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2024 Vol.44 Issue.4,Published 2024-04-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Ecology
Emerging Contaminants and Environmental Toxicology
Develpment of a beautiful China: Carbon Emission Control
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2024 Vol. 44 (4): 0-0 [Abstract] ( 91 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 261KB] ( 1122 )
Develpment of a beautiful China: Carbon Emission Control
1777 Beautiful China construction based on carbon neutralization new technology
ZHOU Qi-xing, WANG Hui, OUYANG Shao-hu
Carbon neutral technology is a new technology system that aims to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon fixation, with energy saving, emission reduction and efficiency enhancement being the core, and it is mainly divided into three categories, including greenhouse gas capture technology, greenhouse gas storage technology and low-carbon or zero-carbon new energy technology. Applying carbon neutralization technology to the construction of beautiful China can not only effectively promote the transformation of China's energy structure and the progress of science and technology, but also accelerate the improvement of the eco-environment and the development of a green economy. By expounding the related concepts and development status of carbon neutralization technology, this review analyzes the effective ways to achieve carbon neutralization and further discusses how carbon neutralization technology can help construct a beautiful China. The results showed that the current research fields on carbon neutralization technology mainly include hydrogen energy, electrochemistry, green chemistry, energy-saving technology, energy storage technology, waste resource recovery, and synthetic biology. The emergence of these new energy and technologies can not only greatly improve the efficiency of energy utilization, but also promote the development of green and clean technologies. In addition, carbon neutralization technology can also reduce the emission of pollutants, enhance the efficient use of resources, assist the establishment of a low-carbon energy system, and promote the improvement of an ecological civilization system, to contribute to the construction of beautiful China.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1777-1787 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 755KB] ( 1211 )
1788 Impact assessment of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism on product export costs
ZHANG Lan-xin, WEN Zong-guo, XU Mao, HU Zhe
The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) introduces significant uncertainty regarding the impact on product export costs. By analyzing the regulations governing CBAM and evaluating the accounting scope and rules of its key elements, a methodological framework for assessing the impact of CBAM on export costs was proposed, with empirical research conducted using crude steel products as a case study. Results show that within the system boundary and emission accounting scope of CBAM, the embedded carbon emissions of 1t of converter crude steel in China is 1.73tCO2eq, and the incremental cost of China's crude steel export to the EU is 37.26euros/t. Based on the above assessment results and considering the differences in climate policy systems between China and the EU, several policy recommendations to address CBAM were put forward, including negotiating the implicit carbon price, reducing the carbon intensity of products and adjusting the export structure.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1788-1794 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 576KB] ( 1656 )
1795 Impact of transition from the energy consumption “dual control” to the carbon “dual control”: a CGE-based case study of Anhui
AN Kang-xin, LIU Mi-ke, FAN Shu-ting, WANG Can
Using Anhui Province as a case study, a hybrid dynamic computable general equilibrium model was developed to analyze the energy-economic impacts of optimizing the energy consumption “dual control” and transitioning to the carbon “dual control” policy. The study found that excluding newly installed renewable energy within the energy “dual control” policy can significantly bolster the support for renewable energy development and improvement of energy efficiency. By 2035, the proportion of renewable energy in electricity generation is expected to reach 27.9%, with a corresponding reduction in GDP loss of 0.2 percentage points. Transitioning to the carbon "dual control" policy is projected to further promote renewable energy development, create additional space for energy consumption, and enhance economic efficiency, with an additional reduction in GDP loss of 0.05 percentage points. The implementation of control policies will result in both winners and losers across various industries, while shifting to the carbon "dual control" policy could mitigate output losses in the losing industries. The industry output change rates range from -20.6% to 10.3% by 2035. The recommendation is to persist in implementing optimized measures for the energy consumption "dual control" system and to gradually transition to the carbon "dual control" policy during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. This should be aligned with forward-looking industrial planning and necessary just transition measures to reduce the adverse impacts to industries, while concurrently facilitating the achievement of medium- and long-term dual carbon targets amidst the minimization of short-term policy adjustment fluctuations.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1795-1804 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1661KB] ( 1311 )
1805 CO2 emissions from power plants based on multi-source data such as satellite remote sensing
FU Jin-Bei, LI Meng-Nan, XU Wei-Da, WANG Yu-Meng, LI Huai-Rui, YIN Jie, YANG Yu-Kun, ZHUO Jun-Ling
This study had estimated CO2 emissions from the Tuoketuo Power Plant using observations from the Orbital Carbon Monitoring Satellite (OCO-3) SAM mode with segmentation, background-interpolation and Gaussian plume model. To verify the estimation results from satellite remote sensing, annual accounting report CO2 data, monthly power generation, and continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) data were used. The results showed that the hourly CO2 emission rates of the four estimated results were 1900.82, 3353.96, 2941.07, and 3701.71tCO2/h, respectively, with uncertainties of 25.10%, 20.27%, 19.59%, and 29.52%, and the uncertainty mainly came from meteorological data, background, and secondary sources. The satellite remote sensing inversion results of hourly CO2 emission rate were very consistent with the accounting allocation value, with a correlation coefficient of 0.822. The activity data of power plants showed an obvious seasonal and hourly variations, with a relative standard deviation of 14.55% for monthly power generation and 12.35% for NOx hourly emissions.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1805-1815 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3672KB] ( 1057 )
1816 Calculation and analysis of greenhouse gas emissions in plain rural areas of Hebei Province based on survey data
HOU Yue-bin, XU Wei, WANG Xuan, YU Ze-jun
In this paper, rural greenhouse gas (GHG) emission pathways are divided into 4 categories: agricultural production, animal husbandry, waste treatment, and energy consumption. The GHG emission calculation methods of each pathway were proposed based on the Guidelines for Provincial GHG Emission Inventories and the IPCC carbon emission inventory compilation method. Accounting was conducted for 316 villages in the plain area of Hebei Province. Utilizing the K-means clustering algorithm, all villages were divided into three categories according to the CO2 equivalent emissions from each pathway, and the GHG emission characteristics of each type were analyzed. The results indicate that in the investigated rural areas, CO2 emissions mainly came from energy consumption, accounting for 70.9% to 75.5%; CH4 emissions mainly came from animal husbandry and waste treatment, totaling 73.2% to 94.7%; N2O emissions predominantly arise from agricultural production, accounting for 52.3% to 84.7%. Energy consumption was the main source of CO2 equivalent emissions, followed by agricultural production and animal husbandry. Energy conservation remains an effective approach for reducing carbon emissions in rural areas. At the same time, attention should also be paid to the management of farmland and livestock, and improving the collection and standardized treatment of garbage and sewage.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1816-1825 [Abstract] ( 143 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1972KB] ( 1218 )
1826 Spatio-temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Carbon Emissions in Shaanxi Province
CHEN Yi, LING Li, GU Zhen-wei, ZHANG Yu, LIU Jing
Based on DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS nighttime light data, the carbon emissions from 2000a to 2020a in Shaanxi Province were estimated in this study. Meanwhile, the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of carbon emissions were analyzed by the exploratory spatial analysis, hot and cold spot analysis, and the standard deviation ellipse analysis. The spatial Durbin panel model was also established to identify the influencing factors. The results indicated that: (1) The total carbon emissions of Shaanxi Province presented a continuous upward trend from 2000a to 2020a. It also exhibited distinct spatial and temporal heterogeneity with the characteristics of "Northern Shaanxi > Central Shaanxi > Southern Shaanxi" during the study period. (2) The distribution center of carbon emission had gradually moved to the northeast, which illustrated the carbon emissions in the northeast of the research area had increased more significantly than those in other regions. Carbon emission performed a significant positive spatial autocorrelation (i.e., the agglomeration effect), and the transformations from hot spots to cold spots were also prominent. The hot spots expanded in northern Shaanxi, and the cold spots disappeared gradually. (3) Urbanization rate, population size, energy consumption per unit GDP, industrial structure and economic growth were all positively correlated with the carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province. The rapid development of urbanization and the expansion of population were the main driving forces for the carbon emission growth in Shaanxi Province.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1826-1839 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1879KB] ( 1935 )
1840 Quota compliance strategies of thermal power enterprises under the coordination of energy-consuming right trading and carbon emission trading market
SUN Jing-qi, ZHANG Zhuo-la, ZHOU Zhen-xi, ZHANG Yuan-yuan, ZHAO Hui-ru
Thermal power enterprises face independent quota constraints in the energy-consuming right trading and carbon emission trading market. To reduce the difficulty of compliance and enhance emission reduction efficiency, this study investigates the quota compliance strategies of thermal power enterprises under the synergy of both markets. Analyze the mutual influence between the two markets, and sort out the synergy mechanism between the markets from the aspects of trading entities, quota allocation, mutual recognition offset, etc; Construct a system dynamics model for thermal power enterprises to fulfill their dual market quota responsibilities, and explore the impact of dual quota constraints on enterprises; Compare and analyze the performance strategies of enterprises under three policy scenarios: no collaborative mechanism, mutual recognition of quotas allowed, and limited offset ratio. The results indicate that the double quota constraint increases the cost of fulfilling obligations for enterprises, but fails to enhance their willingness to reduce emissions independently. After further establishing a collaborative mechanism for quota mutual recognition, enterprises can optimize their economic benefits while fulfilling obligations, but it will cause the problem of imbalanced development between the two markets. To solve this dilemma, the mutual recognition ratio should be between 2and 3.5, and further design of offset and restriction mechanisms is needed, Ensure timely performance and balanced market development of enterprises, and achieve optimal resource allocation.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1840-1850 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1000KB] ( 1113 )
1851 Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and driving forces of carbon storage in the Dongting Lake Basin
ZHOU Wen-qiang, HAN Yu, WANG Jin-long, YANG Ling, QUE Hua-fei
Based on remote sensing inversion method and model modification method, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ecosystem carbon storage in the Dongting Lake Basin were dynamically analyzed from 1980 to 2020. And with the help of the carbon storage contribution rate and optimal parameters-based geographical detector model, the driving mechanisms of ecosystem interconversion and natural-social-policy environments on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of carbon storage were quantitatively analyzed. Carbon storage in the Dongting Lake Basin and its sub-basins initially decreased and then increased in the past 40years, with an overall increase of 262.81Tg, showing a "horseshoe" pattern of decreasing from the east-south-west to the central and northern parts of the basin. The interconversion of ecosystems promoted the growth of carbon storage by 23.66Tg, of which the interconversion among farmland, forest and urban ecosystems dominated the change of carbon storage in the basin. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of carbon storage in the Dongting Lake Basin and its sub-basins was primarily influenced by the synergistic effects of social and policy environments, with the habitat quality and population density being the dominant factors. The enhancement effect and differentiation characteristics make the two-factor interaction stronger. In order to improve the carbon sequestration capacity of ecosystem, the improvement of the Dongting Lake Basin' ecosystem structure should be accelerated and the positive interaction between ecology and society should be constructed according to local conditions.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1851-1862 [Abstract] ( 146 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2763KB] ( 1395 )
1863 Assessment and prediction of ecosystem services trade-offs and synergies relationships in Gansu Province
XU Jing, LIU Hui
Taking Gansu Province as the study region, the land use status of Gansu Province was predicted under four different development scenarios in 2030 by coupling the GMMOP and PLUS model, and the dynamic changes of carbon storage, water yield, soil conservation and habitat quality were assessed quantitatively by using the InVEST model, and the trade-offs and synergies relationships between the ecosystem services were analyzed under different scenarios. The results showed that, from 2000 to 2020, the carbon storage in Gansu Province decreased by 0.081×108t, water yield increased by 3.086×1010m3, soil conservation increased by 33.857×1010t, habitat quality decreased by 0.009. Under the natural development (ND) scenario, all the carbon storage, water yield and habitat quality decreased, with only an increase of soil conservation by 0.310×1010t; under the ecological protection (EP) scenario, carbon storage and soil conservation increased significantly; all four ecosystem services decreased under the economic development (ED) scenario; and in the comprehensive development (CD) scenario, carbon storage increased by 1.307×108t, with the other three services declining. Overall, synergistic relationships were observed between the four ecosystem services in all cities and prefectures of Gansu Province, except for Baiyin City and Jiayuguan City. Under the four scenarios, there was no significant change in the synergistic relationship between carbon storage and water yield, carbon storage and soil conservation, and water yield and soil conservation in most regions. However, under the ND, EP, and CD scenarios, the synergistic relationship between habitat quality and carbon storage, habitat quality and water yield increased, while the synergistic relationship between habitat quality and soil conservation decreased.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1863-1874 [Abstract] ( 135 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1371KB] ( 1581 )
1875 Research progress of biomass energy field based on bibliometric investigation
XIN Bo-da, LÜ Lian-hong, WANG Si-yi, DONG Jing-jing, ZHANG Nan, YANG Chao
To comprehensively understand the evolutionary trends, current status, and topical issues within the realm of biomass energy research, this study employs bibliometric analysis and data mining techniques on biomass energy-related literature from 1993 to 2023, utilizing the Web of Science core collection database. The obtained results are subsequently visualized and analyzed using CiteSpace software. The findings of this study are as follows: Biomass energy research has progressively garnered attention on a global scale, with a consistent rise in research output and a substantial allocation of funding resources. The international community has established a robust collaborative network centered around biomass energy research. Notably, cooperative relationships at the national level exhibit distinct regional characteristics, while collaborations among research institutions demonstrate a prominent "double star distribution" pattern influenced by temporal dynamics. The research endeavors in biomass energy have evolved from theoretical investigations to interdisciplinary applied research encompassing physics, materials science, chemistry, and biology. Key technologies and emerging frontiers in biomass energy research for the forthcoming stage include biomass carbon capture and storage technology, and microbial photosynthesis hydrogen production technology.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1875-1884 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1495KB] ( 1358 )
1885 The effect of benthic macroinvertebrates on the release of CO2 and CH4 in sediments of urban river
SHI Si-jie, LI hong-li, YAO Jing-mei, HAN Le, TAN Qiu-jun, LIU Ya-li, WEI Bing, YU Xue-song, WANG Cheng-cheng
Using the microcosms with Chironomus flaviplumus, Branchiura sowerbyi and Radix swinhoei of different perturbation functional groups, respectively, this study explored the influence of benthic bioturbation on key physio-chemical factors at the sediment-water interface (SWI) and on the release of CO2 and CH4. The following results were observed. Three macroinvertebrates differentially modified the content of dissolved oxygen (DO) of the interface and the aerobic/anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and the carbon conversion, which further affect the generation and release of CO2 and CH4. Firstly, there were significant differences in the release of CO2 and CH4, precisely as the following: B. sowerbyi exhibited the strongest promotion effect on the release of CO2 and CH4, and R. swinhoei showed no significant effect, while C. flaviplumus larvae inhibited the release of CH4. Secondly, B. sowerbyi consumed more carbon, promoted more release of CO2 and CH4, with its lowest DO infiltration depth creating a more favourable condition for the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter to produce more CH4. On the contrary, R. swinhoei, activating on the sediment surface, had relatively few change on the concentrations of DO, TC and TOC, and greenhouse gas. C. flaviplumus inhibited the release of CH4, probably due to inhibition of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter under the increasing DO infiltration depth.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1885-1893 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 922KB] ( 1249 )
Air Pollution Control
1894 Ozone pollution characteristics and its relationship with meteorological factors of key regions in China
MI Yi-hua, DU Hui-yun, LI Jie, YANG Wen-yi, WANG Tao, WANG Zi-fa
Based on the historical data from 2015 to 2019, the temporal and spatial variations of ozone(O3) in China were analyzed, and the relationships between O3 pollution and meteorological factors in key regions were also analyzed based on meteorological data of the same period. The annual mean O3 concentration in China increased from 83.8µg/m3 in 2015 to 92.4µg/m3 in 2019. The monthly variation of O3 concentration mainly showed a "single-peak" pattern but a "double-peak" pattern in 2017. May to September is the period of high O3 concentration, and the daily fluctuation of O3 concentration in months from January to March and from October to November is greater than that from April to September. O3 concentration is higher in eastern China and lower in western China. O3 pollution mainly appears in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. O3 concentration is positively correlated with sunshine duration and maximum temperature, while negatively correlated with relative humidity. The influences of temperature and wind speed on O3 concentration are not the same in different regions. In most regions, the O3 concentration has a strong positive correlation with temperature (r>0.5), while it is negatively correlated with temperature in the Qinghai-Tibet region (-0.2<r<0). O3 increases first and then decreases with wind speed in most regions, however, it increases with the increase of wind speed in the Qinghai-Tibet region. O3 pollution is more likely to occur when the temperature is higher than 25℃, relative humidity is 45% to 60%, and wind speed is 3 to 6m/s.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1894-1904 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3851KB] ( 1617 )
1905 Analysis of meteorological effects on the trend of ozone in the Pearl River Delta using the KZ filtering method
WU Shuang-shuang, CHEN Zi-chao, XUE Xin, WU Yan-xing, DONG Jun-jie, LIU Run
Based on the ozone (O3) monitoring data and reanalysis meteorological data in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) from 2015 to 2021, the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter and stepwise multiple linear regression method were used to analyze the relationship between the long-term trend of O3 and meteorological factors. This study quantified the contribution of meteorological and non-meteorological factors to the long-term trend of the maximum daily 8-hour average O3 concentration (MDA8O3) in the PRD. The results indicated a significant increase in MDA8O3 in the PRD from 2015 to 2021, with particularly severe O3 pollution in the summer and autumn. The KZ fitering method separated MDA8O3 into three components: short-term, seasonal and long-term, accounting for 60.84%, 24.96% and 4.33% of the variance of the original sequence, respectively. These components were found to be independent of each other. The three components of MDA8O3 are positively correlated with solar radiation, temperature and boundary layer height, and negatively correlated with cloud cover, relative humidity, wind speed and 850hPa meridional wind. Furthermore, meteorological and non-meteorological influences were found to explain approximately 64.3% (2.77μg/(m3a)) and 35.7% (1.53μg/(m3a)) of the long-term trend’s growth rate (4.29μg/(m3a)) of MDA8O3, respectively.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1905-1911 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 970KB] ( 1499 )
1912 Characteristics of volatile organic compounds emissions from indoor burning of biomass pellets
HUANG Tian-yao, LUO Zhi-han, HUANG Wen-xuan, MEN Ya-tai, QIN Li-fan, CHENG He-fa, SHEN Guo-feng
This study conducted a series of field-based emission tests on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from residential burning of biomass pellets in rural northern China. Characteristics of VOCs for two different pellets were compared and discussed. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that the emission factor of total VOCs (TVOCs) ranged from 48.5 to 684.5mg/kg, with the aromatic hydrocarbons accounting for 37.0%~85.8% of the total, followed by the halogenated hydrocarbons at 14.2%~63.0%. Benzene and toluene were two predominant species, followed by methylene chloride and styrene. The real-time emission dynamic, by using the PID sensor instrument, showed similar releasing trends in the TVOCs and CO. Fuel type and stove use circumstances had obviously different VOCs emission performance. 53.0%~71.2% of the total VOCs were emitted during the ignition phase and flaming phase, while the VOCs levels were much lower during the smoldering phase. TVOCs formation was statistically not correlated with the combustion efficiency change during the burning period (P>0.05). The emission factors being calculated from the PID instrument and the GC-MS technology correlated with each other; however, there were significant differences in the values from these two methods. Components quantitatively detected by the GC-MS technology only accounted for 4% of the total VOCs mass from the PID instrument analysis. Clarifying emission characteristics and impacts of VOCs from biomass pellet combustion would improve the inventory of VOCs with lower uncertainties.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1912-1920 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1171KB] ( 1567 )
1921 Composition characteristics of volatile organic compounds and contribution to secondary pollution formation in Hangzhou
QIAN Si-yao, GUAN Jing-wen, GUAN Lu, ZHANG Tian, WANG Yun-yun, SHEN Jian-dong, YU Xing-na
Based on the observation data of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas of Hangzhou from January to December 2021, the chemical composition and the pollution characteristics of VOCs were analyzed, using the positive matrix factorization method (PMF) to do a source analysis survey, the ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (AFP) of VOCs were estimated by using the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) and aerosol formation coefficient (FAC), their secondary pollution generation contribution was quantitatively evaluated. The results showed that the average volume fraction of atmospheric VOCs in Hangzhou during the observation period was 30.65×10-9, alkanes and halogenated hydrocarbons were the main components, accounting for 49.23% and 24.47% respectively, the top 10VOCs species were mainly C2~C4alkanes, C7~C8aromatic hydrocarbons and ethylene, of which propane, ethane and dichloromethane accounted for 34% of the total top 10species. The source analysis results show that the main sources of VOCs in Hangzhou are combustion source, solvent use source, industrial emission source, oil and gas emission source and motor vehicle exhaust emission sources. The total OFP of VOCs in Hangzhou was 50.56×10-9, of which ethylene, 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene and toluene were the main contributing components of OFP. The contribution of aromatic hydrocarbons to the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols was 91.52%, indicating that aromatic hydrocarbons are the most important SOA precursors, so controlling the emission from motor vehicle exhaust and VOCs generated during solvent use can effectively reduce the generation of SOA.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1921-1928 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 949KB] ( 1667 )
1929 Provincial atmospheric emission inventories for pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) and hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) from unintentional sources in the Chinese mainland
HUANG Lin, LI Ying, NAZUPAR Sidikjan, ZHANG Yunshan, LI Ye, ZHANG Shanshan, LIU Min, HUANG Ye
A dynamic emission factor database was constructed utilizing a technical split method. A bottom-up approach based on emission factor method was employed to establish a comprehensive atmospheric emission inventory of pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) and hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) from unintentional sources at the provincial level in the Chinese mainland for the years 1960 to 2019. The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of these emissions were investigated. The results revealed that the primary source of PeCBz emissions was the production of chlorine-containing chemicals, while for HxCBz, it was the production of metals. The emission density for both PeCBz and HxCBz exhibited a pattern of higher values in the eastern regions compared to the western regions. Over the period from 1960 to 2019, the emissions of PeCBz and HxCBz increased from 1277.9 and 81.2kg, respectively, to 11862.3 and 439.7kg. However, the emission intensity (emissions per unit GDP) decreased from 869.3 and 55.2g per billion yuan to 12.0 and 0.4g per billion yuan for PeCBz and HxCBz, respectively.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1929-1935 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1776KB] ( 1013 )
1936 Pollution characteristics and formation mechanism of atmospheric fine particulate matter in Hangzhou during winter
LU Ye-yu, ZHANG Si, ZHANG Ke, CHEN Yu-bao, WU Can, LI Rui, WANG Ge-hui
To investigate the pollution characteristics and formation mechanism of fine particulate matter in Hangzhou in winter, atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected on a daily basis from December 2019 to January 2020. According to the weather conditions, the sampling period was classified as dry, rainy and less-rainy periods, and the differences in chemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of dicarboxylic acids and related secondary organic aerosols (SOA) during the three periods were investigated. pH values of PM2.5 during the rainy periods were 2.2±0.6, which were 1~2 units lower than those in the dry and less-raining periods, mainly due to the effective removal of NH3(g) by precipitation. Being similar to those in other cities, dicarboxylic acids of PM2.5 in Hangzhou during winter were dominated by oxalic acid, followed by malonic and succinic acids, but the much higher ratio of methglyoxal to glyoxal observed in the city suggested that SOA in Hangzhou during winter were mostly derived from photochemical oxidation of biogenic emissions. Compound-specific stable carbon isotope composition results further showed that most of the detected diacids and related SOA in Hangzhou were enriched in 13C during the rainy days but depleted in 13C during the non-rainy and less-rainy periods, which can be ascribed to an enhanced aerosol-phase decomposition of primary organic aerosols (POA) and a decreased gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1936-1944 [Abstract] ( 142 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 812KB] ( 1002 )
1945 Source identification and health risk assessment of trace elements in atmospheric PM1during foggy days in Qingdao
TAO Wen-xin, DU Jin-hua, YANG Jian-li, TAN Yu-ran, WANG Chao-long, XUE Lian, SUI Hao-xin, ZHANG Hou-yong, LIU Xiao-huan, ZHANG Yi-sheng
In order to understand pollution level and sources of metallic elements in PM1 on foggy days in Qingdao, and to assess the risk to human health, this study classified foggy days based on visibility and humidity data, and revealed the sources and health risks of metallic elements in PM1 on foggy days in Qingdao by combining the PMF and the health risk assessment model. The PM1 concentration on clean-foggy days was slightly higher than that on clean days, while the PM1 concentration on polluted-foggy days was 1.11 times as compared with hazy days and 3.07 times as compared with clean days. The metal elements in the autumn and winter foggy days were influenced by anthropogenic sources, with the highest content of Potassium. The main contributing elements in the summer foggy days were the typical crustal elements Ca, Fe, Al and sea salt Na. The PMF results showed that the metal elements in the PM1on the autumn and winter foggy days came from biomass/coal combustion, vehicle emissions, crustal dust, sea salt, ship emissions and industry, the metal elements in PM1 on foggy days in summer were biomass/coal combustion, vehicle/road dust sources, crustal dust, sea salt, ship emissions and industry. The sampling site is adjacent to the sea, where sea fog is frequent and sea salt sources are an important source of metal elements on foggy days in summer. The results of health risk assessment showed that the non-carcinogenic risk of PM1 for adults and children exposed to foggy days in Qingdao in autumn and winter was below the threshold value. The non-carcinogenic risk of Mn was the highest for adults and children, and the non-carcinogenic risk of hand-oral ingestion of As (HQAs=0.50) was the highest for children. The carcinogenic risks of As (3.1×10-6) and Cr (1.9×10-6) exceeded the thresholds for carcinogenic risk, and it is recommended to strengthen the control of the sources of emissions containing Mn, As, and Cr.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1945-1956 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3044KB] ( 1335 )
1957 The contribution and influencing factors of different components to oxidation potential in PM2.5 powder samples
PENG Qin, LI Dan, LUO Yu, PENG Ze-zhi, SUN Jian, Tomoaki Okuda, SHEN Zhen-xing
Seasonal powder samples of PM2.5 in Xi'an City were collected in this study based on the large flow cyclone impact sampler. By measuring the oxidative potential (OP) of water-soluble and water-insoluble phases, as well as the inorganic elements, water-soluble ions, carbon components, and organic functional groups in PM2.5, the contribution of water-soluble/water-insoluble phases to OP were revealed and the impacts of chemical components on OP were discussed. The results showed that the total OP of PM2.5 in Xi'an was significantly higher in autumn and winter (7.24 and 5.19µmol/(min·mg) in autumn and winter, respectively) than in spring and summer (2.06 and 3.15µmol/(min·mg) in spring and summer, respectively). The OP of PM2.5 in spring and summer were mainly contributed by water-soluble phase (averagely 70.0%), instead of water-insoluble phase (averagely 73.9%) in autumn and winter. Water-soluble metals, especially heavy metals such as Ni, Pb, Ba, Mn, Cu and Ti, (0.60<R<0.80, P<0.05) and the water-soluble organic carbon (TOC) (R =0.54, P<0.05) showed strong correlations with water-soluble OP. Significant positive correlations between water-insoluble metals (Cu, Fe, Cr, etc.) and water-insoluble phase OP (0.48< R <0.71, P<0.05) were observed, while a significant negative correlation was found between water-insoluble EC and water-insoluble OP (-0.63< R <-0.45, P<0.05). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that oxygenated water-soluble organics such as phenols, alcohols, ethers, esters, etc., should be responsible for the high OP of PM2.5 samples.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1957-1965 [Abstract] ( 206 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 643KB] ( 1412 )
1966 Estimation of atmospheric NO2dry deposition in Huaihe River Basin based on TROPOMI
LIU Jia-yu, WANG Yu, QIU Zhong-feng, ZHAO Dong-zhi, TIAN Ye, WU Yan, ZHANG Yuan-zhi
Based on Sentinel-5P TROPOMI, we retrieved the surface NO2 concentration in the Huaihe River Basin (HRB) during 2018~2020 by using random forest (RF), and the estimation method was used to obtain the dry deposition flux of NO2. We then divided the HRB into four areas (water, agriculture, urban, and vegetation) to estimate the nitrogen contribution of atmospheric NO2 dry deposition to the HRB water. The results show that the model simulation result is in good agreement with the measured data, achieving a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.94, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.7, and a root mean square error (RSME) of 4.1 in surface NO2 estimation. There is a clear seasonal variation in the NO2 dry deposition flux and surface NO2 concentration in the HRB. The average surface NO2 concentration in spring, summer, autumn, and winter was 13.7, 12.2, 17.6, 23.1µg/m3; the average dry deposition flux of NO2 was 1.25, 1.13, 1.61, 2.13kg N/(hm2·a). The surface NO2 concentration and dry deposition flux in HRB are higher in the north and south, and lower in the east and west. NO2 dry deposition in agriculture was a major contributor with 83.47%. In 2019, the overall atmospheric NO2 dry deposition in HRB was 1.34×105t, and its contribution to water nitrogen was 1.36×104t N; In 2020, the overall atmospheric NO2 dry deposition was 1.25×105t, and the contribution of NO2 to water nitrogen is 1.18×104t N.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1966-1974 [Abstract] ( 153 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3982KB] ( 1278 )
1975 Evaluation of ammonia emission characteristics and ammonia reduction effect in hybrid electric vehicles
YIN Dai-lin, LUO Jia-xin, ZHANG Meng-zhu, WEN Yi
World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) and Real Drive Emission (RDE) tests were conducted on hybrid vehicles, and compared the ammonia reduction benefits of hybrid vehicles relative to conventional fuel vehicles. It also analyzed the differences in ammonia emission characteristics obtained from different hybrid technology routes and different battery charge modes. The study found that hybrid technology has a certain effect on reducing ammonia emissions. Under the same fuel consumption, the use of non-plug-in hybrid technology can reduce ammonia emissions by 56.07%, while the use of plug-in hybrid technology can reduce ammonia emissions by 94.43%. The timing of the peak ammonia emissions differs between plug-in hybrid vehicles and non-plug-in hybrid vehicles. In the mode of increasing battery charge, the vehicles need to burn more fuel to charge the battery, resulting in a smaller excess air coefficient and a stronger catalyst reduction environment, which leads to higher ammonia emissions compared to the mode of consuming battery charge.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1975-1980 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1656KB] ( 1145 )
1981 Advances in nitrogen-rich carbon catalysts for selective catalytic oxidation of H2S
YANG Jin-tao, YANG Xue-jin, NING Ping, WANG Fang, SONG Xiao-shuang, JIA Li-juan, FENG Jia-yu
In recent years, selective catalytic oxidation (H2S-SCO) technology, which can efficiently purify H2S and recover sulfur resources, has received much attention. Research on the development of high-performance, high-selective, and low-cost catalysts is the focus of H2S-SCO technology, among which the nitrogen-rich carbon-based catalysts (RNCCs), which have the advantages of high activity, metal-free, easy-to-prepare, low cost, and easy to be regenerated, are considered as a class of highly promising catalysts for H2S-SCO. In this article, the development of metal-based catalysts is introduced, the preparation method, catalytic activity, and physical-chemical properties of RNCC are summarized and generalized, the structure-efficacy relationship of RNCC and the key factors affecting the performance of RNCC are systematically discussed, and the H2S-SCO reaction mechanism of RNCC is concluded. Finally, the current opportunities and challenges of RNCC are also pointed out, and the future development direction is envisioned.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1981-1994 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 8886KB] ( 962 )
1995 Effect of the dynamic filtration performance of nanofiber membrane filter media based on different coating methods
GUO Ying-he, HE Wei-dong, LIU Jing-xian
In order to solve the problem of rapid resistance growth and easily membrane damage in the using of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filter materials, polyester (PET) nanofiber membrane was prepared by electrospinning technology, and the PET nanofiber membrane was compounded with polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) needle felt filter media as the surface membrane by direct coating method, heat treatment coating method and one-step co-electrospinning coating method. The dynamic filtration performance tests were performed on PET nanofiber membrane coated filter media prepared by different membrane coating methods, PPS filter media, and PTFE coated filter media. The PET nanofiber membrane filter media prepared by the three coating methods demonstrated excellent dynamic filtration performance compared to PTFE coated filter media. In the stable filtration stage, the time required for a single cycle of PET/TPU composite filter material prepared by one-step co spinning membrane covering method is twice that of PTFE membrane covering filter material, and its dust removal rate is 99.79%. The PET/TPU nanofiber membrane filter media possessed the good dust removal effect, high dust removal rate, low pressure drop growth rate, and stable time required to complete a single cycle. In long-term using, the low residual pressure drop after spraying could save energy and reduce the broken of membrane caused by airflow spraying. PET/TPU nanofiber membrane composite needle felt filter media has great application potential in the field of industrial dust removal.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 1995-2002 [Abstract] ( 131 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1068KB] ( 1495 )
2003 Adsorption mechanism of As2O3 and Cu-ZSM-5catalysts
ZHANG Huan, SHI Yi-lin, LIU Liang, WANG Chen-xing, SUN Rui-bin, JIA Li, JIN Yan
The adsorption properties of NO and As2O3 over Cu-ZSM-5surface were calculated based on density functional theory in this paper. By determining the optimum adsorption site of As2O3 over Cu-ZSM-5, the reaction pathway of As3+ adsorbed on its active site was investigated, and the activation energy barriers and decisive speed steps of As adsorption reaction on the catalyst were calculated, to reveal the bonding and interaction mechanisms of the reaction between As2O3 and Cu-O-Cu. The results show that the non-oxygen sites of NO and As2O3 are adsorbed on the lattice oxygen sites of active site Cu-O-Cu and the adsorption energies are -218.515kJ/mol and -206.422kJ/mol, respectively. The loss of charge suggests that they interact strongly during adsorption process. The oxidation of As2O3 on lattice oxygen of Cu-O-Cu is divided into two steps. As3+, as Lewis base, is easy to react with Cu-O-Cu as Lewis acid center, and the oxidation product of the first stage, As2O4, undergoes a secondary oxidation reaction at the adjacent active site. As2O5 becomes the main form after As3+ adsorption. The reaction pathway to produce As2O4 has to overcome energy barrier of 242.75kJ/mol, which becomes the decisive speed step of the whole oxidation process.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2003-2010 [Abstract] ( 140 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1613KB] ( 1461 )
Water Pollution Control
2011 Mechanism and acceleration strategy of anammox sludge granulation
SHEN Hai-xu, WANG Wei-gang, WANG Ya-yi
Anammox granular sludge (AnGS) can improve the retention rate of anammox bacteria, and resistance capacity of the influent load shock, so AnGS is one of the important ways to facilitate the engineering application of anammox technology. However, the knowledge of the AnGS formation mechanism is still lacking. In this review, the structure of AnGS and the relationship and role of microbial communities were summarized, and various granulation mechanisms proposed at present were comprehensively analyzed; also, Four processes of Anammox granulation and several strategies to accelerate ANAMMOX sludge granulation, such as selection of the best sludge, shear force control and addition of metal ions, were proposed. Finally, the problems and future research directions of these strategies were discussed.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2011-2022 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 648KB] ( 1817 )
2023 Storage and recovery of simultaneous nitrification and endogenous denitrification of phosphorus removal aerobic granular sludge
LI Jun, LI Jia-rui, LI Dong-yue, WU Yao-dong, LIANG Dong-bo, DING Fan, BIAN Xue-ying
Aiming at the slow granulation time of aerobic granular sludge, an experimental study was carried out on the ambient storage and activity recovery of simultaneous nitrification and endogenous denitrification for phosphorus removal aerobic granular sludge. The results showed that after 60days of ambient storage of aerobic granular sludge, the structure of granular sludge was basically stabilized, but the activity of granular sludge was greatly reduced, and the pollutant removal rate was only 30%~40% of that before storage. The function and activity of aerobic granular sludge could be restored within 60days after certain control measures by inoculating the stored granular sludge into the reactor. In addition, the community structure of aerobic granular sludge changed significantly after storage and recovery. Most of the microorganisms had reversible changes in their relative abundance and could be restored to the pre-storage state after storage and recovery (including Defluviicoccus (GAOs) and Flavobacterium (PAOs)), which reconstructed the microbial community structure for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2023-2031 [Abstract] ( 138 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1303KB] ( 1163 )
2032 Effects of sludge biochar on the long-term stability of aerobic granular sludge in low C/N wastewater
LI Jun, WEI Xin, DENG Yong-chun, DUAN Wen-yan, CHEN Fang-yuan
Aerobic granular sludge technology is a promising biological method for wastewater treatment. Sludge biochar was used as a carrier to cultivate aerobic granular sludge, and the subsequent long-term operational stability of the mature aerobic granules was investigated under the condition of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) from 10 to 4. The results showed that the mature aerobic granular sludge carried by biochar was more compact in structure and not easy to disintegrate. The aerobic granular sludge had good settling ability with SVI30 of 50mL/g and performances with the removal efficiency of COD and TN more than 90% and around 70%, respectively, through the whole operation period, although they were suffered from strong proliferation of filamentous Thiothrix. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that the aerobic granular sludge carried by the sludge biochar had lower microbial diversity, but they had higher dominance of denitrification functional genera, which enhanced their nitrogen removal performance. Overall, our study demonstrated that adding sludge biochar to cultivate aerobic granular sludge may improve nitrogen removal performance and the long-term operational stability of the system, which is favorable for the treatment of high ammonia-nitrogen wastewater under low C/N conditions.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2032-2043 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1164KB] ( 1455 )
2044 Study on the synergistic mechanism of microorganisms in the contact oxidation iron and manganese removal process
NIE Xin, YU Na, CHEN Yu-hang, LV Yu-feng, LI Bin, LIU Qing-yu, MENG Fan-bin, WEI Huan-huan, SUN Yi, WANG Wei-qi, SHEN Jian, GAO Yu-bo, YU Zhan-yong
This study focused on two typical contact oxidation iron and manganese removal water treatment plants in rural areas of Liaoning province. The microbial community structure during the process was analyzed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. The results indicated that the contact oxidation iron and manganese removal process could significantly alter the microbial community structure in the source water. Proteobacteria (43.86%) was the dominant phylum in the process. Gallionella and Flavobacterium were identified as the major iron and manganese functional genera. Correlation analysis revealed that even at relatively low abundance,genera like Rhodoferax (0.71%) and Sulfurospirillum (0.75%) showed significant positive correlations with colony counts, iron and manganese concentrations, indicating their important roles in this system. In-depth analysis using molecular ecological networks and topological properties, along with COGs functional predictions, revealed synergistic metabolic relationships among genera like Gallionella, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas and Rhodoferax. Despite the influence of different treatment stages on microbial community structure, their metabolic effects remained relatively small, indicating the formation of a relatively stable coexistence system that plays an important role in the efficient and stable removal of iron and manganese ions in water.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2044-2053 [Abstract] ( 133 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1848KB] ( 1297 )
2054 Evaluation of a carbon felt amended anaerobic baffled reactor for rural blackwater treatment
WEN Cang-xiang, DAI Zhe-qin, ZHA Xiao, CHENG Fang-kui, CHENG He-lai, CAI Qing-xiu, LU Xi-wu
This study assessed the ability of a carbon-felt amended anaerobic baffled reactor to treat blackwater (separately collected toilet wastewater) at ambient temperature, gradually shortening the hydraulic retention time (HRT) to explore its maximum performance. The results showed that under conditions of HRT at 1.45d and an organic loading rate of 2.94kg COD/m≥/d, the maximum methane yield achieved was (417±59) NL CH/(m3×d), with a methanization rate of (40.5±5.02) % and a total COD removal rate of (79.08±7.24) %. The addition of carbon felt specifically enriched the genus Methanospirillum, realizing high efficiency through the domination of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway. This reactor demonstrated excellent organic matter treatment efficiency, high methane yield, and high-quality biogas at room temperature. The effluent contained a larger proportion of nutrients that plants can directly absorb, with the advantage of being simple-to-operate and easy-to-maintain, showing good potential for practical application in rural areas.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2054-2062 [Abstract] ( 165 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1188KB] ( 1338 )
2063 Treatment of semi-coking wastewater by synergistic process of flocculation-electrolytic oxidation
WANG Ya, SONG Yong-hui, LI Jin-cheng, YIN Ning, DONG Ping, WANG Yi-fang, LONG Jiang, LI Wan-wan
The synergistic process of flocculation-electrochemical oxidation was used to treat the semi-coking wastewater. The effects of flocculant dosage, reaction time, initial pH, applied voltage, and NaCl addition on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and the synergistic mechanism of flocculation-electrochemical oxidation were investigated. The results indicated that the removal rate of COD and NH3-N in the semi-coking wastewater gradually increased with the increase of polyaluminium ferric chloride (PAFC) dosage and applied voltage. Under optimal conditions of 50g/L PAFC dosage, 6V voltage, 4h reaction time, initial pH of 9, and 30g/L NaCl addition, the removal rates for COD and NH3-N were 82.37% and 100%, respectively. By replacing the electrode plate for the secondary electrolysis, the COD removal rate could reach 100%. The organic pollutants in the semi-coking wastewater before treatment were mainly phenols, alcohols and amides. After treatment, the content of phenols decreased significantly, and the relative proportion of ketones, alcohols and acids increased. During the flocculation- electrochemical oxidation process, PAFC functioned both as a flocculant and provider of Cl-. The Cl- dissociated from PAFC hydrolysis, together with Cl- introduced by NaCl, migrated directionally towards the anode under an electric field. The active chlorine (Cl2/ClO-) generated by the oxidation reaction on the anode surface oxidized the organic pollutants in the semi-coking wastewater into intermediate products, chlorophenols, which combined with the hydrolysis products of Al3+ from the flocculant, Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2+, and Al(OH)3, through electrostatic and adsorptive interactions to form flocs that were removed. The remaining traces of organic pollutants such as chlorophenols, amides, cyclohexanediol, and NH3-N in the wastewater were converted into N2, CO2, and H2O by the indirect oxidation action of ClO-.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2063-2072 [Abstract] ( 146 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1211KB] ( 1518 )
2073 Preparation of a C3N4 photocatalyst and its degradation of tetracycline antibiotics
GAO Yi-fang, GUO Rui, JIAO Yuan, LIU Xiao-na, QIAN Tian-wei
In this study, C3N4 was fabricated by thermal polymerization using a single urea as a precursor, for which the structure, composition, optical properties and photocatalytic activity of the prepared C3N4 materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, FT-IR and UV-Vis analyses. The as-fabricated C3N4 was found to display a flower-like porous nanosheet structure and a large specific surface area. The C3N4 exhibited good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) under the irradiation of xenon lamp at 320~780nm, and the degradation rate reached 99.60% within 60min. The results of free radical quenching experiments showed that •O2ˉ、1O2 and h+ were the main causes of TCH degradation. Further analysis by comparative tests and DFT theoretical calculations revealed that the superior photocatalytic effect of C3N4 prepared from urea than M-C3N4 prepared from melamine was attributed to the flower-like porous structure of C3N4 with larger specific surface area for more active sites and oxygen vacancies. Furthermore, the prepared catalyst C3N4 showed similar catalytic effect on tetracycline-based antibiotics (chrysomycin hydrochloride (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC)). Further, the possible degradation pathways of TCH were proposed by analyzing the photocatalytic oxidation intermediates.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2073-2082 [Abstract] ( 129 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3041KB] ( 1173 )
2083 Study of adsorption reduction behavior of Ag(I) on cured tannin cellulose-based aerogels
CHEN Ying, LIN Yu-ling, LV Yuan-cai, LIU Yi-fan, LIN Chun-xiang, YE Xiao-xia, LIU Ming-hua
A valonea tannin-immobilized cellulose-based aerogel (VTCA) was prepared by introducing valonea tannin into cellulose through crosslinking reaction in the of NaOH/urea/H2O solvent system. The structure and property of VTCA was characterized by SEM-EDS, FT-IR, XRD, etc., and the adsorption behavior for Ag(I) in aqueous solution was also investigated. The results showed that the three-dimensional VTCA displayed obvious porous structure with a porosity of 97.95%, and exhibited good adsorption efficiency (>75%) for Ag(I) under a wide pH range (1-8). The Ag(I) adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. High temperature was favorable for adsorption, and the maximum theoretical adsorption capacity was 147.2mg/g. The mechanism of Ag(I) adsorption involved two process: Ag(I) was firstly adsorbed onto the surface of VTCA through the electrostatic attraction and chelation effects, and then in situ reduced to Ag0 by the phenolic hydroxyl group on the tannin structure. All the results revealed that VTCA owned good adsorption and reduction performance and could achieve the recycling of Ag(I) in water.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2083-2092 [Abstract] ( 135 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1336KB] ( 1063 )
2093 Responses of MBBR system with magnetic carrier to nano-ZnO partical stress
GAO Jing-tian, WANG Shu-chao, JING Shuang-yi, WU Zhao-sheng, YANG Wen-huan, LI Wei-ping
To investigate the response of the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with magnetic carriers to different concentrations of nano-ZnO stress, two sets of MBBRs were constructed to conduct nano-ZnO stress experiments. By comparing the performance of COD, NH4+-N removal, biofilm morphology, microbial community and functional genes of ordinary carriers with the magnetic carriers, the influence of magnetic carrier on pollutant removal performance and microorganisms in MBBR under nano-ZnO stress was analyzed. The results showed that low concentration (5, 10mg/L) of nano-ZnO had no significant effect on COD and NH4+-N removal. After the stress of 30 and 50mg/L nano-ZnO, the NH4+-N removal of magnetic carrier MBBR decreased by 10.57% and 12.91%, respectively, lower than the 14.48% and 16.94% of ordinary carriers. Compared with NH4+-N, nano-ZnO stress had less effect on COD removal. In addition, more nano-ZnO particles were accumulated and adsorbed on the biofilm of magnetic carrier under high concentration (30,50mg/L) of nano-ZnO stress, thereby altering the community structure of biofilm. Under 10mg/L nano-ZnO stress, the relative abundance of Micropruina in both magnetic and ordinary carrier biofilms increased, promoting the growth of the genus. 50mg/L nano-ZnO significantly inhibits the growth of Micropruina, and its relative abundance in ordinary and magnetic carrier biofilms decreased to 0.20% and 1.28%, respectively. The prediction of KEGG metabolic pathway indicated that high concentration of nano-ZnO improved the functions of cell membrane transporters and cell activity, while reduced the functions of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, as well as heterologous degradation and metabolism.under the stress of nano-ZnO, magnetic carriers exhibit better pollutant removal performance than ordinary one, weakening the stress effect of nano-ZnO on microorganisms.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2093-2102 [Abstract] ( 123 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2065KB] ( 1190 )
2103 The effects of hydraulic conditions on the efficiency of PRO process and membrane fouling mechanism
ZHENG Cheng-long, ZHU Ming-fei, CUI Wen, WANG Yi-han, JU Xin-yu, ZHANG Huan-huan, LU Xiao-zhen, WANG Lin, ZHNAG Zhi-bin
The study investigated the effects of hydraulic conditions, such as effective osmotic pressure difference, operating pressure on the draw solution, and cross-flow shear force, on the efficacy of the pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process. Tannic acid and sodium alginate were selected as model foulants, and the membrane fouling mechanism was analyzed using the XDLVO theory. The results revealed that tannic acid caused greater membrane fouling compared to sodium alginate, primarily due to its preferential adsorption on the porous support layer of the membrane. Higher effective osmotic pressure difference and cross-flow shear force enhanced water flux and power density levels in the presence of tannic acid as a foulant, but they also exacerbated membrane fouling. Nonetheless, the retention rate of tannic acid in the PRO membrane remained above 85%. Increasing the operating pressure on the draw solution reduced the effective osmotic pressure difference and water flux level, but it enhanced the power density and mitigated membrane fouling. The initial water flux decreased to 10.5L/(m2·h), while the capacity increased by 200% when the operating pressure was raised from 1bar to 4bar. XDLVO calculations demonstrated that tannic acid exhibited higher interface interaction energy, leading to its preferential adsorption and coalescence on the PRO membrane. Consequently, in conjunction with the hydraulic conditions, tannic acid resulted in more significant flux losses compared to sodium alginate.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2103-2110 [Abstract] ( 127 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 906KB] ( 1062 )
2111 Impact of sampling strategy and frequency of river water quality on nitrogen and phosphorus load estimation
JIA Lin-dong, HU Hong-xiang, DU Xin-zhong, LEI Qiu-liang, ZHANG Tian-peng, LIU Hong-bin, JIANG Yue-lin
In order to explore suitable sampling frequency and strategy for water quality monitoring in the basin and improve the accuracy of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutant load estimation, nutrient loads were estimated based on daily data of daily discharge and total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in Fengyu River Basin, Eryuan County, Yunnan Province from 2011 to 2013, under different scenarios. Specifically, three different sampling scenarios were set up (scenario a: general random sampling, scenario b: sampling water samples with more than 10mm of precipitation added on the basis of random sampling, and scenario c: sampling water samples with more than 25mm of precipitation added on the basis of random sampling) with sampling frequency ranging from weekly to nearly monthly. Based on the combination of different sampling frequencies and sampling scenarios, the accuracy of load estimations by LOADEST model is evaluated by comparing the total nitrogen and total phosphorus load estimated by LOADEST with the measured value calculated by daily continuous water quality and streamflow data. The results show that:adding the concentration data during the rainfall period will improve the simulation accuracy of LOADEST model under the same sampling frequency; sampling during rainfall events increases the frequency of sampling (such as scenario b), resulting in the RMSE of total nitrogen increasing from 1.92 to 2.26, and the RMSE value of total phosphorus increased from 0.08 to 0.19, which will affect the simulation accuracy of the model by overestimating the nitrogen and phosphorus load. Under four different sampling frequencies, the RMSE values of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in scenario c ranged from 1.92 to 2.07 and 0.06 to 0.13, obtained the lowest RMSE value and the highest accuracy of model estimation; different frequencies and sampling scenarios have greater impact on total nitrogen load estimation results (RMSE ranging from 1.92 to 2.52) than total phosphorus load estimation (RMSE ranging from 0.06 to 0.18). The accuracy of load estimation results for scenario a and scenario b decreases as the sampling frequency declines. The estimated results of scenario c are not significantly affected by the reduction of the existing sampling frequency. The results of this study show that the estimation accuracy of nitrogen and phosphorus load can be obtained at a low sampling frequency of 28d/ time by adding samplings during rainfall events based on weather forecast, which is consistent with the sampling frequency of environmental water quality in various regions of China. This study could provide reference for the water quality sampling strategy and frequency.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2111-2118 [Abstract] ( 150 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1332KB] ( 1326 )
2119 The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the nitrogen removal potential at the sediment water interface of reservoirs
LI Yu-mei, CHEN Kai, HE Li-xin, CHAI Bei-bei, ZHUO Tian-yu, YU Ke-hong, ZHANG Jin-nan, LEI Xiao-hui
The effects of different hydrostatic conditions (atmospheric pressure, 0.2MPa, 0.5MPa and 0.7MPa) on microbial community structure, nitrogen cycling function genes and metabolic pathways at the sediment-water interface of reservoir were studied through microcosmic simulation experiments and metagenomics. The results showed that the number of microbial species involved in nitrogen cycling increased first to 1227 and then decreased to 1199 with the increase of hydrostatic pressure. The relative abundances of archaea and fungi increased by 0.002% and 0.0006% with the increase of hydrostatic pressure, while the proportion of bacteria decreased. High hydrostatic pressure fostered closer ecological network connections, intricate interspecific interactions, and enhanced system stability compared to low pressure. Furthermore, increased hydrostatic pressure facilitated denitrification and repressed dissimilatory nitrate reduction by augmenting the abundance of functional genes such as nxrB and narH, alongside the participating microorganism abundance. Moreover, piezophilic taxa (e.g., Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes) and genes (e.g., ompH, asd) were identified among nitrogen-cycling microorganisms, with a predominant presence in Proteobacteria. Their abundance initially grew and then declined with rising pressure. Hydrostatic pressure can improve the nitrogen removal potential of reservoir sediments by altering the microbial population structure, related functional gene abundance, and metabolic pathways involved in the nitrogen cycle at the sediment-water interface, thereby mitigating reservoir eutrophication.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2119-2129 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4373KB] ( 1545 )
2130 Study on leaching of heavy metal contaminated sediment with temperature-sensitive hyperbranched polymer
LIU Ye, CHEN Liang, XU Fan, GENG Rui-wen, CHEN Qi-guangi, BAI Wang-jun, ZHU Jian-zhong
Hyperbranched polyglycidyl glycerin was synthesized with trimethylopropane as core and glycidyl as polymeric monomer, and then n-caprylic acid was added for surface modification to obtain a series of thermosensitive hyperbranched polymers. The third generation polymer HPG-33 was selected to study its effect on the remediation of heavy metal contaminated sludge by oscillating method. The results showed that the removal rate of heavy metals was positively correlated with the molecular weight of the polymer. When the concentration was 15mmol/L, the solid-liquid ratio was 1:10, the leaching time was 4h, and the pH was 4, the removal rates of Cd, Cu and Pb could reach 76.33%, 86.72% and 49.86%, respectively. And the prepared polymer eluent will not destroy the pH, agglomerate structure, internal mineral lattice and so on.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2130-2136 [Abstract] ( 150 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 924KB] ( 1205 )
2137 Mechanisms of phosphorus source-sink transformation across the sediment-water interface of a hilly and mountainous reservoir
TAN Li-xian, KANG De-jun, LIU Cheng, ZHU Li-zhao, SHEN Qiu-shi, CHEN Kai-ning
This study focused on Duihekou Reservoir, a typical deep-water reservoir located in the southeastern hilly and mountainous areas of China. A one-year field investigation was conducted to collect columnar sediment column samples from the main water bodies. Detailed analyses were conducted on the phosphorus concentrations, fractions, interstitial water profile characteristics, and spatiotemporal changes of fluxes across the sediment-water interface. The results showed that the average total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the surficial sediment of the reservoir ranged from 470.8 to 1012.3mg/kg, with an average of 688.4 ± 186.48mg/kg. An increasing trend of TP concentrations was discovered from the upstream to downstream. The most severe phosphorus pollution was discovered around the dam. The phosphorus fractions followed a descending order of Al-P ( 352.61mg/kg ) > Fe-P (98.10mg/kg ) > Res-P ( 88.77mg/kg ) > Ca-P (72.42mg/kg ) > Org-P (33.38mg/kg ) > Ex-P (1.64mg/kg ). Overall, the sediment in the entire reservoir acted as a source of phosphorus to the water, with the highest risk of release in autumn and most of the sediment in winter presenting as a sink of phosphorus. The average static release flux and diffusion flux of phosphorus were (0.81±2.34) and (2.15±3.47) mg/(m2·d), respectively. The annual phosphorus release amounts obtained by the two methods were 1.92 and 3.67 tons respectively, with the highest release amount in autumn. The conversion of Fe-P might be an important factor controlling phosphorus release from the sediment. The anaerobic dissolution and release of Fe-P caused by oxygen stratification will increase the phosphorus concentration in the lower layer of the water column, which would subsequently increase the phosphorus concentration in the whole water column after thermal stratification. After a large amount of phosphorus is released in autumn, more attention should be paid to the phosphorus concentration in the water influenced by the subsequent thermal inversion.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2137-2147 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1415KB] ( 1300 )
Solid Waste
2148 Effects of recycled materials on biological drying of food industry sludge
ZHU Zi-han, LIU Yi-si, SUN Xiao-ting, ZHOU Zi-an, HUANG Yan, DONG Li-ming
The sludge from the bio-drying of dewatered sludge from food industry using hot air system was used as the recycled materials to explore the effect of utilizing different ratios of recycled materials on the effect of sludge bio-drying under the same conditions. The results showed that the best bio-drying effect was achieved when the ratio of recycled materials: straw: sludge = 1:1:4 (mass ratio), the high temperature period could be maintained for 72h and the daily cumulative temperature TD was 30.96℃/d, and the unit water removal was 287.45g/kg WM, but the bio-drying cycle was prolonged an the sludge treatment load was reduced. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum analysis showed that in the experimental group of reutilization, humic acid and fulvic acid substances increased in the high temperature stage of biological drying, and TC decreased from 243.8~264.2g/kg WM before biological drying to 191.7~224.9g/kg WM after biological drying, which could increase the retention of TC. The CO2 emissions generated by unit water removal ranged from 168.7L to 226.9L CO2/kg H2O.It indicated that the use of recycled materials could increase the free airspace of the mixture, increase the oxygen content in the ventilated bio-drying process, and thus reduce the CO2 emission per unit of water removal. The TN of the experimental group without adding recycled materials did not show significant changes before and after the bio-drying process, whereas the TN under the recycled materials utilization condition increased continuously from the initial 29.4~31.1g/kg WM to 31.6~31.8g/kg WM, which was mainly due to the concentration effect of TN caused by the evaporation of water and the mineralization of organic matter during the drying process. The results of energy balance analysis showed that the use of recycled materials could effectively reduce the heat dissipation brought by the turning pile and experimental process, and the heat used for water evaporation at recycled materials: straw:sludge=1:1:4 had the largest value but the percentage decreased, accounting for 78.25% of the total consumed heat. The addition of recycled materials can effectively improve the moisture removal and carbon and nitrogen retention, and also increase the degree of decomposition of the materials after bio-drying and reduce the amount of rice straw conditioner, which indicates that the use of recycled materials has an optimized role in the bio-drying of dewatered sludge from the food industry in the hot air system.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2148-2155 [Abstract] ( 127 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1173KB] ( 1216 )
2156 Studies on the effects of biochar application on variation of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes
GUO Zhong-yun, WANG Li-peng, ZHOU Hai-dong, YANG Shuo
This study investigated the effects of corn straw biochar (CB) and rice husk biochar (HB) on heavy metal passivation efficiency and resistance genes reduction during anaerobic digestion (AD) of swine manure (SM). This study also investigated the main factors affecting the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during AD of SM. The addition of biochar CB and HB could promote the conversion of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn into more stable metal forms, and adding HB had a better heavy metal passivation effect. The addition of CB and HB reduced the absolute abundance of ARGs to varying degrees, and the removal efficiency of extracellular resistance genes (eARGs) was ranging from 55.6% to 98.3%. HB with a larger specific surface area could adsorb more extracellular resistance genes. The changes of intracellular resistance genes (iARGs) were less affected by biochar, and iARGs reduction was mainly related to the removal of potential host bacteria. The change of microbial community structure (λ=0.83, P<0.01) and MGEs (λ=0.60, P<0.05) were the main factors affecting the fate of ARGs. The addition of biochars were not directly affect the fate of ARGs (λ=0.29, P>0.05). The addition of biochar reduced the content of bioavailable metals, thus reducing selective pressure in the AD. And the addition of biochar altered the microbial population structure and reduced the abundance of MGEs and MRGs, thus indirectly promoting the removal of ARGs during AD.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2156-2165 [Abstract] ( 125 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1994KB] ( 1041 )
2166 Transport and transformation of heavy metals during earthworm composting process and the corresponding influencing factors
ZHANG Qiang, GUO Xiao-ming, YUAN ming-yang, ZHOU Lei-qiang, XU Xiao-tao
In order to study the transport and transformation characteristics of heavy metals (HMs) during the process of earthworm composting, six groups of composting substrates were prepared by combining different proportions of cow manure (350~400g), straw (150~200g), and calcium superphosphate (25~75g), followed by addition of earthworms with different masses (50~150g). Changes in the total contents and occurrence forms of HMs (Cu, V, Mn, As, Zn, and Cr) in the substrate were investigated. In comparison to the treatment groups with addition of 50g and 100g earthworm, significantly lower contents (P<0.05) were observed for the group with 150g earthworm addition in terms of total Cu (27.00mg/kg), oxidizable Cu (22.03mg/kg), total Zn (288.89mg/kg), reducible Zn (22.03mg/kg), total V (5.22mg/kg), residual V (8.87mg/kg) and total Cr (26.79mg/kg), respectively. Four weeks of earthworm composting increased the contents of total Cu, total V, total Zn, and the bioavailability of Mn and Zn, but decreased the contents of total Mn, total As and the bioavailability of Cu and V. Both the pH and organic matter content in the substrate were identified to be the key factors influencing the observed changes in the total amount and occurrence forms of HMs during the composting process. Based on the assessment of potential risk index and risk assessment coding, it is suggested that the risk of soil contamination by HMs induced by compost amendment is relatively small.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2166-2183 [Abstract] ( 143 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6263KB] ( 1029 )
Soil Pollution Control
2184 Immobilizing remediation of arsenic and cadmium in contaminated soil using an FeMnNi-LDH composite modified by fulvic acid
HE Ya-xin, WEI Shi-qiang, JIANG Zhen-mao
In this study, a stable layered FA@FeMnNi-LDH composite was prepared by co-precipitation method using fulvic acid as the modifier of FeMnNi-LDH, which was applied for the concurrent immobilization of As (III) and Cd (II) in polluted soil. Taking the Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa pekinensis) as test crop, the effects of the composite on the remediation efficiencies of soil As (III) and Cd (II), their transformation in soils and transport and enrichment coefficients in crop plants were studied by pot experiments under different levels pollution levels of As and Cd and initial soil pH. The results showed that the synthesized composite exhibited remarkable synchronous immobilizing effects for As and Cd in soil. The application of the composite at a dosage of 1.0% promoted the both transformations of soil As and Cd from active forms to less liable forms: from non-specific adsorbed and crystalline iron aluminum oxide bound forms to specific adsorbed and amorphous iron aluminum oxide bound and residual forms for As and exchangeable form to residual, carbonate bound, iron manganese oxide bound and organic bound forms for Cd. Meanwhile, the initial soil pH values exhibited significant impacts on the immobilizing effect of As and Cd. 1% addition of the composite increased the soil pH by 1.65 and 0.64 units for acidic and neutral soils, respectively. Accordingly, soil available As and Cd contents were deceased by 69.74% and 63.31% and 60.25% and 61.78%, respectively. The fresh weight and plant height of Chinese cabbage increased with the increase of composite material addition, while the transport and enrichment coefficient of As and Cd in each part of tested crop decreased significantly. Consequently, the concentrations of As and Cd in the above-ground part of the crop were lower than the Chinese national food safety standard limit at 1% addition rate of the composite. Correlation analyses showed that non-specific adsorbed As and exchangeable Cd were negatively correlated with soil pH value, the residual As and Cd were positively correlated with soil pH value, and the contents of As and Cd in the ground part and roots of the tested crop were negatively correlated with the residual As and Cd. The results proved that FA@FeMnNi-LDH composite material could increase soil
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2184-2197 [Abstract] ( 140 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 915KB] ( 1296 )
2198 Distribution characteristics of heavy metals in Tibetan Plateau surface soils and its influencing factors
LIU Xiao-li, Gao Wen-hua, Wei Ting, Dong Zhi-wen, Shao Ya-ping
Due to the delicate ecological balance of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its heightened vulnerability to human-induced impacts, there has been a growing scholarly focus on investigating heavy metal pollution in the plateau's environment in recent years. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of nine distinct heavy metal elements (HMs), including As, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Cd, Pb, and Sb, using topsoil samples collected from the TP during the period of 2021~2022. This analysis was complemented by evaluating snow and cryoconite samples obtained during the same timeframe. Our investigation revealed a significant disparity in HM content between TP topsoil (with an average of 256.5μg/g) and snow-cryoconite samples (with an average of 14.6μg/L). Specifically, the calculated average Igeo value for As indicated moderate pollution (1.32), while the remaining heavy metals in the soils showed predominantly non-polluted to lightly polluted levels. Clear differences in both composition and spatial distribution of HMs were evident between the topsoil and the snow-cryoconite matrix. Regarding spatial distribution, composition, and Enrichment Factors (EFs), congruence was observed among different regions in the topsoil samples. Through a triangulation of correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and the APCS-MLR method, our investigation identified three principal sources of HMs in the topsoil: coal combustion (42.3%), inherent natural sources within the surface soil (20.6%), and vehicular emissions (14.2%). Disparities in the composition and distribution of HMs within high-altitude glaciers and topsoil samples were attributed to local processes of natural weathering and anthropogenic influences on the topsoil. These factors tend to mask the influence of long-range transport (LRT) on HM content in topsoil. Conversely, HMs present in snow and cryoconite samples are more susceptible to the effects of LRT sources. This study provides a holistic overview of the composition of HMs in the extensive expanse of TP topsoil,highlighting significant enrichment of certain elements, such as As, while emphasizing an overall condition of relative purity in terms of HM content.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2198-2207 [Abstract] ( 142 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 847KB] ( 1304 )
2208 Hyperspectral inversion study of heavy metals content in soils of oasis farmland in arid region
Mamat SAWUT, Abudugheni ABLIZ, HU Xin
Analysis of the relationship between the content of six heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Cu) in soil samples from the Ugan-Kuqa River Oasis in Xinjiang and hyperspectral data was conducted. Feature bands were selected based on the stepwise regression method, and soil heavy metal hyperspectral inversion models were constructed using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). 1) There were differences in the content of the six heavy metal elements in the study area, with the average content of heavy metals in the soil being Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > As > Hg, all of which did not exceed the national soil background values. The average Pb content in the study area was higher than the local (Xinjiang) soil background value, indicating significant enrichment of Pb in the surface soil layer of the study area; 2) Different spectral transformations enhanced the spectral characteristics of soil heavy metals, but with some differences in intensity, with soil spectra after second-order differential transformation (SD) and first-order cube root differential transformation (CRFD) showing the most significant enhancement compared to the original spectra; 3) From the perspective of model validation, when inverting the content of the six soil heavy metal elements, the R2 of GWR was higher than that of OLS, with the R2 of Zn approaching 0.8 and that of Cu approaching 0.6, indicating a certain predictive ability of the model, while the R2 of As, Hg, Pb, and Cr were still below 0.5, indicating that the predictive ability of the model was not ideal; 4) The spatial distribution of the six soil heavy metal contents predicted by the two models exhibited some spatial differences. Among them, the spatial distribution difference of As was the largest in these two prediction models, while the distribution of the other five heavy metal elements, Hg, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Cu, was relatively uniform. By estimating soil heavy metal contents through hyperspectral reflectance, efficient and rapid inversion of soil heavy metal contents in oasis farmland in arid areas had been achieved, providing reliable technical support for dynamic monitoring of soil heavy metal contents in oasis farmland in arid areas.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2208-2216 [Abstract] ( 127 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2888KB] ( 1301 )
Environmental Ecology
2217 A review on the distribution of persistent organic pollutants and their influencing factors along the nearshore of the East China Sea
ZHAO Jing-yuan, YANG Qun-hui, JI Fu-wu, ZENG Ting
The present study collected and analyzed the published data in recent decade on the distribution and influencing factors of six typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the nearshore seawater and sediments of the East China Sea, including perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), phthalates (PAEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Based on the median effect concentrations and marine sediment quality criteria on ecological risk assessments of POPs in seawater and sediments, it was observed that the ecological risks of PCBs, PBDEs and OCPs at most of the nearshore sites of the East China Sea were low, but their concentrations reached slight to moderate risk level near Hangzhou Bay. PAHs concentrations were at moderate to low or lower risk levels, while PAEs concentrations were at moderate to high risk level. The concentrations of PFASs were generally at moderate or lower risk level, except for PFOS which exhibited relatively higher risk level near the Yangtze estuary. The distribution of terrestrial-derived POPs in the nearshore seawater and sediments was mainly controlled by the impacts of the Yangtze River diluted water, atmospheric wet and dry deposition, coastal currents, and tidal action. The concentrations of most tested POPs were relatively higher near the Yangtze estuary and Hangzhou Bay, and showing a decreasing trend towards the open sea and the southern coast. Within the muddy area along the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian and the East China Sea shelf, some of the tested POPs were remarkably higher in sediments, which highly related with the strong binding affinity of POPs on fine particles. The "Marginal filter effect" driven by the temperature and salinity gradients during the mixing of fresh water derived from Yangtze River and seawater in the East China Sea, resulting in higher POPs concentrations in the surface sediments at regions where salinity ranges between 1to 5. The seasonal hypoxia in the East China Sea promotes the reductive degradation of POPs, such as DDTs and PCBs. In addition to biodegradation, the distribution of POPs in the East China Sea was also affected by biopumping and bioturbation processes. Although China has strengthened the management and control of POPs, the coastal East China Sea is still facing their associated ecological risks, which requires future efforts on the improving the monitoring methods and risk evaluation standards of POPs, and further strengthen researches on the monitoring and environmental behaviors of emerging contaminants.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2217-2246 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 8588KB] ( 1733 )
2247 Impact of aquatic plant growth process on water quality in Hengshui Lake wetland
ZHANG Bing-ye, XIE Pei, Sun Ming-dong, LIU Zhen-jie, SUN Ning, HUANG Fa-ming, QIAO Fei
To investigate the effect of the growth and decomposition of aquatic plants on the water quality of Hengshui Lake, the dynamic parameters of growth decline of Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia in Hengshui Lake were studied. Based on Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code model, a model of water quality and aquatic plant in Hengshui Lake was built, and the growth process and water quality of Hengshui Lake between 2018 and 2022 were simulated, and the time and space impact of plant growth on water quality was analyzed, and then proposing safeguard measures for fine management of water quality in Hengshui Lake adapted to plant growth process. The results indicated that the index of growth and decomposition dynamics of plants was classified as 0.01d-1 and 0.05d-1, and the ecological water quality module of Hengshui Lake was established, and the system simulation was carried out. By comparing the area with the plant and the middle lake area, the effect of the plant was reduced by 40% to 60%, the effect was increased by 60% to 80%, and the effect of the plant growth was effective only in the original position and the surrounding 500~1000m area. While 70% of the leaves and stems were harvested in Oct., the maximum ammonia nitrogen concentration was reduced from 1.833mg/L to 1.095mg/L, and decreased by 40.25%. The total phosphorus was reduced from 0. 172mg/L to 0.119mg/L, and the rate of reduction was 30.78%, and the average annual reduction rate was 25.41% and 21.28% respectively. The improvement of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in the west of the Great Lakes was evident, and there was also some improvement in water quality in the center of the Great Lakes. In addition, considering the water depth of Phragmites australis growing at -0.3 ~ 0.7m and Typha latifolia at 0.24 ~ 0.96m, the water level should be controlled to protect the growing conditions, during May to September.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2247-2255 [Abstract] ( 171 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4634KB] ( 1223 )
2256 A review and prospect for ecological integrity assessment of river systems
LI Xin-tong, WANG Yuan-ming, LIANG Rui-feng, FENG Jing-jie, LI Ran, LI Ke-feng
To clarify the integrity of river ecosystems, identify the main indicators affecting the degradation of the river ecological integrity, and select scientific, reasonable, and feasible indicators for its quantitative characterization, this study employs bibliometric methods to outline the broad connotations of river ecosystem integrity both domestically and internationally, concretizing river ecological integrity into hydrological process integrity, habitat process integrity, and biological process integrity. The research progress and application of river ecological integrity assessment were summarized systematically, the usage of various indicators was analyzed, and problems in the selection of indicators and reference state for the current river ecological integrity assessments were identified. An assessment framework was constructed by applying the ecological integrity theory to small hydropower-developed rivers as an example, and the challenges and future trends in river ecological integrity research were discussed.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2256-2272 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 973KB] ( 2190 )
2273 Ecological vulnerability analysis of alpine meadow area based on pattern-quality-function ratio: take Diqing in Yunnan as an example
LI Zi-hui, SU Xiang-yuan, TIAN Tian, ZHANG Ya, CHEN Qing-song, ZHU Kang-wen, SONG Dan, ZHANG Yan-jun, BA Yong, CHEN Wei-zhi, DONG Chun-feng, YANG Meng-jiao, HOU Zheng
This study established a pattern-quality-function framework to evaluate the spatial and temporal characteristics of ecosystem vulnerability in the alpine meadow area of northwestern Yunnan Province. Additionally, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was utilized to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of driving factors on ecosystem vulnerability changes. The results showed that: (1) The ecosystem vulnerability index (EVI) decreases from north to south in the alpine meadow area of northwest Yunnan. (2) From 2000 to 2020, the ecosystem vulnerability index in the northern part of Diqing showed an increasing trend, with a maximum increase of 0.30, while a decreasing trend was detected in most areas in the central and southern parts of the region. (3) The influencing factors have significant impacts on the ecosystem vulnerability. The climate factors were sensitive to ecosystem vulnerability in the northern and southern parts of Diqing. Factors such as economic(GDP) and population(POP) were the main contributors to increasing the regional ecosystem vulnerability.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2273-2285 [Abstract] ( 129 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2989KB] ( 1324 )
2286 Sieving and characterization of a heterotrophic nitrifying-aerobic denitrifying-phosphorus-accumulating bacterial strain, Klebsiella pneumoniae A15
LIU Yan, YAN Lin-jiang, CHEN Xi, ZHOU Xu-hong, CHEN Xue-jiao, XIA Da-peng
A strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae A15 with heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification and phosphorus accumulation was isolated from activated sludge of a wastewater treatment plant using an anoxic/aerobic sequencing batch system with starch as the sole carbon source. Its optimal growth conditions: carbon source was sodium citrate, C/N was 30, P/N was 0.2, and pH was 7. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum removal rates of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate were 96.27%, 99.22%, and 100%, respectively; and the corresponding rates of removal were 1.77, 2.08 and 1.86mg/(L×h). The strain was effective in removing phosphorus at concentrations of 8mg/L and 1300mg/L COD with maximum removal rates of 100% and 95%, respectively. Nitrogen balance analysis revealed that the bacterium could utilize ammonia, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen to produce gaseous nitrogen, and showed excellent heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification activities.Analysis of intracellular phosphorus and phosphorus in the EPS of the strain combined with DAPI staining revealed that 82% of the phosphorus was stored in the cells of the strain and in the form of polyphosphates, with the remaining phosphorus in the EPS. Successful amplification of napA, nirS, nosZ and ppk genes of the strain also indicated its aerobic denitrification and phosphorus accumulation capacity. The present study demonstrates a bacterial strain with specific functions in the denitrification and phosphorus removal system.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2286-2296 [Abstract] ( 128 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1912KB] ( 1046 )
2297 Effects of Fe-Mn modified biochar on rice Cd uptake and soil microbial community
WANG De-zheng, TAN Wen-tao, ZENG Peng, MA Lan-xin, ZHOU Hang, GU Jiao-feng, LIAO Bo-han
In this study, the effects of Fe-Mn modified biochar (BCFM) on rice Cd uptake and soil microbial community structure were further studied through pot experiments. The results showed that BCFM could effectively reduce the Cd uptake in rice and change the soil microbial community structure. As compared with the control, the content of soil organic matter, soil cation exchange capacity, soil total Fe, and total Mn were slightly changed with the application of 0.5~2g/kg BCFM. However, the content of soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total Fe and Mn were increased significantly (P<0.05) by 13.6%, 13.58%, 5.0%, and 12.1%, respectively, with the application of 4g/kg BCFM. Meanwhile, the content of available Cd in soil decreased significantly (P<0.05) by 67.9%, and the content of Cd in stems, leaves, and brown rice decreased significantly (P<0.05) by 74.3%, 44.9%, and 84.9%, respectively. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria at the phylum level in rice rhizosphere soil was increased with the application of BCFM, while the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Patescibacteria, Desulfobacterota, and Nitrospirae was decreased. Heatmap analysis showed that BCFM could promote the relative abundance of Bacillus, Citrifermentans, Geobacter, and Desulfovibrio, which were involved in iron-manganese redox and sulfate reduction in rice rhizosphere soil. Redundancy analysis and network analysis showed that BCFM could promote positive interaction of soil microorganisms by affecting soil total Fe, organic matter, and available Cd content. Therefore, BCFM could be used as an effective and ecological safe passivator for the remediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soil.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2297-2308 [Abstract] ( 162 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4584KB] ( 1186 )
2309 Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on ammonia-oxidizing microbial communities in marsh soils of the Min River estuary
CHEN Bing-bing, SUN Zhi-gao, WU Hui-hui, WANG Xiao-ying, MAO Li, LI Yan-zhe
To explore the differences in community structure and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia- oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in marsh soils at different invasion stages of Spartina alterniflora, the mudflat (BF, before invasion) and the S. alterniflora marsh after seaward invasion for 1~2 years (SA M) and 6~7 years (SAM) in Shanyutan of the Min River estuary were investigated by the high-throughput sequencing method. Results showed that, as affected by S. alterniflora invasion, the richness and diversity (represented by OTUs, Chao1index and Shannon index) of AOA in marsh soils were significantly higher than those of AOB. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora reduced the richness of AOA (represented by OTUs and Chao1index) and the diversity of AOB (represented by Shannon index), but increased the diversity of AOA and the richness of AOB in marsh soils. The AOA in soils of different invasion stages was predominated by Thaumarchaeota. Differently, the AOB in soils of BF and SAM were predominated by Crenarchaeota (>90%), while those of SAM was predominated by Pseudomonadota. Nitrosopumilus was the dominant bacterial genus in AOA and its relative abundance in soils of different invasion stages exceeded 98%. By comparison the unclassified bacterial genera were the dominant bacterial genus in AOB and its relative abundance in soils at different invasion stages exceeded 90%. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora increased the spatial heterogeneity of microbial community composition among samples in marsh soils (especially AOB), which was primarily due to the increased spatial heterogeneity of environmental factors caused by strong siltation of S. alterniflora. This study found that the AOA predominated the process of ammonia oxidation in soils of different seaward invasion stages of S. alterniflora. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora altered the physio-chemical properties (e.g., pH and EC) and N nutrient conditions in marsh soils, which greatly influenced the structure and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing microbial communities.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2309-2319 [Abstract] ( 139 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1218KB] ( 1427 )
Emerging Contaminants and Environmental Toxicology
2320 Synthetic phenolic antioxidants in indoor dust across China: contamination characteristics and human exposure risk
ZHANG Rui-qi, ZHANG Xiao, WU Shan-xing, ZHANG Qiu-yue, WANG Yu, SUN Hong-wen
In this study, we investigated the contamination characteristics of 13 synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and their four transformation products in indoor dust collected from 17 provinces across China. The results revealed that the predominant SPAs in indoor dust from China were the traditional SPA, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), and the novel SPA antioxidant 1010. Notably, these two SPAs exhibited comparable contamination levels (BHT: 165~1.10 × 103ng/g; antioxidant 1010: 62.0~2.37 × 103ng/g), accounting for 37.4% and 36.0% of the total SPA concentration, respectively. Additionally, the presence of antioxidant 330has been detected in indoor dust for the first time, with a concentration of up to 12.7ng/g. Furthermore, considerable concentrations of SPA transformation products, such as quinone/aldehyde products and aldehydes products, were found in the dust, constituting a relatively large proportion of the total SPA concentration (35.8% and 56.9%). This suggests the potential transformation of SPAs within indoor dust. The concentration of SPAs in indoor dust might be associated with the level of economic development in the sampling sites, with higher levels observed in southeastern and coastal cities. Moreover, the concentrations and compositions of SPAs displayed notable spatial variations, which might be influenced by climatic and geographical conditions in different regions. Daily intake assessments revealed that, under high exposure scenarios, the estimated daily intake of SPAs for adults ranged from 1.01×10-3 to 0.54ng/(kg bw·d), while for children, it ranged from 4.52×10-3 to 2.39ng/(kg bw·d). Although current human exposure levels through dust ingestion are relatively low, considering the rapid substitution of SPA contaminants and their increasing concentrations in the environment, continued attention must be given to their environmental risks.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2320-2326 [Abstract] ( 125 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1095KB] ( 1124 )
2327 Characteristics and risk assessment of microplastics in coal mining subsidence area with high groundwater level
Ge Jian-hua, Ding Yu-wei, Li Jia, Zhang Wan, Ma Dong-po, Xue Ren, Zhang Shi-wen
In order to investigate the occurrence characteristics and environmental risks of microplastic pollution in coal mining subsidence areas with high groundwater levels, two typical coal mining subsidence areas, Chunshen Lake and Shungeng Wetland Park in Huainan City, Anhui Province, were selected as study areas. Surface water, sediment and soil samples from surrounding farmland were collected. The size, shape, color and abundance of microplastics were characterized by stereoscopic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The results of the study indicated that the majority of the samples consisted of fiber microplastics and film microplastics, primarily composed of polyethylene and polypropylene. These microplastics were predominantly yellow and transparent, with particle sizes smaller than 500 μm. In terms of abundance, surface water in the coal mining subsidence area ranged from 0.77 to 7.1 pcs/L, sediment contained microplastics ranging from 540 to 2800 pcs/kg, and surrounding farmland soil had microplastics ranging from 380 to 2380 pcs/kg. By applying the Pollution Load Index (PLI) model, the risk assessment for surface water and farmland soil was classified as level Ⅰ, indicating mild pollution. On the other hand, the risk assessment for microplastics in sediments was categorized as level Ⅱ, indicating moderate pollution.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2327-2335 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3249KB] ( 1342 )
2336 Release behavior of Zn(II)-containing additives in expanded polystyrene microplastics
XIE Qun, YUAN Min-qing, HU Xuan-yu, WANG Zi-yi, LIN Lang, LI Zhen-liang, XU Xiang-rong, ZHU Guang-hui, WU Min-hua
In order to explore the release rules and influencing factors of heavy metal-containing additives in microplastics to the environment, the release behaviors of Zn (II)-containing additives from fresh and ultraviolet (UV)-aged expanded polystyrene (EPS) microplastics were studied. The release kinetics, cumulative release and orthogonal experiments were carried out under three simulated environments, including freshwater, seawater and gastric fluids. The results showed that the release capacity of Zn(II) from UV-aged EPS microplastics was greater than that from fresh EPS microplastics. The equilibrium release amount of Zn(II) from UV-aged EPS microplastics were (29.45±4.38), (87.41±5.18) and (109.94±3.18)μg/g in freshwater, seawater and gastric fluids, respectively, while the equilibrium release amount of Zn(II) from fresh EPS microplastics were (20.90±0.46), (85.89±0.51) and (108.92±1.17)μg/g, respectively, suggesting that UV aging could promote the release of Zn(II) from the additives. The gastric fluids and seawater environment were more favorable for the release of Zn(II). The release of Zn(II) from EPS microplastics is fitted to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the release of Zn(II) from the plastics is controlled by the interfacial reaction and the diffusion on the plastic surface. The Zn(II) in the EPS microplastics can be almost completely released by repeatedly replacing the extract. The pH value, particle size and aging time are the main factors affecting the release of Zn(II) from EPS microplastic.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2336-2344 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2027KB] ( 1192 )
2345 Combined toxicity of nanoplastics and arsenic to zebrafish (Danio rerio)
LYU Min, LI Guo-xin, LI Qing-song, QIU Chen-chen, ZHANG Dan-dan
In this study, the zebrafish was exposed to 5mg/L polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs), 1, 10 and 100μg/L of arsenic (As) as single and combined pollutants for 7 days by using semi-static waterborne exposure experiment. The research assessed As accumulation in zebrafish liver, intestine, gill and muscle tissues under the influence of PS-NPs, PS-NPs' fluorescence intensity, and stress responses in liver and gill tissues. Results revealed PS-NPs' enrichment in liver and gill tissues, enhancing As accumulation across various zebrafish tissues. Under the combined pollution of 5mg/L PS-NPs and 100 μg/L As, As content in liver, gill, intestine and muscle tissues increased by 35.18%, 147.33%, 163.12% and 66.96%, respectively, compared to single As exposure. Co-exposure to PS-NPs and As increased GST and GPx activities, reducing oxidative stress in liver tissues. However, in gill tissues, GSH content and GST activity decreased, while MDA content increased, indicating increased oxidative stress. Exposure to a high concentration (100μg/L) of As combined with PS-NPs significantly decreased AChE activity in gills. Mixed exposure reduced the expressions of gpx, Mn-sod, Cu/Zn-sod and ache genes in liver and gill tissues compared to single As exposure. PS-NPs were found to inhibit the expression of genes associated with As-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in zebrafish.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2345-2356 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1507KB] ( 1905 )
2357 Correlation analysis of mixed metal exposure and early renal function impairment indicators in a mining area
HU Xiao-bin, YANG Yi-Nan, LI Qiao-e, MA Zhi-Bin, BAI Ya-Na
In order to reveal the current status of cadmium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, aluminum, cobalt, vanadium, lead, arsenic, zinc, and nickel exposure in a mining area, and to analyze the association between mixed metal exposure and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-aminoglucosidase (NAG), which are indicators of early renal impairment, 636residents of the mining area were selected according to stratified whole-group sampling, and urinary β2-MG and NAG levels were measured by ICP-MS. The urinary metal concentrations were measured by ICP-MS, and the urinary β2-MG and NAG levels were determined by latex immunoturbidimetric and colorimetric methods, respectively. The combined effect of mixed metal exposure on urinary β2-MG and NAG was then evaluated using a weighted quantile and regression (WQS regression) model with the weights of individual metals. The results showed that the distribution of urinary metal levels varied widely for cadmium, molybdenum, copper, aluminum, zinc, and vanadium; the distribution of urinary β2-MG ranged from 0.19 (0.14, 0.29) mg/L; the distribution of urinary NAG ranged from 7.00 (3.30, 11.90) U/L; the WQS regression results showed that the metal WQS index was associated with an increased risk of abnormal urinary β2-MG and an abnormal risk of abnormal urinary NAG reduced risk of urinary NAG abnormalities. The metals with the highest WQS index weights that increased the risk of urinary β2-MG abnormalities were copper 0.493, chromium 0.120, and cadmium 0.116. The metals with relatively high weights in different age groups included molybdenum, manganese, and zinc (<60years old group); and copper, cadmium, and molybdenum (≥60years old group). The metals with the highest WQS index weights to reduce the risk of urinary NAG abnormalities were zinc 0.328, molybdenum 0.167, chromium 0.144, nickel 0.138, and manganese 0.108. The metals with relatively high weights in different age groups included aluminum, molybdenum, and zinc (<60years group); and cobalt, chromium, and molybdenum (≥60years group). Therefore, the distribution of urinary cadmium, molybdenum, copper, aluminum, zinc, and vanadium levels in this mining population was in the middle to upper range. There was an association between exposure to mixed metals and increased risk of urinary β2-MG abnormalities and decreased risk of urinary NAG abnormalities. The metals causing higher weights of β2-MG abnormalities were copper, chromium, and cadmium, and the metals reducing higher weights of NAG abnormalities were zinc, molybdenum, chromium, nickel, and manganese.
2024 Vol. 44 (4): 2357-2368 [Abstract] ( 134 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 742KB] ( 1387 )
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