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2017 Vol.37 Issue.2,Published 2017-02-20
401 Estimation of light absorption by brown carbon in PM2.5 based on on-line measurement
CUI Jie, HUANG Xiao-feng, YUAN Jin-feng, CAO Li-ming, WANG Chuan, LAN Zi-juan, HE Ling-yan
Two field campaigns were conducted using a three-wavelength photo-acoustic soot spectrometer (PASS-3) and aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS), including urban site Jinhua during autumn 2011 and rural site Wangdu during summer 2014 in this study. Light absorption of brown carbon with improved Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) method was evaluated by extrapolating the more realistic AAE by "pure" BC (AAE_BC). The AAE_BC were found to be 1.12, 0.77 between 405nm and 781nm, and 0.87, 0.63 between 532nm and 781nm in the campaign of Jinhua and Wangdu, respectively. The contributions of BrC aerosol light absorption of PM2.5 at 405nm were 9.8% and 22.3%, and 5.9% and 15.2% at 532nm in Jinhua and Wangdu, respectively. The results indicate that the contribution of brown carbon to the aerosol light absorption at shorter wavelength is not negligible in China.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 401-406 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 521KB] ( 1186 )
407 Using Morlet wavelet analysis to analyze multiple time scale periodically in PM2.5 in Beijing
LI Zi-ming, SUN Zhao-bin, SHAO Xie, LIAO Xiao-nong, ZHANG Xiao-ling, XIONG Ya-jun, MA Xiao-hui
The variation period of PM2.5 concentration and its evolution feature in Beijing urban area were investigated using the Morlet wavelet analysis and Cross wavelet transform (XWT) method. Theobservation data of PM2.5 concentration and meteorological elements from 2010 to 2015 were applied in this study. The results showed that there were significant periodic variations in PM2.5 in Beijing urban, with major period of 24h, 8d and 14d. The 14d period was mainly influenced by quasi-two-week atmosphericoscillation. The 8d period was not only related to the synoptic scale of weather system, but also related to the "weekend effect" caused by human activities, in which the synoptic scale system was probably playing the leading role. There were obvious sympathetic vibrationsin PM2.5 and average wind speed in the frequency period of 8d and 14d, and the anti-phase relationbetween them was also found. Diurnal variations of meteorological condition and anthropogenic emissions might be important factors causing the oscillation period of 24h. These oscillation periods were strongly significant in autumn and winter, because the flow patterns of lower atmosphere was more frequently influenced by strong synoptic systems. Weak oscillation in spring and summer was mainly attributedto low concentration level of PM2.5, multiple influencing factors and intensivemeso-scale thermal circulation induced by topography. The emission reduction measuresmight bethe important factor in weakening Madden-Julian Oscillation after 2014. Although this study achieved some conclusions about oscillation period of PM2.5 in Beijing urban and its evolution feature more measured data and other analytic methods should be verify in future.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 407-415 [Abstract] ( 420 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2515KB] ( 2410 )
416 Pollution characteristics of concentrations and it's ions in PM2.5 of sulfur and acid-rain Control Zone Cities, Guizhou Province
YIN Li-shu, LI Jin-juan, GUO Xing-qiang, LIU Xiao-chun, YANG Hui-ni
PM2.5 samples were seasonally collected in 9 sites of several cities of Guizhou province (including Guiyang, Anshun, Zunyi, Bijie, Duyun) and one background site of Leigong Mountain during March 2015 to February 2016. Characteristics of PM2.5 pollution and distributional characteristics of nine ions in PM2.5 were analyzed. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 13.84~167.17μg/m3. The seasonal distribution showed that the average concentrations of PM2.5 were higher in spring and winter than in autumn and summer. The spatial distribution showed that the pollution of PM2.5 was more serious in Guiyang, with the average mass concentration of (80.15±30.18)μg/m3. The total ions concentrations in PM2.5 samples were 7.85~47.02μg/m3. SO42-, NO3-, NH4+(SNA) were the dominant ions in PM2.5, which accounted for 10.00~68.48% of the mass concentration of PM2.5. In the perspective of seasonal distribution, the mass ratio of SNA/PM2.5 was higher in winter and summer than in autumn and spring, however, in the perspective of seasonal distribution, the mass ratio of SNA/PM2.5 in Gaopo and Leigong Mountain was 41.45% and 53.45%, respectively. Basically, PM2.5 samples were acidulous and the average ratio of AE/CE of PM2.5 was 1.53. The degree of correlation between NH4+ and SO42-(R=0.67) was higher than that between NH4+ and NO3-(R=0.33). The correlation between Ca2+ and Mg2+ (R=0.57) was obvious. The mean value of[NO3-]/[SO42-] in the target area was 0.29, lower than that in other cities. It indicated that stationary emissions were dominant source of PM2.5 in Guizhou province and the air pollution mainly belonged to coal-burning pattern.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 416-423 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 750KB] ( 1148 )
424 Spatiotemporal analysis of PM2.5 in large coastal domains by combining Land Use Regression and Bayesian Maximum Entropy
JIANG Qu-tu, HE Jun-yu, WANG Zhan-shan, YE Guan-qiong, CHEN Qian, XIAO Lu
By combining Land Use Regression (LUR) and Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME), this study constructed a LUR model based on the parameters of elevation, distance to sea, length of roads and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to generate a global map of PM2.5 distribution in a large costal area in 2015, china. The Bayesian Maximum Entropy was further introduced in the interpolation of LUR space-time residuals. Because of the introduction of BME, the cross-validation results showed that the R2 increased from 0.36 to 0.85, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) decreased from 23.53μg/m3 to 11.08μg/m3. The average concentration of PM2.5 in the northern coastal areas was higher than that of the southern areas, and the highest concentration of PM2.5 appeared in the inland area of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shandong provinces during winter times. The annual spatial distribution of PM2.5 was further integrated with population density in Shandong province for risk exposure analysis. The outcome showed that the outdoor population exposure of PM2.5 decreased from inland to sea, and the highest Per capita outdoor exposure value occurred in the central city, Jinan (85.5μg/m3), while the lowest value occurred in coastal areas of Yantai and Weihai.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 424-431 [Abstract] ( 372 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1502KB] ( 1201 )
432 Analyses on the spatial-temporal distribution features and causing factors of atmospheric haze in the southern city-group of Sichuan
HE Mu-quan, LIU Zhi-hong, ZHANG Ying, ZHANG Yang, YAN Yan, HUANG Guan, ZHANG Juan, CHEN Jun-hui, HE Min, FAN Wu-bo
This study checked the quality of MODIS 3km AOD daily data using the local CE318 data in southern Sichuan. After ensuring the availability of MODIS AOD product, the relationship model of MODIS AOD and PM2.5/10 was set up. And the temporal-spatial characteristics of atmospheric haze in the city group of Southern Sichuan were analyzed. The correlation coefficient between CE318AOD data and MODIS AOD product was 0.779, and the optimal correlation coefficient between PM2.5, PM10 and MODIS AOD was 0.894, 0.83 respectively. Spatially, the value of average AOD in the northern region was higher than the southern region of southern Sichuan, and the cities with highest AOD were Neijiang and Zigong. Temporally, the averaged AOD had no significant change from 2006 to 2013, but decreased obviously after 2013. Also the averaged AOD was higher in spring and winter, but lower in summer and autumn, and the largest proportion of high value was in spring. The monthly variation features showed that the AOD value was high from February to April and September and low in other months. The temporal and spatial distribution of AOD in Southern Sichuan were affected by terrain, industrial, wind speed and direction, flow field, PBL and other factors, among which, the terrain and flow field were the most prominent factors.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 432-442 [Abstract] ( 329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5201KB] ( 2101 )
443 Characteristics of surface ozone concentration in urban site of Hangzhou
QI Bing, NIU Yu-wen, DU Rong-guang, YU Zhi-feng, YING Fang, XU Hong-hui, HONG Sheng-mao, YANG Huan-qiang
The characteristics of surface ozone concentration and its relationship with meteorology were analyzed by continuous observation from 2012 to 2016in urban site of Hangzhou. The annual averaged concentration of ozone in Hangzhou increased about 10μg/m3 over the past ten years. The situation of photochemical pollution became worse. The seasonal variation of ozone concentration was lower in winter and higher in spring, summer and autumn. The daily averaged ozone concentration over 100μg/m3 was mainly scattered from April to October. The daily variation of ozone concentration showed unimodal distribution, with a minimum value at 05:00~07:00 and a maximum value at 14:00. The hourly averaged ozone concentration over standard was mainly appeared at 11:00~18:00. The ozone concentration had a positive correlation with ultraviolet radiation and temperature, and a negative correlation with relative humidity. The ozone concentration was in excessive condition while the ultraviolet radiation was higher than 0.02MJ/m2, the temperature was higher than 20℃ and the relative humidity was lower than 70%. The ozone concentration was influenced by wind direction and wind speed to some extent. The lower ozone concentration was found under north or northerly wind while higher ozone concentration was observed under east or easterly wind. The pollution sources which elevated ozone concentration came mainly from the east regions of Hangzhou, and less from the south and north regions.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 443-451 [Abstract] ( 429 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 849KB] ( 2187 )
452 Classification of air pollution synoptic patterns and air pollutants transport/purification effect by cold front over Hangzhou
YU Bu, ZHU Bin, DOU Jing-jing, ZHANG Wei-wei, HU De-yun
In this paper, the seasonal atmospheric circulation patterns over Hangzhou were classified, based on the Lamb-Jenkinson weather classification method. Meanwhile, we summarized the seasonal air pollution characteristics of the typical atmospheric circulation patterns with the aid of PM2.5 dataset from the national climate station in Hangzhou. Because the uncertainty of PM2.5 levels were large under cold front synoptic condition, the pollution transport and purification characteristics were analysed in autumn and winter. The results showed that in Hangzhou, winter, dominated by anticyclone and warm zone in front of cold front, was the worst polluted season. Spring and autumn are secondary. Serious air pollution was almost impossibly occured in summer. In addition, identifying by the features of temperature variability and wind speed, we found that the weak cold front was favour of pollution transport in the conditions of negative temperature variability in 24hours within 0℃ and 2℃, or the average wind speed below 2m/s. It was conducive to purify the pollution for the strong cold front which was in the condition of negative temperature variability in 24hours larger than 4℃, or the average wind speed higher than 4m/s.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 452-459 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 728KB] ( 1373 )
460 Haze retrieving over North China Plain from multi-angle polarized data
ZHANG Yu-meng, WANG Zhong-ting
For haze aerosol, the retrieval from multi-angle polarized data was studied. Based on ground-based measurements, we simulated multi-angle polarized satellite signal of the haze, and it was shown that by near infrared data, the concentration of heavy haze was recognized well. Then, aimed to multi-angle polarized signal of POLDER3, in consideration of aerosol components of the haze, the haze was retrieved by best fitting method of polarized reflectance. The experiment in Feb. 23, 2010 showed that, by our algorithm, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) of haze can be retrieved well. The AOD of our algorithm from 2009 to 2010 was close to that of ground-based measurements (correlation coefficient was about 0.9), and the retrieval error was about 10%. But AOD of our algorithm was lower than that of ground-based measurements, and the reasons may be the underestimation of coarse particle for multi-angle polarized signal, the dated data of land classification, the assumption that haze signal is linear added by that of aerorol componets, and so on.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 460-466 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 744KB] ( 1351 )
467 Aerosol optical properties over Ebinur region in spring
ZHANG Zhe, DING Jian-li, WANG Jin-jie
Microtops II sun photometers were used to retrieve data on the aerosol optical depth (AOD550) and Angström wavelength exponent (α) over Ebinur Lake region in spring. The results showed that high frequency value of AOD mainly concentrated in 0.1~0.4Affected by diffusion and sedimentation of salt dust, there were some differences in the aerosol optical properties between Jinghe and Wusu region. The mean values of AOD in Jinghe and Wusu were 0.290 and 0.242 with coefficients of variation were 62.966%, 47.444%, the mean values of α were 0.609 and 0.894 with coefficients of variation were 33.368% and 56.946%, it showed that atmospheric aerosol particle size was relatively large in Jinghe and the particle size of aerosol particles changed significantly in Wusu region; It had a complex relationship between AOD and α; the local dominant wind was the leading factor of dust aerosols. Temperature not played a critical role in the local changes of AOD. When α <0.5, AOD and RH showed a negative correlation in Wusu, while Jinghe area showed a hygroscopic due to the impact of soluble ions in salt dust. When α>1.0, the hygroscopic growth of fine particles lead to AOD and RH showed a positive correlation trend, When 0.5 < α < 1.0, aerosol showed a certain hygroscopic, while when RH>50%, it was not surprising that rainfall lead to reduced aerosol concentration. The results showed that the high AOD in Jinghe mainly caused by the dust aerosols and the high AOD in Wusu both clustering in the fine mode growth wing and the coarse mode.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 467-475 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 791KB] ( 1253 )
476 Temporal and spatial dynamics of pollutants emission from forest fires in Fujian during 2000-2010
JIN Quan-feng, WANG Wen-hui, MA Xiang-qing, YANG Shu-yan, GUO Fu-tao
This study investigated the fire frequencies,biomass burned and the emissions of pollutants from forest fires in Fujian Province during 2000~2010. The results showed that the fire regime changes in Fujian during 2000~2010, firstly increased and then decreased. The total combustion of forest fuel amount were 6.57mt, and the pollutants of CO2, CO, NOx, VOCs, CH4, PM2.5, TC, OC and EC emissions were:1.64mt、98.19kt、1.43kt、8.70kt、9.43kt、10.12kt、5.35kt、4.66kt and 689.59t, respectively. In addition, the pollutants were imbalance in time and space. The pollutant emissions were more concentrated in the southwest of Nanping, northwest of Sanming and the transitional zone between Nanping, Sanming, Ningde and Fuzhou. CO2, CO, NOx, CH4, VOCs, PM2.5, OC and EC, and TC showed increasing trends in the entire Fujian except for Xiamen. The overall trend of the ratio of PM2.5 released from forest fires and industrial dusts also showed increasing trend, which explained that the influence of forest fires on local air quality in Fujian was enhanced significantly. The study of spatial-temporal variation of forest fires released pollutants in Fujian province could provide data to support for further investigations on the importance of the forest fire with respect to regional environment.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 476-485 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2705KB] ( 1228 )
486 Comprehensive integration approaches for PM2.5 statistical interpretation in shanghai
LI Ya-yun, SHU Jiong, SHEN Yu
The comprehensive integration approaches for statistical interpretation were employed to predict PM2.5 concentration in Shanghai. Three kinds of model output statistics (MOS) models were built up by combining WRF model output with kalman filtering (KALMAN), partial least squares regression (PLS) and real-time iterative model (RTIM) respectively. And then three types of integrated model, based on MOS model above Multi-model average integration, recursive positive weight synthesis and multivariate linear regression integration, were separately apply to three days prediction for daily average concentration of PM 2.5 from Dec. 2 to 31, 2014 (light pollution process) and Dec. 15, 2015 to Jan. 13, 2016 (heavy pollution process). The prediction ability of pollution weather process for these integration models was improved by providing reasonable information and reducing the systematic errors in comparison with a single MOS models, which reduced the risk of decision-making in the process of pollution. The multivariate linear regression integration model presented higher precision and stability by comparative analysis of light and heavy pollution prediction processes. In all, the comprehensive integration approaches for statistical interpretation have great potential to be applied to regional air pollution prediction in operational model.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 486-496 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 633KB] ( 1514 )
497 Impacts of DOC on PM emission from diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends
DU Jia-yi, ZHOU Ren-shuang, ZHANG Deng-pan, ZHOU Xiao-qiang, XIA Qun, YUAN Yin-nan
In order to reveal the effects of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC)on size distribution and components of particulate matter emitted from diesel-biodiesel dual fuel (B0, B10, B20), an experimental study was carried on a diesel engine. Particle samples from different size grades were got from MOUDI and distribution of the mass concentration was obtained by weighting the particle. Beside, thermogravimetric characteristics of particle and varieties of components were analyzed by using thermogravimetric analyzer. Results showed that with the increase of biodiesel percentage, the mass concentration of every size grade decrease and it was especially obvious when B20was used. The mass concentration peak value of particulate matter emitted from three fuels all range from 0.18μm to 0.32μm. In addition, with the increasement of biodiesel percentage, the mass concentration of SOF increased while mineral salt and soot decreased. When DOC was used, the mass concentration of particulate matter decreased and the convert efficiency was not evident for particle above 1μm. The convert efficiency of accumulation state particles higher than that of coarse particle. Moreover, with the increasing of speed, the mass concentration of SOF decreased, while H2O, soot and mineral salt increased.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 497-502 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 472KB] ( 1004 )
503 Wet process of elemental mercury removal from flue gas using Ag/AgCl photocatalyst under visible light
XING Wei-bo, LU Hao, ZHANG An-chao, LIU Mu, LIU Zhi-chao, HU Song, XIANG Jun

A series of studies on the performance of Hg0 removal from simulated flue gas were carried out in a wet Hg0 bubbling reactor using a visible-light-responsive Ag/AgCl photocatalyst prepared by a precipitation-photoreduction method. The effects of SO2, NO, and reaction temperature were also investigated in detail. The properties of fresh and used photocatalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques. The results showed that compared with the Hg0 removal efficiencies of only visible light irradiation and only Ag/AgCl, Hg0 removal efficiency was greatly enhanced when visible light and Ag/AgCl were employed simultaneously. Due to large amounts of reactive species consumption, the presences of SO2 and NO would inhibit the performance of Hg0 removal. The activity of Hg0 removal could be restored to their initial values when SO2 and NO were turned off. The reactive species, such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH), superoxide radicals (·O2-), were produced in the Ag/AgCl solution under visible light. The ·OH, holes (h+), and Cl2, were reactive species responsible for removing Hg0, and in particular the ·O2- played a key role in Hg0 removal.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 503-510 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 767KB] ( 1400 )
511 Nitrogen removal performance of the SNAD process under different intermittent aerobic conditions
ZHENG Zhao-ming, LI Jun, YANG Jing-yue, Du Jia
The simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) process for treating domestic wastewater was investigated under high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. Intermittent aerobic condition was operated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with the air flow rate of 500L/h at 30℃. The DO concentration was up to 5mg/L. Domestic wastewater was used as influent and Kaldnes rings were used as biomass carriers. In phase 1, the reactor was operated with the aerobic time and non-aerobic time of both 20min. As a result, the biofilm performed low nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity and the reactor achieved high nitrogen removal performance. The average total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal efficiency reached 89% with the average effluent TIN concentration of 11mg/L. Besides, the effect of the aerobic time on the SNAD biofilm reactor performance was evaluated during phase 2, phase 3 and phase 4. The results showed that the length of aerobic time played a little effect on the anammox activity of the SNAD biofilm, while the NOB activity was largely affected by the length of aerobic time. In phase 3, the aerobic time was controlled at 60min. As a result, the biofilm performed low NOB activity and the reactor achieved high nitrogen removal performance. The average TIN removal efficiency reached 83% with the average effluent TIN concentration of 14mg/L. The aerobic time of phase 4was controlled at 160min. On the contrary, the biofilm performed high NOB activity and the reactor performed poor nitrogen removal performance. The average TIN removal efficiency decreased to 50% with the average effluent TIN concentration of 35mg/L.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 511-519 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 649KB] ( 1199 )
520 The effects ofammonium loading ratefluctuation on nitrateaccumulation in municipal wastewater partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) process
CHENG Jun, ZHANG Liang, ZHANG Shu-jun, YANG Yan-dong, GU Peng-chao, PENG Yong-zhen
The over-proliferation ofnitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) is one of the main causes for the decrease of the nitrogen removal efficiency in municipal wastewater partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) process. Municipal wastewater PN/A was established in a sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and the effect of periodic nitrogen loading rate (NLR) fluctuation on nitrate accumulation in the PN/A process was investigated.During the experimental period, influent ammonium concentration varied periodically while aeration rate and duration remained constant, inducing a variation of NLR within the range of 0.24~0.48kgN/(m3·d). Effluent nitrate concentration gradually increased under the variation of NLR, resulting in the decline of both nitrogen removal rate and efficiency. Followed by the variation of NLR, the reactor was operated at a stable NLR, which was failed to restore the nitrogen removal performance. NOB was easier to compete for oxygen at low bulk ammonium concentrations, which was the main reason for the unwanted nitrate accumulation. Therefore, a stricterprocess control of DO andresidual ammonium concentration was essential to the stable operation ofPN/A systems.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 520-525 [Abstract] ( 314 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 351KB] ( 1749 )
526 Kinetic characteristics of immobilized denitrification granules under different initial pH
ZENG Jin-ping, CHEN Guang-hui, LI Jun, DENG Hai-liang, WANG Xiu-jie
The rule of NO2--N、NO3--N、TN and pH during denitrification process was studied by using different initial pH in a bath-scale sequencing batch reactor with synthetic wastewater. The kinetic characteristics of immobilized granules also were investigated by batch tests. Under the condition of temperature 30℃,C/N 6and HRT 5h, the immobilized denitrification granules showed good performance during two weeks. Under the different initial pH, the nitrate removal occurs mainly in the 0~1h, and the nitrite accumulation attain its maximum at 1h, meanwhile the pH attained its maximum then slightly reduced, formed a breakpoint of pH curve. Therefore, the breakpoint of pH curve could be used as an indicator to show the maximum accumulation of nitrite. Kinetics study showed the maximum specific denitrification rate occurred at pH=8.0, the pH=7.5was the next. It showed the most suitable denitrifying pH range was 7.5~8.0, and the removal of TN was 91.74%. Compared with nitrate and nitrite specific denitrification rate, the reason for nitrite accumulation is that the reductive rate of nitrate was more than nitrite during denitrification process.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 526-533 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 600KB] ( 1097 )
534 Improvement of phosphorus bioaccumulation in a tidal flow constructed wetland and its stability
WANG Zhen, QI Ran, LI Ying-ying, DU Yu-neng, FAN Shi-suo, WANG Yi
Improvement of phosphorus bioaccumulation in a tidal flow constructed wetland (TFCW) and the stability of the system were investigated during domestic sewage treatment. Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) could become dominant populations quickly in a modified TFCW adopting two-time feeding tidal flow operation mode, and phosphorus bioaccumulation of the system could be enhanced accordingly. The introduction of periodical carbon source supplements for phosphorus harvesting was conductive to boot a deeply release of the accumulated phosphorus in PAOs which could avoid excessive accumulation of phosphorus in the system. Meanwhile, the storage of endogenous carbon source within the biofilm increased because of the measure which was conductive to the subsequent biological phosphorus removal and the system stability. As the cycle length for phosphorous harvesting was 30d, the phosphorus removal rate of the TFCW could reach 96.04% during the phosphorus bioaccumulation process. And the phosphorus harvesting efficiency and the supplementary carbon source utilization rate of the TFCW could also achieve 70.45% and 98.22% respectively during the phosphorus harvesting process. In this case, luxury phosphorus uptake by PAOs played the greatest role in phosphorus removal.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 534-542 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 786KB] ( 965 )
543 Nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by Zn/Ag bimetal-Aminosulfonic acid two-step reduction method
LIU Yan-lan, WANG Shi-xiang, FAN Qin, HE Liang, ZHOU An-lan, LIU Yong
To remove nitrate from wastewater, Zn/Ag bimetal was prepared by chemical liquid reduction method and characterized by XRD and SEM. The obtained Zn/Ag bimetal was used to convert of NO3--N into NO2--N selectively. Then, the aminosulfonic acid was employed to further reduce NO2--N to N2. The optimum reduction conditions and the denitrification mechanism were proposed based on the batch experiments. For the first step, with 0.028% of Ag loading ratio, pH adjusted to 3using formic acid, 1.1g/L of EDTA-2Na dosage, 60g/L of Zn/Ag bimetal and 40min of reaction time, 81.9mg/L NO2--N and 4.0mg/L NH4+-N was obtained from 100mg/L NO3--N. For the second step, NO2--N was entirely reduced to N2by aminosulfonic acid under the conditions of the ratio of n(NH2SO3H) to n(NO2--N) at 2 to 1, pH at 6.0 and reaction time of 40min. The NO3--N removal and N2 production of the overall reaction were 93.2% and 89.3%, respectively. In addition, the NO3--N reduction by this two step reduction process produced NH4+-N as the by-product at a yield of 3.9%. The surface properties of Zn/Ag bimetallic and the solution pH played key roles for the accumulation of NO2--N, which promoted the conversion of NO3--N into N2.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 543-550 [Abstract] ( 361 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 638KB] ( 1558 )
551 Adsorptive characteristics of cadmium onto biochar produced from pyrolysis of wheat straw in aqueous solution
MA Feng-feng, ZHAO Bao-wei, DIAO Jing-ru
The objective of this work was to investigate adsorptive characteristic of wheat straw biochar (WSBC) for removal of cadmium ions (Cd2+) from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of pH value of solution, adsorbent dosage, and co-existing cations on the adsorption of Cd2+ using biochar, and the structural characteristics of biochar were analyzed. The results showed that the biochar contained a large amount of oxygen-containing group on the surface. The adsorption efficiency depended on pH value of solution. The adsorption kinetic data were fitted with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best fitting for the adsorption kinetics of Cd2+ onto WSBC. In addition, three isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin ones were applied to determine the isotherm parameters of adsorption process. The results indicated that the adsorption isotherm was described well with the Freundlich model. Thermodynamics analysis suggested that Cd2+ adsorption onto WSBC was spontaneous and endothermic process.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 551-559 [Abstract] ( 359 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 818KB] ( 1910 )
560 Deep removal of complex nickel by using magnetic flocculation coupled with highly-efficient heavy metal chelating agent EDTC
QIU Yi-qin, SUN Shui-yu, XIAO Xiao, YE Zi-wei, GUO Yan-ping
The deep removal of complex nickel from wastewater by using magnetic flocculation coupled with an independent synthetic highly-efficient heavy metal chelating agent EDTC was investigated. CA-Ni (citric acid, CA), TA-Ni (tartaric acid, TA) and SP-Ni (pyrophosphate, SP) were dissolved in deionized water as the simulated wastewater. Important investigated parameters included EDTC dosage, magnetic seeding dosage, initial pH and sedimentation time. The magnetic flocculation mechanism involved in the reaction was also explored. Residual Ni concentration could be less than 0.1mg/L from the initial concentration of 50mg/L, under the conditions of 100mg/L magnetic seeds (350r/min, 2min), MEDTC/MNi=10 (250r/min, 2min), PAM 1mg/L (50r/min,3min) and 5min sedimentation time with unregulated pH. The results of Zeta potential illustrated the magnetic seeds were firmly combined with flocs when pH=6.5~7.5, and it was the same with magnetic seeds and EDTC when pH<7.Majority of magnetic flocswas integrated with the magnetic seeds, which served as a nucleus to enhance the flocculation property and reduce 20% of EDTC dosages. The particle size analysis and fractal dimension presented that it would decrease the micro flocs, increase the floc volume and density by loading the magnetic seeds.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 560-569 [Abstract] ( 286 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 831KB] ( 1335 )
570 The preparation and photocatalytic activity of rGO/TiO2 composite photocatalyst
LI Cui-xia, JIN Hai-ze, TAN Gao-wei, ZENG Peng-fei, YANG Zhi-zhong, YANG Xuan
Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by the Hummers method. In the synthesis process of GO/TiO2 precursor sol, citric acid was selected as the hydrolysis inhibitors of tetrabutyl titanate and the surfactant of graphene oxide. After drying and heat treatment, the reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 (rGO/TiO2) photocatalysts were prepared by the method of sodium borohydride reduction. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy technology. The effects of the amounts of GO additives and the photocatalysts on the degradation rate of methyl orange were investigated, respectively. The dispersion of nanometer TiO2 on the graphene surface was improved effectively; the photocatalytic activity of rGO/TiO2 was obviously higher than that of pure TiO2, and the rGO/TiO2 photocatalysts presented the best photocatalytic performance with the GO amount of 10% and the photocatalysts mass of 0.10g.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 570-576 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 820KB] ( 1878 )
577 The liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of 2,4-dichlorophenol over Pd catalyst supported on nitrogen-doped graphene
LI Yan-ni, CHEN Quan-yuan, ZHOU Juan, HUANG Zhao-lu
Graphene (GE) and N-doped graphene (N-GE) were used as the supports, the supported catalysts prepared by the impregnation (denoted as im-) and deposition-precipitation (denoted as dp-) methods were referred as im-Pd/GE, dp-Pd/GE, im-Pd/N-GE and dp-Pd/N-GE. The catalysts were characterized by elemental analyser, transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. The liquid phase catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) were carried out over these catalysts. The nitrogen content was 11.3% in the N-doping catalyst. Compared with Pd/GE, the N-doping catalysts displayed higher cationic Pd (Pdn+) and smaller Pd particles and exhibited higher catalytic activities. Moreover, the catalytic activities could be further improved by preparing using the deposition-precipitation method. In addition, the dechlorination of 2,4-DCP were proceeded via both the stepwise and concerted pathways.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 577-583 [Abstract] ( 260 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 984KB] ( 1261 )
584 Effect of different forms of nitrogen on the photodegradation of clofibric acid in water environment
KONG Qing-qing, ZHANG Xiang-dan, LI Fu-hua, LV Wen-ying, LIU Guo-guang, LIN Xiao-xuan, CHEN Ping
This study examined the influence of NO3-, NO2--, and NH4+ on the photodegradation of clofibric acid under the simulated sunlight in water. Their influence mechanisms were inspected by calculating light-screening factor and quenching experiments. The recombinational influence of inorganic nitrogen on the photodegradation of clofibric acid under various simulated pE values was also explored. Results showed that photodegradation of clofibric acid with the presence of NO3-, NO2--, and NH4+ followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Both NO3- and NO2-- inhibited the photodegradation of clofibric acid, while NH4+ had no influence on clofibric acid removal. NO3-showed much stronger inhibitory effect than that of NO2--. Photodegradation conversion of clofibric acid changed with altering pE value. The co-existence of NH4+ and NO2--, or NO3- and NO2-- in water displayed antagonism to influence on the photodegradation of clofibric acid. However, antagonism between NO3- and NO2-- was stronger than that between NH4+ and NO2--.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 584-591 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 653KB] ( 1123 )
592 Photodegradation of iodate by medium-pressure UV irradiation and formation of I-THM in sequential chloramination
ZHANG Fan, XU Bin, WANG Zhen, WANG An-qi
Effects of Natural Organic Matter (NOM), iodide on the degradation of iodate by medium-pressure UV were investigated. Effects of solution pH, chloramine dosage, and bromide concentration on the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during post-chloramination were also studied. It was found that iodate can be degraded by medium pressure UV irradiation. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant was determined to be (0.403±0.059)×10-3s-1 when the UV intensity was 8.5mW/cm2. The reaction could be promoted by the addition of NOM but impeded by the addition of iodide. I-THMs could be formed if water containing iodate was treated with UV/chloramination process. Therefore, special attention should be paid to iodate as a kind of I-THM precursor in drinking water treatment plants when medium-pressure UV/chloramination disinfection process was applied.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 592-597 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 447KB] ( 1483 )
598 Study on ketoprofen degradation behavior and mechanism under ozonation
LIN Xiao-xuan, LIU Guo-guang, LI Ruo-bai, KONG Qing-qing, CHEN Zhi-ming, LI Fu-hua, CHEN Ping, LU Yi-da
Oxidization of the simulated ketoprofen (KET) wastewater was investigated by ozone (O3). The effect of the initial solution pH, ozone flow (QO3), temperature (T), and initial KET concentration (C0) on KET degradation were investigated. To assess the contribution of O3 and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) to the degradation of KET, experiments have been conducted under the conditions comprising initial KET concentration of 20μmol/L, ozone flow at 0.4L/min, pH at 4, 7, or 10under room temperature. In the competition experiments, ibuprofen and benzoic acid were used as the probe to measure the second-order rate constants of KET degradation with respect to O3 and ·OH, respectively. Results indicated that KET degradation followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. Increasing pH, QO3 and T accelerated KET degradation, while KET degradation rate decreased with the increase of C0. The apparent kinetics equation (k=154439exp (-32831/RT)QO30.679C0-0.2[OH-]0.07) was obtained by fitting experimental data. Both O3 and ·OH are contributed to the degradation of KET. Results also showed that the contribution of O3 to KET degradation were 18.4%,11.0%, and 6.2%, while to ·OH were 81.6%, 89.0% and 93.8% at pH 4, 7, and 10, respectively. The second-order rate constants of KET were 1.09, and 8.82×109L/(mol·s) with respect to O3 and ·OH, respectively.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 598-605 [Abstract] ( 296 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 525KB] ( 1098 )
606 Effect of NaClO and NaOH at low agent concentration on the ageing of PVDF ultrafiltration membrane
LIU Jing-yan, LU Xiao-yan, ZHU Yan-ru, XU shi-rong, MA Jun, ZHANG Jin-song, GUO Jian-ning
The polyvinylidene (PVDF) ultrafiltration membrane was aged using NaClO and NaOH. The selected concentrations of the agents were 0.026mol/L and 0.025mol/L, respectively. The effect of low-concentration cleaning agents on the aging of the PVDF membrane was investigated. The virgin membrane and membranes exposed to cleaning agents were characterized using pure water flux, membrane pore size distribution, total organic carbon (TOC) rejection efficiency, tensile strength, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), contact angle and attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The results indicated that the average pore size of the membrane exposed to cleaning agents increased than that of the virgin membrane. After exposed to NaClO and NaOH, the total organic carbon (TOC) rejection efficiencies decreased from 36.0% to 16.2%~32.4% and13.9%~24.4%, respectively. The dehydrofluorination occurred during the aging process, which was indicated by the increased peak intensity of C=C and C=O. The chemical composition and structure of the membrane were changed by the chemical cleaning agents and this caused the reduction of membrane hydrophilicity. The tensile strength and ultimate elongation reduced along with the increased aging time. The impact of NaOH on the mechanical property of membrane was more significant than that of NaClO.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 606-612 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1002KB] ( 1268 )
613 A solution for the migration process of contaminant in porous media considering the variation of concentration and seepage velocity
GUO Zhi-guang, BAI Bing
A theoretical solution suitable for the variable concentration of contaminant and seepage velocity with time was deduced using an analytical solution for steady-state situation. The proposed model was verified by comparing with the analytical solution in the case of steady state. Analytical results indicated that the calculation precision increases with the decrease of the interval of discrete time. A typical case showed that retardation factor had an obvious influence on the adsorption effect of contaminant. For example, when absorption factor was 1.7 and desorption factor was 1, the rate of adsorbed contaminant within porous medium could reach 30%. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of porous medium increased with the increase of the difference between adsorption factor and desorption factor. The peak value of the breakthrough curve of contaminant decreased with the increase of adsorption factor, and its occurrence time was relatively lagged. The degree of dispersion had little effect on the adsorption capacity, but had an apparent influence on the shapes of penetration curves.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 613-619 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 705KB] ( 975 )
620 Impacts of sampling size on estimation accuracy of road runoff event mean concentration-taking time-interval sampling method for example
CHEN Ying, WANG Zhao, ZHAO Jian-qiang, YANG Wen-juan
In order to investigate the impacts of sample size on estimation accuracy of road runoff event mean concentration (EMC), road runoff samples over the whole time range of 3 storm events occurred at Taibai Interchange of the south second-ring road in Xi'an, Shaanxi province were collected by the manual time-interval sampling method from August to November 2014, and concentrations of SS, COD, Pb, Zn, dissolved Pb and dissolved Zn of the samples were determined. Then, self-compiled VBA programing based on random sampling method was utilized for the estimation. The results indicated that, in different types of rainfall events, pollutant concentrations in the initial duration of runoff were relatively high, fluctuated sharply and were affected by the rainfall intensity significantly. However, pollutant concentrations in mid and late duration of runoff were decreased and tended to be stable. For improving the estimation accuracy of EMC, runoff samples should be collected in the whole duration of rainfall event, and in the initial duration of runoff, the runoff samples should be collected intensively. The estimation accuracy of EMC was significantly influenced by sampling size when using time-interval sampling method. The estimated EMC based on concentrations of samples and runoff volume of corresponding periods dispersed widely when sample size was small. However, the dispersion of the estimated EMC decreased with the increasing of sample size, the estimated EMC tended to be stable as well. The maximum relative error between the estimated EMC based on different pollutant indexes in different runoff events and the approximate true value of EMC was decreased with the increasing of sample size. However, the degrees of decrease which were related to the fluctuation of water quality and volume of runoff were quite different. If the sample size was less than 10, the maximum relative error between the estimated EMC and the approximate true value of EMC was close to 40%, and the error could be reduced to 30% and 20% when the sample size were increased to 13 and 19 respectively.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 620-627 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 635KB] ( 1018 )
628 Effect of external carbon sources on biodrying of kitchen waste
YUAN Jing, ZHANG Di-fang, LI Yun, LI Guo-xue, LI Yu, WANG Guo-ying
A laboratory study was carried out to obtain data on the influence of external carbon source on biostabilization-biodrying of kitchen waste. Two different external carbon sources (cornstalks and wood peat) were used to bio-dried with kitchen waste. A control treatment was studied using kitchen waste without a external carbon source. The two treatments with external carbon sources reduced the time taken to reach the high temperature, the highest temperature of three treatments could reach above 70℃. After 21d bio-drying, the moisture content decreased 15.25%, 28.0% and 20.3% for the control, adding cornstalks and wood peat treatments, respectively. The organic matter degraded 26.8%, 19.3% and 15.1%, respectively. The moisture content significantly positively correlated with organic matter content. No leachate was produced in the adding cornstalks treatment, whereas leachate was produced at a rate of 0.16 and 0.04kg/kg in the control and adding wood peat treatments, respectively. The water removal per initial raw waste was 0.40, 0.54 and 0.42kg/kg for the control, adding cornstalks and wood peat treatment, respectively. The water loss significantly positively correlated with temperature. The initial low calorific value of kitchen waste was 266kJ/kg, after 21d bio-drying, the moisture content decreased, the low calorific value increased to 1331kJ/kg. The treatments of adding cornstalks and woody peat showed the higher low calorific value, the final low calorific value of bio-drying product were 8400 and 6331kJ/kg.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 628-635 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 527KB] ( 1757 )
636 CH4 emission and CH4 emission reduction potential of intermediate cover layer in semi-aerobic landfills
YUE Bo, YAN Zhuo-yi, HUANG Qi-fei, WU Xiao-hui, GAO Hong
The CH4 emission fluxes of a MSW semi-aerobic landfill located in Hebei Province were determined; meanwhile the CH4 oxidation capacities of the intermediate cover material. Based on the above research, the CH4 emission reduction potential of intermediate cover layer were analyses in semi-aerobic landfill. The surface CH4 emission flux of intermediate cover layer is relatively large at noon and afternoon, and the average CH4 emission fluxes for the landfill age of 4, 8, 12, and 16months were 4.79, 21.16, 81.04 and 7.44g/(m2·d), respectively. Moreover, the CH4 oxidation capacities of intermediate cover material were:aged-refuse in anaerobic landfill > aged-refuse in semi-aerobic landfill > aged-cover soil > the mixture of aged-refuse and new cover soil (1:10, weight/weight) > animal manure compost > MSW composting > new cover soil. Theoretically, for the MSW landfill bodies with the age of 4, 8 and 16months, the CH4 gas emissions can be completely oxidized by covering layer of the aged-refuse in anaerobic landfill, aged-refuse in semi-aerobic landfill, aged cover soil and stale garbage, or the mixture of aged-refuse and new cover soil (1:10, weight/weight). In addition, for the MSW landfill bodies with the age of 12months, the CH4 gas emissions in area around 5~15m of air pipe can be theoretically oxidized by the cover layer of the aged-refuse or aged cover soil, but in area around 0~5m of air pipe cannot be completely eliminated by the cover materials.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 636-645 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1057KB] ( 1454 )
646 Concentration and source of polychlorinated naphthalenes in surface soils from the South of Jiangsu
XUE Ling-nan, ZHANG Lin-li, ZHANG Li-fei, SHI Shuang-xin, DONG Liang, LI Xiao-xiu
The concentrations, profiles and source apportionment of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in 34surface soil samples from the South of Jiangsu were analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Total concentrations of PCNs in all samples ranged from 0.263 to 2.48ng/g dw with an average of 0.464ng/g dw except sampling point 16, which had the highest concentration of 2.48ng/g dw, the TEQs of PCNs ranged from 0.045 to 0.157pg/g dw, indicating a low concentration level. MonoCNs and DiCNs were the most predominant homologues in all the samples, accounting for 39.3%~91.4%. The congeners CN-66/67, CN-69 and CN-73 were the predominant contributors to the TEQs, accounting for 25.6%, 29.1% and 28.7%, respectively. The ratio of ΣPCNCom/ΣPCNs could indicate that the high temperature combustion process made great influence to the PCNs pollution in the South of Jiangsu. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed that the use of old electrical equipment and traffic emissions might be also the possible sources to the PCNs pollution in this study area. However, the sources of PCNs pollution are more complex, which need a further study to determine the source of PCNs in surface soil samples from the South of Jiangsu accurately.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 646-653 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 1472 )
654 Field test on biostimulation to remediation DDTs in contaminated farmland soil using blood meal
WANG Hui, WANG Xiao-xu, SUN Li-na, WU Hao, LUO Qing, RONG Lu-ge
The remediation effect of DDTs in aged contaminated farmland soil using blood meal was investigated in the field test. Meanwhile, the effects of remediation conditions and degradation characteristics of DDTs isomers and homologues were studied in this paper. The results showed that the method of biostimulation using blood meal was a practical way to remediate the DDTs aged contaminated farmland soil. Compared with glucose, the blood meal was a long term effective method on stimulating indigenous microorganisms to degrade DDTs in the soil, and the soil catalase activity and invertase activity were greatly improved. To plow the land once a week was helpful to remediate the contaminated soil by biostimulating using blood meal. At the same time, as the high toxicity homologues DDTs, PP'-DDE was effectively degraded, and the potential environmental risks reduced significantly. Hence, the present study demonstrated that biostimulation using blood meal supplemented by plowing the soil once a week had the great potential application for remediating the DDTs contaminated farmland soil.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 654-660 [Abstract] ( 200 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 484KB] ( 1101 )
661 Assessment of heavy metals pollution in soil of Qingdao based on matter-element extension model
ZHANG Jing-jing, MA Chuan-ming, KUANG Heng, ZHOU Ai-guo
Considering that the contradictory results of single factor evaluation may lead to the uncertain degree of soil pollution in the soil heavy metals pollution assessment, matter-element and extension set theories were introduced to establish the matter-element extension model of soil heavy metal pollution. Hakanson toxic response coefficients was applied to modifying the conventional method of multiple super-scale weighting, thusly the weights of different factors would not only reflect the concentration of pollutants, but also be related to heavy-metal toxicity. In comparison with classic method, the new method showed more remarkable correction effect of emphasizing the degree of potential hazards caused by heavy metal. Taking Qingdao city as the study area, the above model with the new approach was used to evaluate the soilheavy metal pollution based on analyzing the contentsof heavy metal elements in the top soil, including Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd and As in 83soil samples. The results showed that the degree of soil pollution in the study area was mainlyclearnto slight clean, with only a few samples showing light to medium pollution. The evaluated results based on matter-element extension model was consistent with those from traditional fuzzy-mathematical method, confirming the reliability of soil heavy metals pollution assessment for this model.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 661-668 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1035KB] ( 1656 )
669 Influence of organic fraction of municipal solid waste-based biochar on microbial community structure in a purple soil
ZHANG Shang-yi, LIU Guo-tao, XIE Meng-pei
Organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) was pyrolyzed at 700℃ to produce biochar, which was used to amend an organic and nitrogen deficient purple soil in Chongqing. Twelve month pot incubation experiments were conducted to investigate effects of the OFMSW-based biochar on the content of organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (TN) as well as microbial community structure of the purple soil. The experiments were performed with four treatments of 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% (w/w) of biochar addition, and the microbial communities of the amended soils were analyzed by high throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the addition of 3% and 5% of biochar significantly increased the content of OM and TN and reduced the alpha diversity of bacteria in purple soils. The principal component analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the 0% and 1% treatments were similar, and the bacterial communities in the 3% and 5% treatments were similar. The Illumina sequencing from 24soil samples identified 42bacteria phyla, 6of which were the main bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Gemmatimonadetes, accounting for 83.7%~94.3% of the total number of sequencing. The bacteria phyla varied in their response to the addition levels of biochar. In 24soil samples, 642 genera were identified, among which 105 genera had a relative abundance greater than 1%. The responses of some major bacterial genera to 3% and 5% addition of biochar were different from their responses to 0% and 1% biochar addition.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 669-676 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 501KB] ( 1030 )
677 Isolation, identification and analysis of degradation ability of a cold-resistant haloduric pyrene-degrading strains
DIAO Shuo, WANG Hong-qi, XU Jie, ZHAO Yi-cun
The community H and single-strain DYC-1 was isolated by timing quantitative culture and domestication method of adding the concentration of PAHs gradatim from Tianjin coastal wetland petroleum contaminated soil under the low temperature condition. The community H and single-strain DYC-1used pyrene as solo carbon source for growth. The bacteria were identified as Rhodococcus sp. based on the BLAST sequence analysis of 16s rDNA and its morphological and physio-biochemcial characteristics. Analysis results showed that the degrading ability of single-strain DYC-1 was similar to community H under the low temperature condition. The degradation rate of them was above 35% at high concentrations of pyrene. The single-strain DYC-1 had more salt-resisting ability and wide substrate degradation ability. The optimal degradation conditions of single-strain DYC-1 was 2% salinity, pH8, 10℃, 110r/min rotate speed and 5% capacity of bacteria. The degradation rate of pyrene was high with 20mg/L initial concentration in the optimal degradation conditions.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 677-685 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 478KB] ( 1373 )
686 Separation identification and the characteristics research of simultaneous removal of nitrogen and carbon about Marine heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification strain y6
WANG Xiao-jing, YU De-shuang, LI Jin, DU Song-dong, ZHOU Tong, WU Guo-dong
A heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification strain, named y6, was isolated from sediment of Jiaozhou Bay. It was identified as Klebsiella sp. based on the morphological, physiological and analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Under different environmental conditions, measured strain y6's growth situation and denitrification ability, so as to analyze its characteristics of simultaneous removal of nitrogen and carbon. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was sodium citrate; the optimal pH was 7.0; the optimal C/N was 17. In the reaction system of NH4Cl, KNO3 and NaNO2 for the only nitrogen source, Strain y6had better denitrification effect. The removal efficiencies were 99.67%, 100% and 99.20%. Strain y6could efficiently remove organic matter simultaneously in the process of denitrification, with COD removal rate of 82.17%, 95.75% and 97.83%, respectively. Almost no nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen accumulation in the y6 heterotrophic nitrification process. In the different mixing ratio of reaction system, the first were aerobic denitrification of nitrate nitrogen, Subsequent were ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and COD removal. Ammonia nitrogen removal rate was only slightly lower in the presence of the nitrate nitrogen. The nitrite nitrogen affected y6heterotrophic nitrification process. The heterotrophic nitrification of y6had no effect on aerobic denitrification.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 686-695 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 719KB] ( 1290 )
696 Effects of pyroligneous acid on quantity of microorganism and enzyme activity in alkaline soil
CHENG Hu, WANG Zi-quan, ZHOU Kun, QIAN Shuang, BIAN Yong-rong, HE Wen-xiang, LÜ Jia-long
A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different concentrations of pyroligneous acid on quantities of microorganism and enzyme activity in alkaline soil. Results showed that the quantity of fungi and bacteria in alkaline soil were significantly increased with the presence of pyroligneous acid. Besides, soil enzyme activity was effectively activated within three days. Soil invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity were increased to some extent respectively. However, microbial activity in alkaline soils was partly inhibited by high-concentration of pyroligneous acid in a short time. The demand of microbial growth for nitrogen nutrient was increased with the addition of pyroligneous acid, which would cause nutrition competition between crop and microorganism especially in the later incubation period. Consequently, attention should be paid to the concentration of pyroligneous acid and the application of nitrogen to soil simultaneously when using pyroligneous acid.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 696-701 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 376KB] ( 1310 )
702 Dissolved methane dynamics during the degradation of organic matter derived from cyanobacterial bloom
HU Wan-ting, TANG Qian, SUN Wei, ZHU Li-feng, XING Peng
In shallow eutrophic lakes, methane production during the decomposition of organic matter derived from cyanobacterial blooms and associated factors for the whole process in the water column remain poorly understood. In this work, in situ mesocosms experiment in Lake Chaohu were carried out to stimulate the Cyanobacteria anaerobic decomposition. During the process, dissolved methane concentration and the main environmental factors were measured at the water bottom. Quantitative real-time PCR method was applied to analyze the abundance of mcrA gene as well as the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes in each sample. Results showed that with the biomass decomposition, the amount of methanogens increased gradually in accordance with the accumulation of dissolved methane in the water column (maximum concentration 2.94mg/L). A significantly positive correlation was detected between mcrA gene abundance and the dissolved methane concentration. Furthermore, there was also a significantly positive correlation between ferrous ions (Fe2+) concentration and the methanogen mcrA abundance. Our results support for the notion that water column can be a hot spot for the biosynthesis of methane due to the outbreak of cyanobacterial bloom. This study helps to compare the relative contribution of methane production between water column and surface sediments during the cyanobacterial blooms degradation.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 702-710 [Abstract] ( 335 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 619KB] ( 2159 )
711 Contrasting spatial distribution of the emission and export of phosphorus loss from a typical watershed in Yunnan Plateau Lakes Area
LI Wen-chao, ZHAI Li-mei, LIU Hong-bin, LEI Qiu-liang, ZHANG Liang, LIU Shen, REN Tian-zhi, HU Wan-li, FU Bin

Understanding the spatial distribution of phosphorus (P) loss is of value to identify the critical source areas (CSAs) for diffuse pollution control, but little is known about difference between the emission amount thatemitted to the reach and export amount that exported out from reach. Taking Fengyu River watershed, a typical sub-basin of Erhai Lake basin in Yunnan plateau lake area, as the case study area, this work studied on the spatial distribution of the emission and export of P loss using SWAT, furthermore, evaluated the role of P delivery through the reaches in the spatial distribution of P loss. High emission intensity of total Ploss was mostly located in the hydrological sensitive areas or soil erosion sensitive areas with slope arable lands. The highest emission intensity of total Ploss was 1.52~1.82kg/hm2. Moreover, the delivery process of emitted P toreaches decreased the distribution area of the highest export intensity of total P. The highest export intensity of total Ploss reduced to bethe soil erosion sensitive area. The retention coefficients of reaches in different sub-watersheds ranged from -25.6% to 21.6% because of the variation of transporting processes between sub-watersheds, which changed the spatial features of P loss.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 711-719 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1767KB] ( 1810 )
720 Nutrient retention and responses to human disturbance in multi-pool morphological pattern in an agricultural headwater stream
LI Ru-zhong, GENG Ruo-nan, HUANG Qing-fei, QIAN Jing, YANG Ji-wei, QIN Ru-bin
From November 2015 to April 2016, nine field tracer experiments including four human disturbance scenarios were conducted in an agricultural headwater stream of Nanfei River, located in Chaohu Lake basin. To explore the nutrient retention efficiencies and its response to human disturbance for multi-pool morphological pattern in streams, conservative (NaCl) and non-conservative (NH4Cl and KH2PO4) solutes were co-injected at a constant rate. Based on the tracer experiments, hydraulic parameters and nutrient spiraling metrics were calculated. Test stream reach displayed striking turbulence characteristics through the nine tracer experiments and its flow belonged to subcritical flow. The decrease of Sw-NH4 (NH4+ uptake lengths) in the deep pool under human disturbances was significant with a drop from 331~3304m to 232~609m, while the PO43- uptake lengths Sw-PO4 increased slightly with a raise from 232~609m to 301~1100m.The Sw-NH4 decreased sharply from 4812~58895m to 2463~13955m, and the Sw-PO4 also dropped markedly from 6242~75285m to 1792~11432m, in the straight sub-reach in the case of human disturbances. The falling ranges of Sw-NH4 and Sw-PO4 in the straight sub-reach greatly exceeded that in the pool sub-reach under human disturbances, suggesting that the straight sub-reach was highly affected by the human disturbance. Compared with the natural situation, the values of Vf-NH4 and Vf-PO4 both in straight and pool sub-reaches under human disturbances had an increase, which would be helpful to nutrient retention. From the point of the whole test stream, the effectiveness of human disturbance was feasible and effective for the improvement of nutrient retention efficiency.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 720-729 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 562KB] ( 1074 )
730 The effects of global warming on purification processes of Tongzhou section of Beiyun river
ZHANG Zhi-ming, WANG Xiao-yan, MA Wen-lin, ZHANG Jun-zhi, PAN Run-ze, YANG Ruo-zi
In order to quantify the effect of temperature changes occurred by climate change on self-purification capacity of urban river in the future, both RCP4.5and RCP8.5-the two scenarios of climate change which were mentioned in CMIP5, and the WASP module were applied to simulate and predict DO, CBOD, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen in Tongzhou section of Beiyun river. With the simulation result, the internal transformation processes of the above factors by responsiveness of each sub-modules were analyzed. It showed that:firstly, up to 2050, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the all year round and the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in April-December would increase gradually, but the concentration of ammonia nitrogen would decease in January-March of Tongzhou section of Beiyun river, which was caused by climate change; secondly, the effect on water quality caused by climate change was a comprehensive result of multiple processes, in other words, even if the water quality had no obvious change, the process of its formation mechanism might be large; and thirdly, up to 2050, the process of phytoplankton growth, denitrification process and mineralization of ammonia nitrogen of water self-purification would be affected heavily by climate change.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 730-739 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 761KB] ( 1484 )
740 Effect of combined exposure of DIDP and DINP on the immune toxicity in mice
CAO Xin-wei, LIU Xiao-tong, FAN Hong-cheng, HUANG Xin, GUO Yan-yan, SHEN Shi-ping, DING Shu-mao
In order to study the adjacent benzene two formic acid di isononyl ester (DINP) and adjacent benzene dicarboxylic acid diisodecyl ester (DIDP) combined exposure toxicity effect on immune system in mice with and without cooperativity. The 56SPF BALB/c mice, were randomly divided into 7groups, with the different mass ratio of DIDP and DINP mix of chemicals at the same concentration (200mg/kg) on mice were intragastric exposure, the period was 28days. After the end of exposure, the ear tissues were taken to measure the ear swelling index and ear weight differences. The tissues and serum were taken to detect the biological factors IFN-γ, IgE, IL-4and so on. The experimental results showed that the combined exposure of DIDP and DINP made the skin inflammation of mice significantly increased (P<0.01), and with the increase of the proportion of DINP, the immune toxicity gradually increased. This suggested that DIDP and DINP were associated with an immune system that was toxic to mice. However, when the combined exposure, each index was presented increasing or decreasing trend regularly, did not appear in a certain proportion of the phenomenon of strengthening or weakening of the immune toxicity. This suggested that DIDP and DINP did not have antagonistic or synergistic effects when combined with exposure.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 740-744 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 318KB] ( 1494 )
745 Toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides to Neocaridina denticulate and species sensitivity analysis
ZHU Yan, CAO Ying, ZHANG Ya-hui, ZENG Hong-hu, QIN Li-tang, YAN Zhen-guang, ZHENG Lei, LIU Zheng-tao
Neocaridina denticulate was used as a test organism to investigate the acutetoxicity of 4daysand chronic toxicity of 28days forfive organophosphorus pesticides. Results showed that the 96h-LC50 values toNeocaridina denticulatewere 34.100, 846.408, 7.736, 4.132 and 1606.875μg/L for dichlorvos, malathion, parathion, methyl-parathionand dimethoate, respectively. The 28d NOEC values of dichlorvos, malathion, parathion, methyl-parathionand dimethoatewas 0.991, 7.755, 0.269, 0.222 and 100μg/L, respectively, and the 28d LOEC was 1.388, 15.200, 0.404, 0.333 and 200μg/L, respectively.Neocaridina denticulate was more sensitive to dichlorvos followed by parathionand dimethoate, and less sensitive tomethyl-parathion and malathion. The results in this study would provide a scientific foundation for establishing theaquatic lifecriteria and performing the environment risk assessment for fiveorganophosphoruspesticidesin China.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 745-753 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 567KB] ( 1482 )
754 Contamination of heavy metals in game fishes in Shanghai and fish consumption safety assessment
ZHANG Fei-fei, YANG Shan-qing, XU Yan-ping, ZHOU Zheng, HUANG Qing-hui
Eighty-seven wild game fishes in 7species were collected from six fishing sites with different environmental characteristics in Shanghai in 2015. After sample preparation, 8kinds of heavy metals were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and DMA-80direct mercury analyzer. And then the occurrence, pollution status of heavy metals in game fishes and the fish consumption safety were discussed. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in fish muscles ranged as followed:Cr 0.24~2.68mg/kg (wet weight, the same below); As below 0.47mg/kg; Cd less than 0.31mg/kg; Pb less than 1.43mg/kg; Hg 0.02~0.42mg/kg; Ni 0.01~0.89mg/kg; Cu 0.15~12.30mg/kg; Zn 4.3~85.7mg/kg. Cr, Cd, Pb and Hg in 20% of fish samples exceeded the limits of food/aquatic products quality and safety standards. The contamination of heavy metals was severe in P. asotus and P. fulvidraco, followed by carp and bass, slightly occurred in grass carp and crucian carp, but not presented in Pseudorasbora parva. The contamination of heavy metals in game fishes was much heavier in industrial zone, followed by urban river, and lower in wetland park. Overall, the concentrations of heavy metals in most game fishes were covered in the acceptable range for fish consumption safety, but the intakes of Cr from P. asotus, P. fulvidraco, bass and carp would be close to or even exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), indicating a higher risk for health. The Hg intake from P. asotus was close to or even more than half of the PTWI value, indicating a risk to some extent.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 754-760 [Abstract] ( 374 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 547KB] ( 2897 )
761 Distribution and ecological risk assessment of p-nitrophenol in Taihu Lake and its tributaries
LIU Dan, LIU Ji-ning, WU Sheng-min, JI Gui-xiang, ZHANG Sheng-hu, SHI Li-li
In order to investigate the levels and patterns of PNP in Taihu Lake and its tributaries, 27samples were collected from this region and the concentrations of PNP in surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment were determined using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). PNP concentrations in the surface water, SPM and sediment were 12.11~170.20ng/L, 115.74~3756.87ng/g and ND~2.65ng/g, dry weight, respectively. PNP was mainly distributed in surface water in tributaries, while distributed in SPM in sampling site of S16~S21. The total organic carbon (TOC) was also analyzed in this study, and the result indicated that there was obvious positive correlation between the levels of PNP and TOC. In addition, based on the PNP concentration levels, the ecological risks of PNP contamination in Taihu Lake and its tributaries were evaluated by the quotient method. The levels of PNP were considerably low and this compound may have low risk to benthic organisms.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 761-767 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 1417 )
768 Information environment pollution index and its applications based on information entropy
ZENG Wei-hua, WANG Hui-hui
The connotation, causes and harm of information environment pollution were elaborated based on its theory. Information entropy theory was employed to build information environment pollution index (IEPI) model so as to reflect the size of information pollution of event. Moreover, the monitoring data of main pollutants in municipal sewage treatment plant were taken as examples to analyze the information environment pollution index. The reliable numbers of day processing monitoring data of the plant main pollutants of BOD5, CODCr, SS, TN, TP and NH3-N were 15.8%, 16.0%, 15.8%, 15.1%, 15.0% and 13.4%, respectively. Therefore, the rate of interference of the plant main pollutant monitoring data is 8.9%. Under the influence of interference factors, the information entropy of monitoring data of main pollutants in the plant was 0.903 (bit) and its IEPI is 0.158, which lies in the Ⅰ level of the information quality standard. It suggested that the contamination degree of monitoring data of the plant's main pollutant was low, but there were still some uncertainties. Considering the increasingly serious information environmental pollution, some measures were put forward to control information environment pollution, such as strengthening the coordination between departments, advocating the public participation and supervision, improving the submission of pollution source information and promoting the performance of monitoring equipment, etc.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 768-776 [Abstract] ( 307 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 648KB] ( 2316 )
777 The analysis of total factor energy efficiency calculation and influence factors of the three northeast provinces
MA Xiao-jun, WEI Xiao-xue, LIU Chao, LIU Ya-xue
The wastewater emissions and industrial smoke (powder) emissions were defined as undesirable output in the output indicators. The DEA models were used to calculate the total-factor production (TFP) of 35prefecture-level cities in northeastern China from 2009 to 2014. The ratio of energy target inputs and actual inputs were measured to estimate the total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE). Moreover, the internal variables of the TFEE were obtained via the Malmquist Index Decomposition approach, and the external variables of the TFFE were analyzed based on the Tobit models. Heilongjiang had the highest TFEE, followed by Jilin and Liaoning sequentially; a large gap existed between TFEE and TFP in some prefecture-level cities; the changes of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency had significantly positive effect on energy efficiency, while technological progress had no significant effect; as opposed to the proportions of secondary industry and tertiary industry in the industry composition, which were negatively related to energy efficiency, ownership structure in industries had a positive effect on energy efficiency in the three provinces.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 777-785 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 598KB] ( 1401 )
786 Scenario analysis of the supply-side structural reform influences on industrial carbon emissions based on LEAP model in Yunnan province
DENG Ming-xiang, LI Wei
LEAP model was applied to evaluate the supply-side structural reforms' impacts on industrial carbon emissions and intensity by setting economic and technological scenarios in Yunnan province from 2012 to 2050. The results demonstrated that the industrial carbon emissions would reduce 0.49billion tons in the supply-side reform scenario in 2050 compared to the reference scenario. However, carbon emissions in Yunnan would rise steadily which led to missing the target of achieving a peak in 2030. Most of the carbon emissions were contributed by five carbon intensive sectors as electricity, metal processing, non-metal production, transportation and chemistry. In these five sectors, only carbon emissions in transportation sector would increase substantially while carbon emissions in other 4sectors would all decrease. Seven carbon intensive energies would contribute over 96% of industrial carbon emissions and this proportion would keep stable during 2012~2050. In these carbon intensive energies, coals' contribution would decrease stably but oils and nature gas would contribute more carbon emissions. In order to realize low-carbon transformation, the government of Yunnan province should make more efforts on achieving the target to control the volume of carbon emissions. Measures on supply-side reforms should be strengthened to deal with the sharp increase of carbon emissions in the transportation sector in the future. Meanwhile, more measures should be applied on renewable energy exploit and its utility efficiency improvement.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 786-794 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 444KB] ( 1990 )
795 Analyses on the development of lake complex ecosystem health based on entropy theory
XU Guo-bin, REN Wang, GUQ Shu-ying, WANG Yi-zhen
To evaluate the development of the lake systems, based on Schrodinger's theory about the relationship between entropy change and life, this paper introduced the concept of information entropy and established a quantitative model which could evaluate health development of the Lake ecosystem. The analysis method adopted is based on the state of the indicators. At the meantime, the indicators were sorted into positive indicators and negative indicators, both the indicator property and entropy flow direction were being identified. And then to determine the indicators' weight, balanced the health and development. The entropy calculation results based on the monitoring data in 2012 of each water areas of Baiyangdian Lake indicated that the entire eco-system of Baiyangdian Lake was in the sub-health situation, without significant treatment measures, the condition would be last for years. To be specific, the degradation trend of hydrology and water resources as well as the "bio" criterion layer was much more serious. Based on the analysis of the stability of the indexes, and through the analysis of related indexes of the two criterion layers, it was easily to get the conclusion that the main factor influenced the health of Baiyangdian Lake. And its ecological water level could not be satisfied for such a long time, which leaded to a series of biology and water quality declined. The subsequent field visit also confirmed this.
2017 Vol. 37 (2): 795-800 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 461KB] ( 1221 )
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