Pollution characteristics and control strategies of volatile organic compounds in coking pollution area in spring
LI Hong-yan1, ZHANG Yan-ru1, FU Guo1, HUANG Shi-dan1, LI Hong-yu3, CUI Yang1, GAO Xue-ying1, HE Qiu-sheng1, BAI Jing-ai4, ZHANG Guo-zhong2, WEN Biao1
1. School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; 2. National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and environment, Beijing 100029, China; 3. Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; 4. Fenner School of Environment and society, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
Abstract：This work analyzed the pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected from Jiexiu (JX) and Fangshan (FS). Ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs was quantified by the propylene equivalent concentration (PEC) method and maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method. The fractional aerosol coefficient (FAC) method and the secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) method were used to calculate the secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of VOCs. Meanwhile, health risks of toxic VOCs were evaluated via health risk assessment method. Furthermore, combined with the entropy method and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment model, the priority control species and the priority control pollution sources of VOCs were identified. The results showed that the concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in Jiexiu coking area was 2.7 times higher than that of Fangshan. The VOCs in Jiexiu were characterized by a low proportion of alkanes and high proportions of aromatics and alkenes. OFP, SOAFP, and health risks in Jiexiu were 3.0, 8.9, and 8.8 times higher than those of Fangshan, respectively. Reduction of alkenes and aromatics emissions will be an effective way to control secondary pollutants and health risks in Jiexiu. Coking was the main source of VOCs (32.4%), followed by gasoline exhaust (29.0%) and solvent using (16.9%) in Jiexiu. Among, coking was also the main source of benzene and ethene, which were the primary pollutants controlled in Jiexiu, contributing up to 74.1% and 98.9%, respectively. While gasoline exhaust (52.0%) and solvent using (31.3%) were the main sources of the primary controlled pollutant toluene.
李宏艳, 张琰茹, 付国, 黄时丹, 李宏宇, 崔阳, 高雪莹, 何秋生, 白京霭, 张国忠, 温彪. 焦化污染区春季VOCs的污染特征及其控制策略[J]. 中国环境科学, 2024, 44(3): 1234-1243.
LI Hong-yan, ZHANG Yan-ru, FU Guo, HUANG Shi-dan, LI Hong-yu, CUI Yang, GAO Xue-ying, HE Qiu-sheng, BAI Jing-ai, ZHANG Guo-zhong, WEN Biao. Pollution characteristics and control strategies of volatile organic compounds in coking pollution area in spring. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2024, 44(3): 1234-1243.
[1] Lin Y, Jiang F, Zhao J, et al. Impacts of O3 on premature mortality and crop yield loss across China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018, 194:41-47. [2] Yuan B, Hu W W, Shao M, et al. VOC emissions, evolutions and contributions to SOA formation at a receptor site in eastern China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(17):8815-8832. [3] Qin J, Wang X, Yang Y, et al. Source apportionment of VOCs in a typical medium-sized city in North China Plain and implications on control policy[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2021,107:26-37. [4] Fu S, Guo M, Luo J, et al. Improving VOCs control strategies based on source characteristics and chemical reactivity in a typical coastal city of South China through measurement and emission inventory[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020,744:140825. [5] 张月,夏士勇,魏成波,等.深圳工业区夏秋季大气挥发性有机物来源研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(8):3857-3866. Zhang Y, Xia S Y, Wei C B, et al. Source apportionment of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in summer and autumn in Shenzhen industrial area[J]. China Environmental Science, 2023, 43(8):3857-3866. [6] 张鹏辉,胡冬梅,彭林,等.晋城市大气VOCs污染特征及来源解析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(9):4525-4533. Zhang P H, Hu D M, Peng L, et al. Characteristics and sources of atmospheric VOCs pollution in Jincheng[J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(9):4525-4533. [7] Li Q, Su G, Li C, et al. An investigation into the role of VOCs in SOA and ozone production in Beijing, China[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020,720:137536. [8] Li Y, Liu Y, Hou M, et al. Characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Xinxiang, China, during the 2021 summer ozone pollution control[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,842:156746. [9] Li L, Xie S, Zeng L, et al. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds and their role in ground-level ozone formation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015,113:247-254. [10] Li J, Deng S, Li G, et al. VOCs characteristics and their ozone and SOA formation potentials in autumn and winter at Weinan, China[J]. Environmental Research, 2022,203:111821. [11] Liu C, Xin Y, Zhang C, et al. Ambient volatile organic compounds in urban and industrial regions in Beijing:Characteristics, source apportionment, secondary transformation and health risk assessment[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2023,855:158873. [12] 甘浩,徐勃,张向炎,等.淄博市化工园区夏季环境VOCs污染特征及健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学研究, 2022,35(1):20-29. Gan H, Xu B, Zhang X Y, et al. Characteristics and health risk assessment of atmospheric VOCs in a chemical industrial park of Zibo in summer[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2022,35(1):20-29. [13] 李陵,张丹,胡伟,等.西南地区大型综合工业区和周边区域大气VOCs污染特征及健康风险评估[J]. 环境科学, 2022,43(1):102-112. Li L, Zhang D, Hu W, et al. Atmospheric VOCs pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of largescale integrated industrial area and surrounding areas in Southwest China[J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(1):102-112. [14] 武蕾丹,王秀艳,杨文,等.某工业园区VOCs臭氧生成潜势及优控物种[J]. 环境科学, 2018,39(2):511-516. Wu L D, Wang X Y, Yang W, et al. Ozone formation potential and priority species of VOCs in an industrial park[J]. Environmental Science, 2018,39(2):511-516. [15] Li N, Jiang Q, Wang F, et al. Emission behavior, environmental impact and priority-controlled pollutants assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during asphalt pavement construction based on laboratory experiment[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020,398:122904. [16] Liang Y, Liu X, Wu F, et al. The year-round variations of VOC mixing ratios and their sources in Kuytun City (northwestern China), near oilfields[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2020,11(9):1513-1523. [17] Mu J, Zhang Y, Xia Z, et al. Two-year online measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at four sites in a Chinese city:Significant impact of petrochemical industry[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2023,858:159951. [18] 曹梦瑶,林煜棋,章炎麟.南京工业区秋季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(6):2565-2576. Cao M Y, Lin Y Q, Zhang Y L. Characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric VOCs in the Nanjing industrial area in autumn[J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(6):2565-2576. [19] 关璐,苏枞枞,库盈盈,等.沈阳工业区夏季VOCs组成特征及其对二次污染形成的贡献[J]. 环境科学, 2023,44(7):3779-3787. Guan L, Su C C, Ku Y Y, et al. Composition characteristics of volatile organic compounds and associated contributions to secondary pollution in Shenyang industrial area in summer[J]. Environmental Science, 2023,44(7):3779-3787. [20] He Q, Yan Y, Zhang Y, et al. Coke workers' exposure to volatile organic compounds in northern China:a case study in Shanxi Province[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015,187(6):359. [21] 闫雨龙,彭林.山西省人为源VOCs排放清单及其对臭氧生成贡献[J]. 环境科学, 2016,37(11):4086-4093. Yan Y L, Peng L. Emission inventory of anthropogenic VOCs and its contribution to ozone formation in Shanxi Province[J]. Environmental Science, 2016,37(11):4086-4093. [22] Carter W P L. Development of the SAPRC-07chemical mechanism[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(40):5324-5335. [23] 肖凯,张晓伟,郝志飞,等.焦化厂VOCs的臭氧生成潜势及二次有机气溶胶生成潜势分析[J]. 环境工程, 2022,40(9):19-25,43. Xiao K, Zhang X W, Hao Z F, et al. Anaiysis of ozone formation potential and secondary organic aerosol formation potential of VOCs in a coking Plant[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2022,40(9):19- 25,43. [24] Niu Y, Yan Y, Chai J, et al. Effects of regional transport from different potential pollution areas on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Northern Beijing during non-heating and heating periods[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,836:155465. [25] Gao S, Zhao P, Li Y, et al. Characterization and influence of odorous gases on the working surface of a typical landfill site:A case study in a Chinese megacity[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2021,262:118628. [26] Wang R, Wang X, Cheng S, et al. Emission characteristics and reactivity of volatile organic compounds from typical high-energy- consuming industries in North China[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,809:151134. [27] Li J, Li H, He Q, et al. Characteristics, sources and regional inter-transport of ambient volatile organic compounds in a city located downwind of several large coke production bases in China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2020,233:117573. [28] Zhang Y, Li F, Cheng Q, et al. Characteristics and secondary transformation potential of volatile organic compounds in Wuhan, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2023,294:119469. [29] Deng Y, Li J, Li Y, et al. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds, NO2, and effects on ozone formation at a site with high ozone level in Chengdu[J]. Journal Environmental Sciences 2019,75:334-345. [30] 蕫艳平,喻义勇,母应锋,等.基于GC-MS方法的焦化行业特征挥发性有机物分析[J]. 环境监测管理与技术, 2016,28(3):65-68. Dong Y P, Yu Y Y, Mu Y F, et al. Characteristic analysis of VOCs from coking chemical industry by GC-MS[J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring, 2016,28(3):65-68. [31] Jia J, Huang C, Chen C, et al. Emission characterization and ambient chemical reactivity of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) from coking processe[J]. Acta Scientiae Circum stantia, 2009,29(5):905-912. [32] Zhang X, Wang D, Liu Y, et al. Characteristics and ozone formation potential of volatile organic compounds in emissions from a typical Chinese coking plant[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2020,95:183-189. [33] Chan L Y, Chu K W, Zou S C, et al. Characteristics of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in industrial, industrial-urban, and industrial- suburban atmospheres of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of south China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006,111(D11):1-9. [34] Ou J, Guo H, Zheng J, et al. Concentrations and sources of non- methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) from 2005 to 2013 in Hong Kong:A multi-year real-time data analysis[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015,103:196-206. [35] Hui L, Liu X, Tan Q, et al. VOC characteristics, chemical reactivity and sources in urban Wuhan, central China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2020,224:117340. [36] Liu Y, Wang H, Jing S, et al. Characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Shanghai during summer:Implications of regional transport[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019,215:116902. [37] 刘泽常,张帆,侯鲁健,等.济南市夏季环境空气VOCs污染特征研究[J]. 环境科学, 2012,33(10):3656-3661. Liu Z C, Zhang F, Hou L J, et al. Pollution characteristics of VOCs in ambient air of Ji'nan City in summer[J]. Environmental Science, 2012,33(10):3656-3661. [38] 符露,杨员,王永红,等.贵阳市环境空气挥发性有机物浓度组成特征及其大气化学作用[J]. 地球与环境, 2022,50(6):863-875. Fu L, Yang Y, Wang Y H, et al. Comprehensive characterization and the roles in atmosphereic chemistry of ambient volatile organic compounds in Guiyang[J]. Earth and Environment, 2022,50(6):863- 875. [39] Li R, Yan Y, Peng L, et al. Segment-based volatile organic compound emission characteristics from different types of coking plants in China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2021,21(1):200145. [40] Hui L, Liu X, Tan Q, et al. Characteristics, source apportionment and contribution of VOCs to ozone formation in Wuhan, Central China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018,192:55-71. [41] Yuan B, Shao M, Lu S, et al. Source profiles of volatile organic compounds associated with solvent use in Beijing, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(15):1919-1926. [42] Na K, Kim Y P. Seasonal characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds in Seoul, Korea[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(15):2603-2614. [43] 任义君,马双良,王思维,等.郑州市春季大气污染过程VOCs特征,臭氧生成潜势及源解析[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(6):2577-2585. Ren Y J, Ma S L, Wang S W, et al. Ambient VOCs characteristics, ozone formation potential, and source apportionment of air pollution in spring in Zhengzhou[J]. Environmental Science, 2020, 41(6):2577-2585. [44] Ling Z H, Guo H, Cheng H R, et al. Sources of ambient volatile organic compounds and their contributions to photochemical ozone formation at a site in the Pearl River Delta, southern China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011,159(10):2310-2319. [45] Sun J, Wu F, Hu B, et al. VOC characteristics, emissions and contributions to SOA formation during hazy episodes[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016,141:560-570. [46] Liu Y, Shao M, Fu L, et al. Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in China:Part I[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(25):6247-6260. [47] Sauvage S, Plaisance H, Locoge N, et al. Long term measurement and source apportionment of non-methane hydrocarbons in three French rural areas[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009,43(15):2430-2441. [48] Li C, Liu Y, Cheng B, et al. A comprehensive investigation on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 2018 in Beijing, China:Characteristics, sources and behaviours in response to O3 formation[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,806:150247. [49] Li Q, Su G, Li C, et al. An investigation into the role of VOCs in SOA and ozone production in Beijing, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020,720:137536. [50] Lin H, Wang M, Duan Y, et al. O3sensitivity and contributions of different NMHC sources in O3formation at urban and suburban sites in Shanghai[J]. Atmosphere, 2020,11(3):295. [51] Zhu Y, Yang L, Chen J, et al. Characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds and the influence of biomass burning at a rural site in Northern China during summer 2013[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016,124:156-165.
