Start-up of biofilm enhanced granular sludge process for autotrophic nitrogen removal in a plug-flow reactor
SONG Pei-yuan, ZHANG Liang, YANG Shen-hua, LI Zhao-yang, PENG Yong-zhen
National Engineering Laboratory for Urban Sewage Treatment and Resource Utilization, Department of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Abstract:In this study, a novel start-up strategy for single-stage partial nitritation-anammox (SPNA) process was developed in a plug-flow granular sludge reactor. The activated sludge inoculum and biofilm-fixing carriers were simultaneously added into reactor firstly to start up as integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) process with ammonium input. Under low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of <0.2mg/L, the influent ammonium concentration and aeration rate gradually increased until the autotrophic nitrogen removal system performance was stable and a total inorganic nitrogen removal rate around 1.7kgN/(m3·d) was achieved. As the biofilm was formed, matured, and detached repeatedly during the start-up period, red-brown granules were observed in mixed suspended sludge liquid. Then the media filling ratio was adjusted from 20% to 0%, resulting in a temporary decrease of granular size from 270μm to 163μm and total inorganic nitrogen removal rate to 0.85kgN/(m3·d). However, the removal performance was rapidly recovered following the increment of aeration and the average sludge particle size gradually increased by 195μm.The experimental results showed that flocs and particles could be stable co-existed in the SPNA reactor, and the final loading rate of 1.5kgN/(m3·d) could be achieved, which was comparable to that in IFAS mode. Therefore, the start-up method reported could be an effective pathway to fulfill high-rate autotrophic nitrogen removal in plug-flow granular sludge systems.
宋培圆, 张亮, 杨慎华, 李朝阳, 彭永臻. 生物膜强化推流式颗粒污泥自养脱氮反应器启动[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021, 41(6): 2595-2601.
SONG Pei-yuan, ZHANG Liang, YANG Shen-hua, LI Zhao-yang, PENG Yong-zhen. Start-up of biofilm enhanced granular sludge process for autotrophic nitrogen removal in a plug-flow reactor. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2021, 41(6): 2595-2601.
Strous M, Kuenen J G, Jetten M S M. Key physiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidation[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1999,65(7):3248-3250.
[2]
van Loosdrecht M C M, Salem S. Biological treatment of sludge digester liquids[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2006,53(12):11-20.
[3]
Ma B, Wang S, Cao S, et al. Biological nitrogen removal from sewage via anammox:Recent advances[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 200:981-990.
[4]
Gao D, Liu L, Liang H, et al. Aerobic granular sludge:characterization, mechanism of granulation and application to wastewater treatment[J]. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2010,31(2):137-152.
[5]
Chen J, Ji Q, Zheng P, et al. Floatation and control of granular sludge in a high-rate anammox reactor[J]. Water Research, 2010,44(11):3321-3328.
[6]
Tang C, Zheng P, Wang C, et al. Performance of high-loaded ANAMMOX UASB reactors containing granular sludge[J]. Water Research, 2011,45(1):135-144.
[7]
Lu H, Ji Q, Ding S, et al. The morphological and settling properties of ANAMMOX granular sludge in high-rate reactors[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013,143:592-597.
[8]
Tang C, Duan C, Yu C, et al. Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2017,15(2):311-328.
[9]
郑照明,刘常敬,郑林雪,等.不同粒径的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥脱氮性能研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014,34(12):3078-3085. Zheng Z M, Liu C J, Zheng L X, et al. The nitrogen removal performance of anammox granules of different sizes[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014,34(12):3078-3085.
[10]
贾方旭,彭永臻,王衫允,等.厌氧氨氧化菌细胞的超微结构及功能[J]. 应用与环境生物学报, 2014,20(5):944-954. Jia F X, Peng Y Z, Wang S Y, et al. Ultrastructure and function of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2014,20(5):944-954.
[11]
Figdore B A, Stensel H D, Winkler M H. Comparison of different aerobic granular sludge types for activated sludge nitrification bioaugmentation potential[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018,251:189-196.
[12]
毛泓宇,谢丽,陆熙,等.厌氧颗粒污泥自启动厌氧氨氧化反应特性研究[J]. 环境工程, 2020,38(1):93-98,104. Mao H Y, Xie L, Lu X, et al. Characteristics of anaerobic ammonium oxidation initiated by anaerobic granular sludge[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2020,38(1):93-98,104.
[13]
Zhu G, Wang S, Ma B, et al. Anammox granular sludge in low-ammonium sewage treatment:Not bigger size driving better performance[J]. Water Research, 2018,142:147-158.
[14]
Ni L, Lin X, Yan H, et al. A novel anammox granules-circulating expanded granular sludge bed reactor for the efficient circulation and retention of floating anammox granules[J]. Chemosphere, 2019,235:316-326.
[15]
Xue Y, Ma H, Kong Z, et al. Bulking and floatation of the anammox-HAP granule caused by low phosphate concentration in the anammox reactor of expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB)[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020,310:123421.
[16]
杨金虹,于静洁,蔡曼莎,等.厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石颗粒污泥系统的快速启动[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(11):4744-4752. Yang J H, Yu J J, Cai M S, et al. Quick start-up of anammox-HAP granular sludge system[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020,40(11):4744-4752.
[17]
Liu Y, Wang Z, Qin L, et al. Selection pressure-driven aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2005,67(1):26-32.
[18]
Li D, Lv Y, Zeng H, et al. Startup and long term operation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal in continuous-flow reactor with granules[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016,212:92-99.
[19]
Lee D, Chen Y, Show K, et al. Advances in aerobic granule formation and granule stability in the course of storage and reactor operation[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2010,28(6):919-934.
[20]
Zhang L, Liu M, Zhang S, et al. Integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge reactor as a powerful tool to enrich anammox biofilm and granular sludge[J]. Chemosphere, 2015,140:114-118.
[21]
Gu W, Wang L, Liu Y, et al. Anammox bacteria enrichment and denitrification in moving bed biofilm reactors packed with different buoyant carriers:Performances and mechanisms[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020,719:137277.
[22]
Derlon N, Coufort-Saudejaud C, Queinnec I, et al. Growth limiting conditions and denitrification govern extent and frequency of volume detachment of biofilms[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 218:368-375.
[23]
Yang S, Peng Y, Zhang L, et al. Autotrophic nitrogen removal in an integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge (IFAS) reactor:Anammox bacteria enriched in the flocs have been overlooked[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019,288:121512.
[24]
Yang Y, Zhang L, Cheng J, et al. Achieve efficient nitrogen removal from real sewage in a plug-flow integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor via partial nitritation/anammox pathway[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017,239:294-301.
[25]
张宇坤,王淑莹,董怡君,等.游离氨和游离亚硝酸对亚硝态氮氧化菌活性的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014,34(5):1242-1247. Zhang Y K, Wang S Y, Dong Y J, et al. Effect of FA and FNA on activity of nitrite-oxidising bacteria[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014,34(5):1242-1247.
[26]
Wang Z, Zhang S, Zhang L, et al. Restoration of real sewage partial nitritation-anammox process from nitrate accumulation using free nitrous acid treatment[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018,251:341-349.
[27]
Li J, Zhang Q, Li X, et al. Rapid start-up and stable maintenance of domestic wastewater nitritation through short-term hydroxylamine addition[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019,278:468-472.
[28]
孙洪伟,尤永军,赵华南,等.游离氨对硝化菌活性的抑制及可逆性影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015,35(1):95-100. Sun H W, You Y J, Zhao H N, et al. Inhibitory effect of free ammonia on the activity of nitrifying bacteria and recoverability[J]. China Environmental Science, 2015,35(1):95-100.
[29]
Ma J, Wang K, Gong H, et al. Integrating floc, aggregate and carrier to reap high-quality anammox biofilm[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020,309:123325.
[30]
Liu Y, Wang Z, Qin L, et al. Selection pressure-driven aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2005,67(1):26-32.
[31]
Kent T R, Bott C B, Wang Z. State of the art of aerobic granulation in continuous flow bioreactors[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2018, 36(4):1139-1166.
[32]
Li J, Cai A, Wang M, et al. Aerobic granulation in a modified oxidation ditch with an adjustable volume intraclarifier[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014,157:351-354.
[33]
Li J, Tian Q, Jia X X, et al. Rapid Identification of Legionella Pathogenicity by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2015,28(6):437-444.
[34]
Shi Y, Wells G, Morgenroth E. Microbial activity balance in size fractionated suspended growth biomass from full-scale sidestream combined nitritation-anammox reactors[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016,218:38-45.
[35]
Trigo C, Campos J L, Garrido J M, et al. Start-up of the Anammox process in a membrane bioreactor[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2006,126(4):475-487.
[36]
彭永臻,张向晖,马斌,等.厌氧氨氧化菌群体感应机制[J]. 北京工业大学学报, 2018,44(3):449-454. Peng Y Z, Zhang X H, Ma B, et al. Mechanism of quorum sensing in anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) bacteria[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2018,44(3):449-454.