Seasonal and spatial variability of greenhouse gas concentration and emission flux in the urban river
LIU Gai-guo1, ZENG Yong1, YAN Tie-zhu2
1. College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract：The concentration and water-air interface emission flux of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were investigated in both winter and summer seasons in the Beiyun River using headspace gas chromatography and model method. And physicochemical indicators of the river were also monitored. The results show that the concentration ranges of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the river were 2.31 to 189.69, 0.05 to 6.11, and 0.02 to 0.28μmol/L, respectively, while the flux ranges were 27.60 to 548.02, 1.10 to 12.43, and 0.181 to 0.500mg/(m2·d). The concentration and flux of CH4 and N2O were higher in the urban river compared to non-urban rivers. The CO2 and CH4 concentration and flux in the Beiyun River showed spatio-temporal heterogeneity. The highest concentration and flux were found in the mixed area II, with higher concentration and flux observed in summer compared to winter. In winter, higher N2O concentration and flux were found in agricultural area, while N2O's seasonal variation remained insignificant. Additionally, the CO2 concentration and flux of the river showed a significantly positive correlation with water temperature and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), and a negative relationship with dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. CH4 concentration and flux had a negative correlation with DO and nitrate (NO3-N), but a positive correlation with water temperature and NH4-N. Salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity, and total phosphorus (TP) were the primary factors affecting N2O concentration and flux in the river.
刘改过, 曾勇, 闫铁柱. 城市河流温室气体浓度及排放通量的时空特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023, 43(8): 4409-4417.
LIU Gai-guo, ZENG Yong, YAN Tie-zhu. Seasonal and spatial variability of greenhouse gas concentration and emission flux in the urban river. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2023, 43(8): 4409-4417.
Tian H, Chen G, Lu C, et al. Global methane and nitrous oxide emissions from terrestrial ecosystems due to multiple environmental changes[J]. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2017,1(1):1-20.
[2]
Rosentreter J A, Borges A V, Deemer B R, et al. Half of global methane emissions come from highly variable aquatic ecosystem sources[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2021,14(4):225-230.
[3]
Montzka S A, Dlugokencky E J, Butler J H. Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change[J]. Nature, 2011,476(7358):43-50.
[4]
Marzadri A, Amatulli G, Tonina D, et al. Global riverine nitrous oxide emissions:The role of small streams and large rivers[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021,776:145-148.
[5]
Raymond P, Hartmann J, Lauerwald R, et al. Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters[J]. Nature, 2013,503(7476):355-359.
[6]
Beaulieu J J, Tank J L, Hamilton S K, et al. Nitrous oxide emission from denitrification in stream and river networks[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011,108(1):214-219.
[7]
Zhang W S, Li H P, Xiao Q T, et al. Urban rivers are hotspots of riverine greenhouse gas (N2O, CH4, CO2) emissions in the mixed-landscape chaohu lake basin[J]. Water Research, 2021,189:116624.
[8]
Zhang Y F, Lyu M, Yang P, et al. Spatial variations in CO2 fluxes in a subtropical coastal reservoir of Southeast China were related to urbanization and land-use types[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2021,109:206-218.
[9]
Marescaux A, Thieu V, Garnier J. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the human-impacted Seine watershed in France[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,643:247-256.
[10]
龚小杰,王晓锋,袁兴中,等.城镇快速发展对河流温室气体溶存及扩散通量的影响--以重庆市黑水滩河流域场镇为例[J].生态学报, 2019,39(22):8425-8441. Gong X J, Wang X F, Yuan X Z, et al. Effects of field towns development on the dissolved and diffusion fluxes of greenhouse gases in Heishuitan River basin, Chongqing[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019,39(22):8425-8441.
[11]
刘婷婷,王晓锋,袁兴中,等.快速城市化区河流温室气体排放的时空特征及驱动因素[J].环境科学, 2019,40(6):2827-2839. Liu T T, Wang X F, Yuan X Z, et al. Spatial-temporal characteristics and driving factors of greenhouse gas emissions from rivers in a rapidly urbanizing area[J]. Environmental Science, 2019,40(6):2827-2839.
[12]
He B N, He J L, Wang J, et al. Characteristics of GHG flux from water-air interface along a reclaimed water intake area of the Chaobai River in Shunyi, Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018,172:102-108.
[13]
Huang W M, Bi Y, Hu Z Y, et al. Spatio-temporal variations of GHG emissions from surface water of Xiangxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir region, China[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2015,83:28-32.
[14]
Li S, Lu X X, Bush R T. CO2 partial pressure and CO2 emission in the Lower Mekong River[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2013,504:40-56.
[15]
Teodoru C R, Nyoni F C, Borges A V, et al. Dynamics of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) along the Zambezi River and major tributaries, and their importance in the riverine carbon budget[J]. Biogeosciences, 2015,12(8):2431-2453.
[16]
Wang D, Chen Z, Sun W, et al. Methane and nitrous oxide concentration and emission flux of Yangtze Delta plain river net[J]. Science in China Series B:Chemistry, 2009,52(5):652-661.
[17]
Zhang W S, Li H P, Xiao Q T, et al. Surface nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations and fluxes from different rivers draining contrasting landscapes:Spatio-temporal variability, controls, and implications based on IPCC emission factor[J]. Environment Pollution, 2020, 263:114457.
[18]
秦宇,欧阳常悦,王雨潇,等.三峡库区万州段河流水-气界面CO2通量支干流对比及影响机制初探[J].环境科学, 2022,43(1):377-386. Qin Y, OuYang C Y, Wang Y X, et al. Comparison between tributary and main stream and preliminary influence mechanism of CO2 flux across water-air interface in Wanzhou in the three gorges reservoir area[J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(1):377-386.
[19]
Raymond P A, Zappa C J, Butman D, et al. Scaling the gas transfer velocity and hydraulic geometry in streams and small rivers[J]. Limnology and Oceanography:Fluids and Environments, 2012,2(1):41-53.
[20]
杨平,仝川.淡水水生生态系统温室气体排放的主要途径及影响因素研究进展[J].生态学报, 2015,35(20):6868-6880. Yang P, Tong C. Research progress of greenhouse gas emission in freshwater ecosystem and its influencing factors[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015,35(20):6688-6880.
[21]
黄婷,王晓锋,刘婷婷,等.城市小型景观水体CO2与CH4排放特征及影响因素[J].生态学报, 2021,41(15):6024-6037. Huang T, Wang X F, Liu T T, et al. Spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of CO2 and CH4 emissions from urban small landscape waters[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2021,41(15):6024-6037.
[22]
杨凡艳,张松林,王少明,等.潘家口水库温室气体溶存、排放特征及影响因素[J].中国环境科学, 2021,41(11):5303-5313. Yang F Y, Zhang S L, Wang S M, et al. Dissolution and emission patterns and influencing factors of greenhouse gases in Panjiakou Reservoir[J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(11):5303-5313.
[23]
龚琬晴,文帅龙,王洪伟,等.大黑汀水库夏秋季节温室气体赋存及排放特征[J].中国环境科学, 2019,39(11):4611-4619. Gong W Q, Wen S L, Wang H Q, et al. Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in Daheiding reservoir in summer and autumn[J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(11):4611-4619.
[24]
Deemer B R, Harrison J A, Li S, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from reservoir water surfaces:A new global synthesis[J]. Bioscience, 2016,66(11):949-964.
[25]
万小楠,赵珂悦,吴雄伟,等.秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米农田土壤固碳、氧化亚氮排放和全球增温潜势的影响[J].环境科学, 2022, 43(1):569-576. Wan X N, Zhao K Y, Wu X W, et al. Effects of stalk incorporation on soil carbon sequestration, nitrous oxide emissions, and global warming potential of a winter wheat-summer maize field in Guanzhong plain[J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(1):569-576.
[26]
李阳,陈敏鹏.长江经济带农业源非二氧化碳温室气体排放的时空特征[J].中国环境科学, 2020,40(5):2030-2039. Li Y, Chen M P. Spatial and temporal characteristics of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020,40(5):2030-2039.
[27]
Qin X, Li Y, Wan Y, et al. Diffusive flux of CH4and N2O from agricultural river networks:Regression tree and importance analysis[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020,717:137244.
[28]
胡志强.稻田与蟹/鱼养殖湿地甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的观测比较研究[D].南京:南京农业大学, 2015. Hu Z Q. Observational comparison of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from paddy and crab/fish farming wetlands[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2015.
[29]
吴双,杨蔚桐,盛扬悦,等.稻田灌溉河流CH4和N2O排放特征及影响因素[J].环境科学, 2021,42(21):6014-6024. Wu S, Yang W T, Sheng Y Y, et al. Characteristics and influencing factors of the dissolved methane and nitrous oxide concentrations and emissions from a rice paddy Drainage River in China[J]. Environmental Science, 2021,42(12):6014-6024.
[30]
Striegl R G, Dornblaser M M, McDonald C P, et al. Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from the Yukon River system[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2012,26(4):1-11.
[31]
Borges A V, Darchambeau F, Teodoru C R, et al. Globally significant greenhouse-gas emissions from African inland waters[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2015,8(8):637-642.
[32]
Outram F N, Hiscock K M. Indirect nitrous oxide emissions from surface water bodies in a Lowland Arable Catchment:A significant contribution to agricultural greenhouse gas budgets?[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2012,46(15):8156-8163.
[33]
He Y, Wang X, Chen H, et al. Effect of watershed urbanization on N2O emissions from the Chongqing metropolitan river network, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017,17170-17181.
[34]
Yu Z, Deng H, Wang D, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions in the Shanghai river network:implications for the effects of urban sewage and IPCC methodology[J]. Global Change Biology, 2013,19(10):2999-3010.
[35]
Audet J, Wallin M B, Kyllmar K, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from streams in a Swedish agricultural catchment[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2017,236:295-303.
[36]
胡小红,左德鹏,刘波,等.北京市北运河水系底栖动物群落与水环境驱动因子的关系及水生态健康评价[J].环境科学, 2021,42(1):247-255. Hu X H, Zuo D P, Liu B, et al. Quantitative analysis of the correlation between macrobenthos community and water environmental factors and aquatic ecosystem health assessment in the North Canal River Basin of Beijing[J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(1):247-255.
[37]
赵泓漪.北京市水资源公报(2020)[R].北京:北京市水务局, 2020. Zhao H Y. Beijing Water Resources Bulletin (2020)[R]. Beijing:Beijing Water Authority, 2020.
[38]
刘瑾.典型城市流域营养物来源解析及其与景观格局响应关系研究[D].北京:北京师范大学, 2018. Liu J. Analysis of nutrient sources in typical urban watersheds and their relationship with landscape pattern[D]. Beijing:Beijing Normal University, 2018.
[39]
王玉雪,李波,王槿妍,等.基于Mann-Kendall检验法的北运河流域降水和径流变化趋势分析[J].北京水务, 2022,(1):24-28. Wang Y X, li B, Wang J Y, et al. Analysis on variation trend of precipitation and runoff in the North Canal basin based on Mann-Kendall test[J]. Beijing Water, 2022,(1):24-28.
[40]
Johnson K M, Hughes J E, Donaghay P L. Bottle-Callbration static head space method for the determination of methane dissolved in seawater[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1990,62(21):2408-2412.
[41]
Wang R, Zhang H, Zhang W, et al. An urban polluted river as a significant hotspot for water-atmosphere exchange of CH4 and N2O[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020,264:114770.
[42]
高洁,郑循华,王睿,等.漂浮通量箱法和扩散模型法测定内陆水体CH4和N2O排放通量的初步比较研究[J].气候与环境研究, 2014,19(3):290-302. Gao J, Zheng X H, Wang R, et al. Preliminary comparison of the static floating chamber and the diffusion model methods for measuring water-atmosphere exchanges of methane and nitrous oxide from inland water bodies[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 2014,19(3):290-302.
[43]
Sander R. Compilation of Henrys law constants (version 4.0) for water as solvent[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15(8).
[44]
梁佳辉,田琳琳,周钟昱,等.太湖流域上游南苕溪水系夏秋季水体溶存二氧化碳和甲烷浓度特征及影响因素[J].环境科学, 2021,42(6):2826-2838. Liang J H, Tian L L, Zhou Z Y, et al. Characteristics and drivers of dissolved carbon dioxide and methane concentrations in the Nantiaoxi River system in the upper reaches of the Taihu Lake basin during summer-autumn[J]. Environmental Science, 2021,42(6):2826-2838.
[45]
Raymond P A, Cole J J. Gas exchange in rivers and estuaries:choosing a gas transfer velocity[J]. Estuaries and Coasts, 2001,24:312-317.
[46]
Wanninkhof R. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J]. Limnology and Oceanography:Methods, 1992,12:7373-7382.
[47]
Xue H, Yu R H, Zhang Z Z, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from the water-air interface of a grassland river:a case study of the Xilin River[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021,11(1):2659.
[48]
胡晓康,昝逢宇,常素云,等.天津市海河温室气体排放特征与影响因素研究[J].生态环境学报, 2021,30(4):771-780. Hu X K, Zan F Y, Chang X Y, et al. Patterns and influencing factors of greenhouse gas emission from Haihe River in Tianjin[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology and Environment Sciences, 2021,30(4):771-780.
[49]
Sadat-Noori M, Maher D T, Santos I R. Groundwater discharge as a source of dissolved carbon and greenhouse gases in a Subtropical Estuary[J]. Estuaries and Coasts, 2016,39(3):639-656.
[50]
Hu B B, Wang D Q, Zhou J, et al. Greenhouse gases emission from the sewage draining rivers[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2018, 612:1454-1462.
[51]
黄文敏,朱孔贤,赵玮,等.香溪河秋季水-气界面温室气体通量日变化观测及影响因素分析[J].环境科学, 2013,34(4):1270-1276. Huang W M, Zhu K X, Zhao W, et al. Observation of diurnal changes of greenhouse gas fluxes at the water-gas interface of Xiangxi River in autumn and analysis of influencing factors[J]. Environmental Science, 2013,34(4):1270-1276.
[52]
Caniani D, Caivano M, Pascale R, et al. CO2 and N2O from water resource recovery facilities:Evaluation of emissions from biological treatment, settling, disinfection, and receiving water body[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2019,648:1130-1140.
[53]
Wang J H, Zhang J, Xie H J, et al. Methane emissions from a full-scale A/A/O wastewater treatment plant[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2011,102(9):5479-5485.
[54]
Audet J, Bastviken D, Bundschuh M, et al. Forest streams are important sources for nitrous oxide emissions[J]. Global Change Biology, 2020,26(2):629-641.
[55]
Hinshaw S E, Dahlgren R A. Dissolved nitrous oxide concentrations and fluxes from the Eutrophic San Joaquin River, California[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2013,47(3):1313-1322.
[56]
Borges A V, Darchambeau F, Lambert T, et al. Effects of agricultural land use on fluvial carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide concentrations in a large European river, the Meuse (Belgium)[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2018,610-611:342-355.
[57]
Natchimuthu S, Selvam B P, Bastviken D. Influence of weather variables on methane and carbon dioxide flux from a shallow pond[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2014,119:403-413.
[58]
张军伟,雷丹,肖尚斌,等.三峡库区香溪河秋末至中冬CO2和CH4分压特征分析[J].环境科学, 2016,37(8):2924-2931. Zhang J W, Lei D, Xiao S B, et al. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide and methane from autumn to winter in Xiangxi bay of the three gorges reservoir[J]. Environmental Science, 2016,37(8):2924-2931.
[59]
冯香荣,邓欧平,邓良基,等.成都平原不同类型沟渠CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量特征及其影响因素[J].环境科学, 2017,38(12):5344-5351. Feng X R, Deng O P, Deng L J, et al. Flux characteristics of CO2, CH4, and N2O and their influencing factors in different types of ditches on the Chengdu Plain[J]. Environmental Science, 2017,38(12):5344-5351.
[60]
温志丹,宋开山,赵莹,等.长春城市水体夏秋季温室气体排放特征[J].环境科学, 2016,37(1):102-111. Wen Z D, Song K S, Zhao Y, et al. Seasonal variability of greenhouse gas emissions in the urban lakes in Changchun[J]. Environmental Science, 2016,37(1):102-111.
[61]
Khalil M I, Baggs E M. CH4 oxidation and N2O emissions at varied soil water-filled pore spaces and headspace CH4 concentrations[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005,37(10):1785-1794.
[62]
张丽华,宋长春,王德宣.氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡的影响[J].环境科学, 2006,(7):1257-1263. Zhang L H, Song C C, Wang X D. Effects of nitrogen input on carbon balance in swampy wetlands[J]. Environmental Science, 2006,(7):1257-1263.
[63]
常思琦.上海市河流N2O和CH4排放特征及沉积物微生物群落的影响[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2015. Chang S Q. Characteristics of river N2O and CH4 emissions and effects of sediment microbial communities in Shanghai[D]. Shanghai:East China Normal University, 2015.
[64]
de Wilde H P J, de Bie M J M. Nitrous oxide in the Schelde estuary:production by nitrification and emission to the atmosphere[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2000,69(3/4):203-216.
[65]
Rosamond M S, Thuss S J, Schiff S L. Dependence of riverine nitrous oxide emissions on dissolved oxygen levels[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2012,5(10):715-718.
[66]
Prosser J I, Nicol G W. Archaeal and bacterial ammonia-oxidisers in soil:the quest for niche specialisation and differentiation[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2012,20(11):523-531.
[67]
Wrage N, Velthof G L, Van Beusichem M L, et al. Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2001,33(12):1723-1732.
[68]
Quick A M, Reeder W J, Farrell T B, et al. Nitrous oxide from streams and rivers:A review of primary biogeochemical pathways and environmental variables[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2019,191:224-262.
[69]
Xiao Q T, Xu X F, Zhang M, et al. Coregulation of nitrous oxide emissions by nitrogen and temperature in China's third largest freshwater lake (Lake Taihu)[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2018, 64(3):1070-1086.
[70]
Stow C A, Walker J T, Cardoch L, et al. N2O emissions from streams in the Neuse River Watershed, North Carolina[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2005,39(18):6999-7004.
[71]
汤梦瑶,胡晓康,王洪伟,等.天津市滨海河流N2O扩散通量及控制因子[J].环境科学, 2022,43(3):1481-1491. Tang M Y, Hu X K, Wang H W, et al. Diffusive fluxes and controls of N2O from coastal rivers in Tianjin city[J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(3):1481-1491.
[72]
Beaulieu J J, Shuster W D, Rebholz J A. Nitrous oxide emissions from a large, impounded river:The Ohio River[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2010,44(19):7527-7533.
