB] ( 1207 )
1053 Establishment of ecological security pattern along the Yellow River in Shaanxi Province based on ERA and MCR models
LIU Rui-kuan, YANG Lin-peng, LI Tong-sheng, ZHU Bing-chen, LI Ju-lin
Regional ecological risk assessment and optimization of ecological security patterns are important measures to achieve biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. This study evaluated the ecological risk level along the Yellow River in Shaanxi by establishing a multi-source risk index system and investigating the landscape structural changes in the past two decades. Meanwhile, the ecological security pattern of the study area was constructed by adopting the paradigm of "source-resistance-corridor" and identifying ecological nodes and ecological breakpoints. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the spatial distribution of ecological risks within the study area, with low-value areas mainly present in the north and south while high-value areas primarily in the middle region. And over the past 20 years, the ecological core area has increased significantly in size but remains fragmented, with a decreasing proportion of feeder routes and a low connectivity. Then, there are 22 important ecological sources covering a total area of 4655.73km2, and a total of 53 important ecological corridors have been extracted to form an overall ecological security pattern characterized by "one belt, three zones and multiple corridors". Additionally, 43ecological nodes and 98ecological fracture points have been identified, having denser ecological corridors and nodes in the northern part of the study area. Finally, low ecological network closure and poor north-south connectivity in the study area. In the future, ecological security pattern needs to be optimized by planning stepping-stone, restoring ecological breakpoints and upgrading nine potential corridors in line with regional ecological risk level. We believe that this study can provide scientific basis for the conservation of natural ecosystems and biodiversity along the Yellow River in Shaanxi Province, and contribute to the ecological conservation and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1053-1063 [Abstract] ( 151 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2596KB] ( 1422 )
1064 CO2 efflux-based quantification of natural zone depletion rate of LNAPL gas phase at a large petrochemical site
GUAN Jun-jie, XIONG Feng, JIANG Yu, QIAO Jian-ping, MA Zhi-yuan, HUANG Jie-rui, WAN Yu-ruo, LI Zheng-fang, LIN Meng-yuan, BAO Yu-wen, YAN Jing-rui, FEI Wen-bo, MA Jie
In this study, the CO2 efflux at the ground surface was measured using a dynamic closed chamber method to evaluate the NSZD rate in light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) source zone at a large petrochemical site. The results show that the average CO2 efflux associated with contaminant degradation was estimated at 0.59μmol/(m2×s), corresponding to a total petroleum hydrocarbon mineralization rate of 31.1t TPH/year in the study area of 100,000m2, falling within the range of NSZD rates reported at other sites. The result showed that there was active NSZD of petroleum hydrocarbon in source zone. NSZD rates were affected by temperature and atmospheric pressure. Therefore, to provide a more accurate estimate of the average NSZD rate and to evaluate long-term trends, seasonal measurements are required. The annual carbon emissions of NSZD were estimated at 85t at this site, accounting for 19% of the carbon emissions under risk control site. Obviously, the carbon emissions caused by NSZD should be included in the carbon emissions accounting of a contaminated site, which will provide valuable insights into NSZD rate assessment and calculation of carbon emissions.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1064-1070 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1042KB] ( 1294 )
1071 Environmental behaviors and biological effects of metal sulfide ultrafine particles
GUAN Wen-yu, ZHANG Zhan-hua, ZHANG Tong
Metal sulfide ultrafine particles at the micro- and nano-scale are widely present in the natural environment. They possess unique physicochemical properties and reactivity that are different from their large-size counterparts. Accurately understanding their sources, environmental behaviors, and biological effects, and then evaluating their potential health risks to humans and the environment, have become one of the hot topics in the field of environmental science. In this paper, we reviewed the natural and anthropogenic sources of ultrafine metal sulfide particles, with a focus on analyzing their environmental behaviors, such as aggregation, transformation, and adsorption, and their effects on organisms. Finally, we highlighted current research challenges such as the accurate identification and quantification of ultrafine particles, the interface reactions between ultrafine particles and pollutants or biological cells, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between ultrafine particles and organisms, and the development of in-situ characterization techniques in living organisms.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1071-1084 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1117KB] ( 1403 )
1085 Analysis of sampling interval for monitoring of agricultural non-point sources based on runoff events
WANG Chao, WANG Jian, WEN Li-qun, QIN He, LIU Gen, JIA Hai-yan, YIN Wei
The Wulongchi small watershed in Danjiangkou Reservoir area was selected as the object, and the real value of runoff process was taken from the High-frequency monitoring data of typical rainfall runoff events. The error of pollution load flux estimation was analyzed by simulating sampling at different time intervals and water intervals, and the effective sampling interval was determined. The results showed that the rainfall runoff event in Wulongchi Basin had obvious peak characteristics (initial discharge 55m3/h, peak discharge 977.3m3/h), the total phosphorus concentration was highly synchronized with the runoff (initial concentration 0.05mg/L, peak concentration 0.25mg/L), and the total nitrogen did not decrease significantly after reaching the peak with the runoff (initial concentration 2mg/L, peak concentration 8mg/L). In the simulated sampling with interval 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 720min, the number of sampling points reduced from 1957 to 14. In the simulated sampling with interval 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 384, 576, 800, 1600, 3200m3, the number of sampling points reduced from 2893 to 14. The ability of water interval sampling to capture peak runoff is obviously higher than that of time interval sampling. Load estimation error showed that the fluctuation of total phosphorus error is greater than that of total nitrogen error. Taking ±5% as the allowable error range, the effective time interval of rainfall runoff event sampling was 120min, and the effective water interval was 1600m3.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1085-1093 [Abstract] ( 125 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2077KB] ( 1121 )
Emerging Contaminants and Environmental Toxicology
1094 Disease burden of stroke attributed to indoor solid fuel in China from 1990 to 2019
SHI Yu-jing, XUE Yuan, LI Meng, CHENG Xiao-ou, DENG Qi-hong
Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we used standardized mortality rates and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rates to analyze the disease burden of stroke. This study utilized Joinpoint regression analysis to examine the temporal trends of stroke burden attributed to Household Air Pollution from Solid Fuels (HAPSF) in China from 1990 to 2019. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was applied to forecast the trend in the upcoming five years. The results indicated that, from 1990 to 2019, the standardized mortality rate and DALY rate attributed to HAPSF exhibited a declining trend in China, with Average Annual Percent Changes (AAPC) of -6.56 and -6.53 respectively (P<0.05). In 2019, the standardized mortality rates and DALY rates for stroke attributable to HAPSF in China were respectively 7.41 and 163.08 per 100,000. The peak disease burden was observed in the age group of 85to 89years, with males exhibiting a higher disease burden than females. Projections from the ARIMA model suggested that the standardized mortality rates and DALY rates for stroke attributed to HAPSF will continue to decrease from 2020 to 2024. Despite the reduction in stroke disease burden caused by HAPSF over the past 30years and the expected decline in the next five years, males and the elderly were at higher risk. Effective intervention strategies targeting these high-risk populations are recommended to ameliorate the disease burden associated with strokes caused by HAPSF.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1094-1100 [Abstract] ( 129 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 597KB] ( 1121 )
1101 Toxicity effects of silver nanoparticles on zebrafish and the underlying mechanisms based on bioinformatics analysis
FAN Zi-yi, SONG Jie, YANG Zheng, FENG Chen, GE Wen-hao, WANG Hui-li, QIAN Qiu-hui
By employing the datasets (GSE50718, GSE61186, and GSE89653) from the GEO database, the underlying transcriptomic data associated with zebrafish (Danio rerio) were rigorously extracted and analyzed. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified the significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in zebrafish when exposed to silver nanoparticles with varying sizes and coatings, and subsequently compared the quantity and expression trends of these DEGs. Consequently, the abundance of DEGs was in the following order:PVP-AgNPs-50nm > AgNO3 > PVP-AgNPs-150nm; Maltose-AgNPs > AgNPs. By virtue of the enrichment analysis (GO, KEGG, and GSEA), it was observed that under the exposure of silver nanoparticles, the DEGs were predominantly enriched in the immune-related pathways. In sharp contrast, silver nitrate primarily affected zebrafish cell cycle and metabolic pathways. These findings provided compelling evidence that a distinct difference in molecular mechanism existed between silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate. Also, the aforementioned results led us to infer that the toxicity of silver nanoparticles not only results from the release of silver ions, but also from their inherent "particle-specificity". Moreover, the surface coating of silver nanoparticles played an important role in modulating their toxicity. These insights provide valuable guidance and strategic suggestions for the safe and effective application of silver nanoparticles in various fields.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1101-1110 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1737KB] ( 1674 )
1111 Effects of triclosan and bisphenol A on zebrafish neurotoxicity
HAN Xiao-wen, XU Jie-yu, WANG Wei-wei, QIAN Qiu-hui, WANG Hui-li
In this research, two typical environmental endocrine disruptors, triclosan(TCS) and bisphenol A(BPA) were selected as target chemicals and zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used as vertebrate model organisms. The effects of TCS and BPA on zebrafish neurodevelopment and locomotor behavior were investigated in detail. Results showed that both TCS and BPA induced phenotypic malformations in zebrafish embryos, such as pericardial edema, yolk cysts and swiming sac closure. Besides, their exposure inhibited the locomotor activity, damaged motor-related neurons and affected the activity of acetylcholinesterase in larval zebrafish, resulting in neurobehavioral disorders. Moreover, TCS and BPA both led to a decrease in the number of neonatal neuronal cells and an increase in apoptotic cells in zebrafish brain, which had a severe impact on the development of central nervous system. Target prediction combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) cluster analysis was used to compare the similarities and differences between the metabolic pathways of TCS and BPA, as well as their underlying toxicity mechanisms. These findings provide an important theroretical reference for risk assessment and early warning of environmental exposure to TCS and BPA.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1111-1121 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1795KB] ( 1980 )
1122 Progresses on characteristics and reduction technologies of drugs and related drug-resistant contamination in urine
XU Guo-tao, ZHOU Xiao-qin, LI Zi-fu, ZHAO Mei-juan
The source-separation aims to separate and utilize urine from domestic wastewater, and therefore to promote a sustainable circle between "human-soil-plant-human". However, pharmaceuticals, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in urine will be acculumated along with the circulation, and finally retrun back to human body, leading to potential health risks. This paper summarized pharmaceuticals and antimicrobial resistance contamination in source-separated urine, and it was found that 34 drugs have been detected in urine, with an average concentration ranging from 0.07 to 2.7×103μg/L and the detection frequencies ranging from 0.7% to 100%. Meanwhile, 12 antibiotic-resistant genes were also detected in urine. Natural storage, adsorption, membrane separation, electrochemical, and biological methods were the main techniques for such pollutant emlimation. Among them, the electrochemical process was the most effective approach for reducing antibiotic-resistant genes in urine, enabling the removal of up to 4.18 log, taking blaKPC as an example. However, it is indeed to enhance the service life of electrodes and reduce energy consumption when they are used for field application, and creating reasonable electrode materials may be a challenge. Furthermore, most of the treatment processes were at a laboratory scale, and future research should be focused on optimization of exiting technologirs or developing integrated technologies for antimicrobial resistance control.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1122-1133 [Abstract] ( 128 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 447KB] ( 1292 )
1134 Review progress on respiratory exposure and health effects of environmental microplastics
ZHU Ling-nan, LI Yan-bo, GUO Cai-xia
In this review, the pollution status of atmospheric microplastics was introduced, with a focus on its distribution characteristics, such as abundance, composition, shape, and size, as well as the evidence of microplastics in human respiratory system. Further, the potential health effects of respiratory exposure to microplastics were summarized. Lastly, some prospects were proposed for future research, including emphasizing and improving the knowledge on potential harmful effects of microplastics or smaller sized nanoplastics, and strengthening the exposure characteristics analysis, health risk assessment, and the toxicological mechanistic investigations.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1134-1143 [Abstract] ( 148 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 612KB] ( 1892 )
Carbon Emission Control
1144 Decoupling effects and driving factors between provincial economic growth and coal consumption in China
PANG Jun, LIANG Yu-chao, SUN Ke-ke, SHI Yuan-chang
The Tapio decoupling model along with the provincial coal consumption and socio-economic development data from 2005 to 2019 was used to evaluate the decoupling effects between coal consumption and economic growth and their spatiotemporal evolution of each province (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China. The results show that the decoupling state of coal consumption in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) generally presents a good trend of transition from the negative growth decoupling and growth connection to the weak decoupling and strong decoupling, in which a state of weak decoupling presents in most regions. Spatially, the decoupling situation of coal consumption and economic growth in the eastern regions is significantly better than that in the central and western regions. The strong decoupling tends to expand outward from Beijing, Shanghai, and Sichuan except Ningxia and Xinjiang where the decoupling state is fluctuating between growth connection and negative growth decoupling. And the results from the extended STIRPAT model and spatial Durbin model indicate that the factors such as energy structure, energy intensity, R&D intensity, population density, level of openness, afforestation area, and industrial structure significantly impact the coal consumption decoupling index. Therefore, the top-level design of coal reduction, technology investment and R&D, and adjustment of energy structure should be enhanced to promote the decoupling of economic growth from coal consumption.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1144-1157 [Abstract] ( 153 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 565KB] ( 1647 )
1158 Random forest model-assisted evaluation of spatiotemporal differentiation of China's agricultural net carbon sink and evolution of influencing factors
GUAN Jun, ZHANG Shao-peng, REN Yue, SHENG Chun-guang
Given the current climate goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, it is crucial to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of agricultural net carbon sink in China. This study aims at promoting high-quality agricultural development and achieving the "dual carbon" goal. Based on the total amount and intensity of China's provincial net carbon sink from 2002 to 2021, a random forest model was used to identify the primary drivers of the agricultural net carbon sink and its nonlinear response relationship. The results show that:(1) China's agricultural sector is experiencing a slow but consistent carbon surplus growth, demonstrating an attained carbon neutrality and transitioning towards an elevated carbon surplus state in most provinces; (2) the total net carbon sink tends to decline from the east to the west, with an increase in high-value agglomeration and a decrease in low-value agglomeration; (3) the spatial agglomeration and non-equilibrium of net carbon sink intensity tend to be obvious, with a higher intensity in the northeast, central, and southwest; and (4) the key factors driving agricultural net carbon sink include irrigation conditions, mechanized straw return, mechanized no-tillage sowing, grain yield, etc., exhibiting nonlinear effects on the net carbon sink. Specifically, there is a U-shaped relationship between education level and agricultural net carbon sink, and mechanization level has a significant inhibitory effect, while other factors demonstrate a positive fluctuation effect.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1158-1170 [Abstract] ( 168 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2741KB] ( 1546 )
1171 Driving characteristics of the spatial correlation pattern of carbon emissions from provincial transportation in China
YANG Qing, GUO Lu, LIU Xing-xing, ZHAO Kun-qiang
Based on the provincial transportation carbon emission data from 2003 to 2020, the macro pattern, micro connectivity and driving characteristics of China's transportation carbon emission spatial correlation network were studied based on the modular structure analysis and the exponential random graph model. The spatial correlation network of China's transport carbon emissions presents periodic fluctuation characteristics, and the spatial distribution of hierarchical equilibrium development and core siphon has evolved into a new pattern with few core-mostly core-edge can be derived from results. Obvious spatial inertia, time inertia and regional concentration were shown in the carbon transfer path shows. In promoting the economic activities of trans-regional transportation collaborative emission reduction, brokerage attributes was instrumental. Reciprocity, connectivity and agglomeration of endogenous networks played an important driving role in the formation of transport carbon emission networks, and the driving relationship between emission, reception, inhibition and reciprocity among the attributes of actors was obvious. The influence of external networks had an obvious geographical proximity effect, showing a regular feature of geographical distance attenuation. Therefore, policy suggestions such as major projects in the short term, promoting the linkage of green transportation transformation, upgrading the level of coordination in the medium term, strengthening the coordination mechanism of cross-regional transportation carbon emission reduction, long-term top-level zero carbon design, and comprehensive coordination of industrialization- industrialization-marketization were proposed.
2024 Vol. 44 (2): 1171-1184 [Abstract] ( 146 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1070KB] ( 1721 )
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