Circulation weather types were identified over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region during winter based on sea surface pressure fields from ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset from 2013 to 2015 using the PCT (principal component analysis in T-mode) method. The characteristics of air pollution associated with key meteorological parameters under different atmospheric conditions was analyzed using the corresponding time period of air pollution data and conventional meteorological observations. Also the causes of the occurrence of high pollution episodes and the characteristic weather features over the BTH region were investigated by analyzing typical data collected in the most polluted month. The results showed that there were nine main circulation types over the BTH region, i.e., non-polluted circulation types with high pressure to the front of the BTH region or to south of this region, and polluted circulation types with high pressure fields, the rear of high pressure, col pressure field or ahead of the cold front. Overall, the polluted circulation types were characterized by high relative humidity with weak winds, high stable energy and low maximum mixing depth, which reduced the possibility of dilution of pollutants from the local area, therefore, the observed averaged air quality index (AQI) values in most cities were above 150. Two heavy air pollution episodes occurred in February 2014 caused by the persistent high pressure fields which lasted for a few days. The evolution of the high pressure system led to strengthening of the northerly wind, which reduced the concentrations of pollution over north cities of the BTH, however, southerly winds carried air pollutants to make the concentration increase rapidly in the north cities of the BTH.

The impact of the inflow wind fluctuation (i.e. wind velocity and wind speed) on the urban pollutant dispersion from a point source released at ground level under neutral stratification was analyzed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model Fluent, where the boundary inflow conditions were provided in the form of wind velocity and turbulence profiles. Results suggested that the CFD model could reproduce the characteristic flow pattern (e.g. vortex, channeling, and so on) observed in actual urban environment, and the simulated wind velocity, wind direction and turbulence kinetic energy were in good agreement with observations. The results from a set of sensitivity experiments showed that the flow field and turbulent kinetic energy as well as the spatial distribution of pollutants in the urban area were very sensitive to the fluctuation of inflow wind speed and wind direction. This may be one of the main reasons for the inconsistency between the observed and the simulated concentrations in previous studies. Therefore, the uncertainty of boundary inflow should be considered in future simulation studies on urban atmospheric diffusion.

Membrane samples of atmospheric PM₁ were collected and their chemical components were analyzed during typical months of each season in 2015 at Chengdu downtown area, to investigate the pollution characteristic caused by atmospheric PM₁. Results showed that average mass concentration of the atmospheric PM₁ at Chengdu downtown area during 2015 was 51.97μg/m³. Main backbone of the atmospheric PM₁ was appeared as water soluble total ion (TWSI), which accounting for 44.56% of the total atmospheric PM₁. An average NO₃^-/SO₄^2-of 0.66 (<1) indicating a greater contribution of stationary sources in atmospheric PM₁ pollution than that of mobile sources. A much faster conversion of sulfur than nitrogen was proved by the higher SOR of 0.34 (than NOR of 0.07). The weaker correlation of organic carbon (OC)/elemental carbon (EC) in summer (R²=0.66) than other seasons (R²=0.89), indicated that the sources of OC and EC in summer was widely, while in other seasons were fixed. Source analysis results showed that there were six kinds of main source of the atmospheric PM₁ at Chengdu downtown area in 2015, which were secondary nitrates, secondary sulfates, vehicle exhaust and biomass combustion, coal dust, dust source, and metallurgy.

To study the chemical characteristics and sources of PM_2.5 in the North China Plain (NCP), simultaneous fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) was sampled simultaneously in Beijing and Wangdu (Hebei) as part of the summer campaign of CAREBEIJING-NCP 2014. The samples were analyzed for water-soluble ions, elements, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). The average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was higher in Wangdu (71 ±38μg/m³) than in Beijing (51 ±31μg/m³), as were all the components of PM_2.5. Secondary inorganic ions (SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, or SNA) dominated the PM_2.5, and accounted for 60% of its mass. The highest percentages of SNA appeared in air masses from the south and southeast, and reached 60%~70% of PM_2.5. Aerosol-crust enrichment factors of trace metals in Beijing were higher than in Wangdu. Industrial activities and dust were major sources of the elements. Biomass burning created up to 20%~40% of the PM_2.5 during days when its influence was obvious. Back-trajectories showed that PM_2.5 concentrations and major components at two sites were similar when the air masses came from the same direction, but different when the directions were different.

The atmospheric particles collected during January to November 2014 at a northern suburban site of Nanjing was analyzed and focused on the characterization of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the samples. The annual mean concentrations of WSOC in PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and TSP were determined to be 5.90 ±3.38, 6.93 ±3.79, 7.34 ±3.91μg/m³ respectively, and more than 80% of WSOC was concentrated in PM_2.5 samples. The WSOC concentration in PM_2.5 was highest in winter following by summer, which was likely related to the strong secondary production during these two seasons; the WSOC concentration was relatively higher in coarse particles during spring, likely due to influences from soil-derived particles; in autumn, the WSOC concentration was the lowest. During spring and autumn, it was also found that the PM_2.5 WSOC concentration was higher during nighttime, probably owing to the atmospheric conditions during nighttime unfavorable for pollutant dispersion; on the other hand, the concentration was higher during daytime in winter and summer, suggesting the stronger photochemical production of WSOC during these two seasons. The scavenging effect due to precipitation influenced the WSOC concentrations in particles across all size ranges, but was most efficient for PM_2.5, which can reach an maximum of 54.9% during summer. The PM_2.5 WSOC concentration also increased significantly with the increase of pollution level, on average nearly 4times from 3.84μg/m³ in non-hazy days to 11.23μg/m³ in heavily polluted days; the mass fraction of WSOC in fine mode particles increased in hazy days as well, suggesting that stagnant atmospheric conditions during hazy days promoted the formation of secondary organic pollutants.

The influence of sea breeze on the concentration of air pollutants in Tianjin was analyzed by using the monitoring data of pollutants concentration, meteorological data and WRF-CHEM model. Research results show that the air quality in the eastern coastal areas of Tianjin was better than that in the west inland and urban center. In the autumn and winter of high pollution weather in Tianjin, sea breeze played a role in reducing the concentration of pollutants. Therefore, the sea breeze was beneficial to reduce the air pollution, and the impact on the concentration of pollutants in the suburbs was relatively obvious. The daily average concentration of pollutants was lower in the presence of sea breeze than that without sea breeze in weak pressure field. The daily average concentration reduction of PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and O₃ were 14.4μg/m³, 22.9μg/m³ and 8.9μg/m³ respectively. The sea breeze episode in January 4, 2015 shows that the pollutants in the coastal area could be moved to the inland areas by sea breeze front. The pollutants concentration increased slightly in the front of the sea breeze front. When the sea breeze front moved, the pollutants concentration showed a downward trend. As a result of the wider impact of this sea breeze process, air pollution in Tianjin has been eased.

A WRF-CMAQ modeling system was used to simulate a haze event in Zhongshan during February 2015. Contributions from regional transport and local emissions to PM_2.5 concentrations as well as the emission reduction strategies were accessed by the model for a representative air pollution episode (Feb. ¹¹th to ¹²th, 2015). The simulations show reasonable agreement with the observations. The haze event was mainly affected by the intrusion of a weak cold front. The contribution percentage of emissions from Guangzhou and Foshan (GF), Zhongshan local, and emissions outside Guangdong Province were 33%, 30% and 27%, respectively. The contributions from non-local emissions were important in this haze event. The simulations also showed that local industrial and agricultural emissions contributed 13% and 8% of PM_2.5 in Zhongshan, while those two emissions in GF contributed 20% and 7%. After 30%, 50% and 70% reduction of agricultural emissions in Zhongshan and GF, PM_2.5 concentrations in Zhongshan deceased by 6%, 10% and 15%, and by 11%, 18% and 23% after the same reduction of industrial emissions in Zhongshan and GF. The emission reduction benefits showed little change under different strategies of agricultural and industrial reduction. Additionally, the emission reduction actions must be taken before the haze event, and it was most effective during the heavy polluted episode. However, the emission reduction became less effective when the haze event was ending.

Corona discharging characteristics is of crucial significance to particle charging and migration procedures in Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP). In this article, the effect of SO₃ aerosol on discharging characteristics of ESP was investigated based on the results of experimental and numerical simulation method. The results showed that an increase in SO₃ concentration and relative humidity of flue gas lead to larger number concentration and particle size. Particle number concentration increased from 2.34×10⁷cm^-3 to 4.49×10⁷cm^-3 while SO₃ concentration increased from 17.5mg/m³ to 179.6mg/m³, which also resulted in an increase of median diameter from 0.08μm to 0.15μm. The corona current decreased by 78% compared with blank condition when SO₃ concentration was 179.6mg/m³, and higher flue gas humidity further deteriorated the corona suppression phenomenon. Meanwhile, the particle size and number concentration were important reason for the decrease of corona current. Particle with the size of near 0.1μm had large number concentration, which induced a high space charge density, suppressing the electric field and ion concentration around the electrode and then lowering the corona current.

BTEX were measured by AMA GC5000 in Tianjin City from October 2012 to February 2013. The average concentration of BTEX was 40.02±23.66μg/m³ during the observation period. Toluene showed highest level among the BTEX, while o-xylene was the minimum. There was bimodal diurnal variation of BTEX, with peaks at early morning and late afternoon. The daily average of BTEX was 49.78±25.03μg/m³ during fog/haze period, compared with 28.57±15.18μg/m³ in non-fog/haze period. The ratio of B/T was 0.7 during non-fog/haze period, indicated BTEX mainly came from vehicle emissions. However, the ratio increased to 0.77 in fog/haze period, indicated industrial coal combustion could accelerate the air pollution. Toluene was the most important precursor for SOA among BTEX, while m, p-xylene took the second place. The averaged HI value was 0.455 during the observation period, with 0.578 in fog/haze day and 0.309 in non-fog/haze day, which was under the up limit of safety range recommended by US EPA. Nevertheless, the risk of cancer caused by benzene was 7.64×10^-5, beyond the safety threshold of EPA, which should be concern.

Based on a diesel bus certified to China Ⅲemission standards, thecomposition of particulates emission with different proportions of biodiesel was investigated during China city bus cycle (CCBC) on a heavy chassis dynamometer. The results show that soluble organic fraction (SOF) was mainly consists of fatty acid and N-alkanes, while Hopanes and PAHs account for less than 7%. Biodiesel has a significant impact on the compositions, with the proportion of biodiesel going up, EC decreased while OC/EC and SOF increased, C18:2 and C18:1 of fatty acids increased apparently while C12:0 and C14 decreased, N-alkanes and Hopanes components also decreased. The mass of PAHs is concentrated in medium and small molecular with 3 or 4 Benzene rings, while the toxicity of PAHs concentrated in medium and high molecular with more than 4 Benzene rings. When using biodiesel, the mass of PAHs decreased apparently, especially Pyr, FL and PA, while the toxicity changedlittle.

With the expansion of urban area and growing urban groups, cross-city pollution is becoming increasingly serious, and more concerns have been raised over this issue. This study defined the concept of atmospheric environmental safety distance index (AEI) as an indicator of cross-city pollution and built an optimization model to quantify the environmental safety distance. The model consists three components:(1) pollution reduction, (2) adjusting pollution source location, (3) optimizing land use. In the case study, the model was applied to H area, to calculate 5AEIs related to H in two scenarios of different pollutant emissions of SO₂ and NO_x in a base year. Results showed that AEI between H and K is larger than 1, indicating the presence of cross pollution between these two areas. Results from optimization indicated that the AEI can be reduced to 1.0under the emission reduction scenario when pollutant emissions for SO₂ and NO_x would be reduced by 62.3% and 63.7% respectively. The adjusting pollution source location scenario showed that the location should be moved to southwest, and AEI for SO₂ and NO_x could be reduced to 0.15~1.00 and 0.17~1.00. Optimizing land use can reduce AEI though fails to meet the target. Moreover, the AEI between H and K could be reduced by 8.8% and 0.9% for SO₂ and NO_x respectively.

Taking partial denitrification sludge as seeding sludge, which could reduce nitrate (NO₃^--N) to nitrite (NO₂^--N) with stable NO₂^--N accumulation. NO₂^--N accumulation properties of partial denitrification with different carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N), NO₃^--N and pH were studied by batch experiments with methanol as carbon source. The results showed that C/N had no significant effect on the maximum accumulation of NO₂^--Nor specific denitrification rate when C/N was 2.5~5. When C/N was 2.5, NO₂^--N accumulation rate was 89% and NO₂^--N was not reduced. But when C/N>3, NO₂^--N would be reduced after NO₂^--N accumulated to the maximum value. In the case of C/N was 2.5 and NO₃^--Nwas 14.96~58.71mg/L, specific denitrification rate increased with the increase of NO₃^--N. Continue to improve NO₃^--N, the change of specific denitrification rate was very small. On the other hand, when NO₃^--N>29.01mg/L, the higher NO₃^--N was, the lower C/N required. PH had a significant effect on the maximum accumulation of NO₂^--N and the specific denitrification rate in the partial denitrification process. When pH=7, NO₂^--Naccumulated rate、specific NO₃^--N reduction rateand specific NO₂^--N accumulation rate was 24.49mg/L、18.96 (mg/(gVSS·h))、18.91 (mg/(gVSS·h)). And then followed byp H=6、8、9. When pH=5 and 10, the partial denitrification process could not be carried out. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the realization and application of partial denitrification.

NH₄⁺-N was one of the important substrate for ANAMMOX bacteria. But instable nitrogen removal process often occurred and microbial activity even had inhibited by using ANAMMOX bacteria, because of high substrate concentration. In order to effectively avoid NH₄⁺-N inhibition to anammox bacteria activity, the effect of NH₄⁺-N on the activity of anammox bacteria was analysis by inhibitor morphology, main influence factors and inhibiting regularity. The results showed that temperature and pH were important impact on morphology and concentration changes between NH₄⁺-N and FA. The ANAMMOX activity was recovered after 44h operation when the pH was decreased from 7.9 to 7.3under the influent concentration of NH₄⁺-N was fixed at 500mg/L. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of FA on ANAMMOX was different when the influent concentration of NH₄⁺-N was variety. IC₅₀ of FA and inhibitory time under different NH₄⁺-N concentrations have relationship (y=732.38x^-0.89). Thus, we avoided the effect of FA on activity of anammox bacteria by changing the pH when the influent concentration of NH₄⁺-N was constant. Besides pH decreased, HRT can also be shortened to avoid the effect of FA on activity of ANAMMOX bacteria, when the influent concentration of NH₄⁺-N was fluctuate.

Fenton oxidation was used to remove tetracycline resistance genes (tet genes:tetL and tetE) from wastewater. Changes in the relative abundance of tet genes and the bacterial community structure were monitored using quantity polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The highest removal efficiencies for tetracycline resistance genes and 16SrRNA were achieved at the optimal conditions, including the reaction time of 10min, pH of 5, H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ molar ratio of 8 and H₂O₂ concentration of 0.2mol/L. DGGE analysis showed remarkable changes in the bacterial community diversities after Fenton oxidation. However, no significant correlation was observed either between the removal of tet genes and the parameters used in Fenton oxidation, or between the removal of tet genes and the change in the bacterial community structures. These results may suggested that the removal of tet genes may not only attribute to the removal of tetracycline resistance bacteria. Future investigations may be necessary to further understand the removal mechanisms in details.

Triclocarban (TCC) in aqueous solution was degraded by UV-activated persulfate. The removal efficiency of TCC by direct UV irradiation, PS oxidation alone, and UV/PS process was compared in this experiment. The effect of PS dosage, initial pH and HA on TCC degradation by UV/PS was investigated. The possible degradation approach and intermediates was proposed, meanwhile, the effect of degradation and economical efficiency for UV/PS were compared with UV/H₂O₂. The results showed that UV irradiation-activated sodium persulfate process could remove TCC efficiently and TCC degradation followed the pseudo-first order kinetic model well (R² ≥ 0.95). The pseudo-first-order-constant k increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of PS dosage. The value of k reached a maximum of 0.0810min^-1 when the dosage of PS was 250μmol/L. Slightly acidic condition (pH=6.0) was better for TCC degradation. The removal of TCC was inhibited in the presence of HA, and the effect of inhibition was significantly positively correlated with the concentration of HA. 1-chloro-4-isocyanato-benzen and 4-chloroaniline were identified as the main intermediates by GC/MS. The possible degradation approach is that the C-N chemical bonds of the keto carbonyl group were broken during the degradation process, and thus 1-chloro-4-isocyanato-benzen and 4-chloroaniline was generated via the dechlorination and other reactions. The concentration of Cl^-was increased through the degradation process of TCC by UV/PS. Compared with UV/H₂O₂ process, the pseudo-first-order-constant k and the electrical energy per order of UV/PS process increased by 96.65% and 97%, respectively.

A series of one-dimensional column experiments of air sparging remediation with different aquifer media (medium sand, coarse sand) were conducted in this study. The relationships between airflow rate and sparging pressure, air saturation under pore flow and bubbly flow conditions were investigated respectively; the effects of surfactant-enhanced air sparging (SEAS) were also discussed. The results demonstrated that the air saturation increased with the increase of the airflow rate and finally tended to be stable in the same medium. The air saturation of the aquifer was negatively related with the medium grain size under the same airflow rate condition. However, the air saturation was positively correlated with the medium grain size when surfactant (SDBS) was added in the aquifer. This showed that the coarser medium often required larger airflow rate, and it could be changed by adding the surfactant to the aquifer. Sparging pressure increased linearly with the increase of airflow rate, and the slope of the linear equation was negatively correlated with the medium grain size. The air saturation of the aquifer was inversely proportional to the surface tension of groundwater, however, the air saturation tended to be stable when the surface tension was greater than 49mN/m in the coarse sand (0.5~1.0mm). The addition of surfactant could effectively improve the removal efficiency of benzene and shorten the remedial time in the medium sand (0.25~0.5mm).

NaOH and NaClO are the common chemicals used for in-situ cleaning in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs); however, the cleaning reagents can affect the viability of anaerobic microbes along with the elimination of membrane foulants. In this study, the methanogenic activities and related enzymes of anaerobic sludge were tested under the short-term exposure to NaOH (10~400mg/L) and NaClO (5~40mg/L), including specific methanogenic activity (SMA), biochemical methane potential (BMP), dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and coenzyme F₄₂₀ activity. The results showed that SMA decreased with the increase of NaOH concentration. The NaOH concentrations of 0~200mg/L caused inhibition effects while the concentrations above 200mg/L might induce cell death. In terms of key enzymes, dehydrogenase could tolerate relatively high NaOH concentrations while coenzyme F₄₂₀ was more sensitive to NaOH. The activities of coenzyme F₄₂₀ were slightly improved at the NaOH concentration of 10~100mg/L and declined when NaOH concentration was above 100mg/L. Under the exposure of NaClO, SMA decreased from 50mLCH₄/(gVSS·d) to 15mL CH₄/(gVSS·d) when NaOCl concentration increased from 0 to 40mg/L while BMP exhibited no obvious change. The activity of DHA and coenzyme F₄₂₀ decreased with the increase of NaClO, and DHA decreased by 30% and activity of coenzyme F₄₂₀ decreased by 70% at the NaClO concentration of 40mg/L.

A bioflocculant was produced from slaughter wastewater, and the performances in methylene blue wastewater treatment were investigated by using the bioflocculant alone or combined with chitosan. Furthermore, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the treatment process by the composite of this bioflocculant and chitosan. Results showed that the optimal culture conditions for bioflocculant production were 2g urea, 2g glucose, 2g K₂HPO₄, and 1g KH₂PO₄ dissolved in 1L slaughter wastewater. The corresponding bioflocculant yield reached 2.92g/L after fermentation for 60h at 35℃ and 150r/min. For the methylene blue wastewater with a concentration of 20mg/L, when the bioflocculant was adjusted to 15mg/L and the solution pH was 7, removal efficiency of methylene blue reached 64.9%. Optimal conditions for methylene blue removal by the composite of bioflocculant and chitosan were bioflocculant dose of 12.9mg/L, chitosan dose of 0.07g/L, and pH=6. Under this optimal condition, removal efficiency of methylene blue appeared as 94.7%, indicated that it is a feasible way to significantly promoted methylene blue wastewater treatment by using the composite of bioflocculant and chitosan, and the effluent quality was meeting to the 1A discharge standard of the discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant (GB 18918-2002).

The microbial reaction of ammonium oxidation coupling with iron reduction (Feammox) were discovered recently. However, little information is found to prove the removal efficiency of ammonium from simulate wastewater in the Feammox biofilm reactor. In this study, the effects of different ammonium concentration on Feammox biofilm reactor under closed condition and their denitrification reaction characteristics under continuous feeding condition were investigated. The results showed that the simulate wastewater with ammonium concentration of 75 mg/L reached the maximum ammonium removal, with the removal rate of 41.49% in 15 days. When the reactor was running continuously for 90 days, with inflowing NH₄⁺-N concentration of 75 mg/L and 10 days HRT, the maximum ammonium removal reached 33.78%. Feammox biofilm reaction can be divided two stages. In first stage (10~60 d), ammonium was possibly oxidized to nitrogen, and the denitrification reaction carried out simultaneously. In second stage (60~90 d), the weakening denitrification reaction resulted in the accumulation of NO₃^--N. The results of 16SrRNA bacterial sequencing showed that the Feammox reaction was drove by Acidimicrobium and Exiguobacterium.

In this study, response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to analyze the effects of different concentration of cadmium ion, copper ion, zinc ion, chromium ion on the maximum lead-removal rate of rape straw powders in multi-ion designed aqueous solutions. Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer were used to characterize the rape straw powders before and after the adsorption processes to identify the functional groups and elements which had changed, and therefore, to explore the possible mechanisms of such competitive biosorption. The results showed that the P values of polynomial mode of competitive biosorption were less than 0.0001 (α=0.05), which indicated that the models were significant. The cadmium ion, copper ion, zinc ion, chromium ion all showed their competitive effects on the lead ion-biosorption process. Among them copper ion and chromium ion were more competitive, they can be sorted by competitiveness as follows:copper ion > chromium ion > zinc ion > cadmium ion. The critical groups such as -OH, -C=O, -C-O, -C-H, -CH₂ and amide groups, were exhibited by the Fourier transform infrared spectra, the changes of which suggested that these groups played critical roles during the biosorption process. -CH₃group appeared to be especial during the biosorption process, by making the lead removal rate decrease. The results of Energy Dispersive Spectrometer revealed potassium and sodium ion exchange during the biosorption process. By conclusion, our study suggested that keeping low concentration of copper and chromium ion in solutions was crucial to improve lead ion removal rate of straw powders in multi-ion aqueous solutions.

Based on hydraulic principle, the hydraulic cavitation device was self-made. And the Fluent software was employed to simulate the distribution of internal fields, such as pressure, flow velocity and steam holdup in the Venture tube installed in the device, where the degradation process of simulated phenol wastewater was strengthened by adding Fenton reagent. The effects of cavitation time, inlet pressure, solution pH and initial phenol concentration on the degradation of phenol were investigated. The results showed that the highest degradation ratio of 55.74% was achieved under the conditions of 60 mg/L initial phenol concentration, 3.0 pH value, 0.4 MPa inlet pressure and 120 min cavitation time. Under the combination of hydrodynamic cavitation and Fenton reagent in the presence of H₂O₂ concentration of 120 mg/L, Fe²⁺ concentration of 30 mg/L and cavitation time of 120 min, the degradation ratio of phenol reached to 96.62%, which were 40.88% and 55.65% higher than that obtained under hydraulic cavitation or Fenton reagent alone respectively. Kinetic studies indicated that the degradation of phenol was approximately the first order reaction, and the calculated enhancement factor f was 2.46. Finally, the Xinjiang Yihua actual coal gasification wastewater was tested by combined using the hydraulic cavitation device and Fenton reagent. The results displayed that when the sample was treated for 60 min and 120 min, the corresponding of phenol/COD degradation ratios were 72.9%/78.6% and 78.3%/84.2%, respectively.

The short-term and long-term effects of alanine on ANAMMOX process were investigated by batch experiments. The ANAMMOX process was greatly affected both in short-term and long-term culture when alanine was the sole substrate, and there was no nitrogen removal in the system. Without electron acceptor NO₂^--N, ANAMMOX process could not occur in the system, although the alanine removal could reach more than 86%, NH₄⁺-N was accumulated in the system. When NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N were added to the system with alanine as a substrate, the activity of ANAMMOX bacteria was not affected so much in the short term (7h), and 2mmol/L and 10mmol/L alanine reached 78% and 99% removal efficiencies in 10 and 60h, respectively. During the long term experiments, the activity of ANAMMOX bacteria could be inhibited by alanine with a concentration of 2mmol/L. Combined with ANAMMOX and denitrification processes, the removal efficiency of TN reached 57%, and the removal efficiency of alanine was about 99%.

A self-developed Venturi-type hydrodynamic cavitation reaction device was used. Escherichia coli was selected as the indicative bacterium of pathogenic microorganism, and water samples containing E. coli were sterilized. Killing rates of E. coli were detected by agar plate counting method. Morphological changes in E. coli before and after cavitation were observed with a biological microscope. The effects of varying throat lengths, initial concentration, throat velocity, treatment time and cavitation number on the killing rates of E. coli were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the killing effect of E. coli was best at relative throat length L/R=60. Also, lowering cavitation number, increasing throat velocity, prolonging treatment time, and choosing a suitable initial concentration of E. coli can be helpful to improving the killing rates of E. coli.

The adsorption behaviors of colloid transported in untreated glass bead and acid-washed glass bead were compared to examine influences of high pH conditions. Results showed that adsorption of colloid reduced by increasing pH value due to detachment of colloid from the primary minimum under unfavorable conditions. Chemical impurities promoted attachment of colloid to primary minimum. However, a part of colloids attached by chemical impurities was released as pH value increased. Furthermore, the influence of chemical impurities on adsorption of colloid can be ignored when the pH value of solution exceeded 10. The amount of colloid adsorbed depends on not only the adsorption and desorption processes but also the final environment of solution, especially the high pH conditions. The limitation of the traditional DLVO theory was verified. The understanding about the role of high pH conditions during the process of colloid transport was improved.

The dynamic law of temperature, moisture, ammonium ion, ammonia, bacteria abundance, volatile solid(VS) and seed germination index(GI) was studied during the ultra high temperature (~80℃) aerobic composting process. Meanwhile, the translocation of microbial community structure was revealed by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the average temperature in composting process remained above 70℃ and the maximum value was 82℃. Moisture and VS were decreasing from 44.17% to 31.94% and 45.08% to 40.25% during composting process, respectively. Noticeable volume (40.95%) and mass (50.23%) reduction was acquired. The abundance of total bacteria has declined dramatically in the first cycle and then maintained a stable level. The concentration of NH₄⁺-N was varied between 8.80 and 11.66mg/gSS. The obvious facilitation of seed germination was verified at 75 times diluted liquid extract. High-throughput sequencing results showed that above 93% of bacterial cells were lysed after composting process. The functional bacteria was belonged to phyla of Firmicutes (genera of Saccharomonospora, Bacillus, Geobacillus and Oceanobacillus) and Actinobacteria (genera of Actinomaduraand Thermobifida), which account for 83.09% of the total bacteria abundance. Finally, the stable and odorlesscompost product was achieved.

The sludge disintegration under different pH conditions in alkaline treatment of PAC excess sludge was investigated. In addition, the phosphorus release mechanism was identified with both releasing process of phosphorus and aluminum, including the distribution and variation of phosphorus forms. Finally, phosphorus recovery was carried out. The results demonstrated that more DNA release and higher cell cracking rate (96.9% after 240min alkaline treatment) was found from PAC sludge treated with pH 13, compared with results of pH 11 and 12. Meanwhile, the addition of alkali caused obvious release of SOP (soluble orthophosphate, measured as PO₄^3--P), most of which was from the dissolution of aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide. 91.2% of NAIP (non-apatite inorganic phosphorus) and 69.2% of OP (organic phosphorus) in the sludge was dissolved after 240min alkaline treatment with the original pH 13 of sludge. 82.4% of phosphorus recovery from dewatering filtrate of alkali-treated sludge was obtained with the pH=9.5, Ca/P=3after 30min reaction. Results indicated that the substantial SOP was released from PAC sludge treated by alkali and the efficient phosphorus recovery was achieved with simple procedure, which displayed application potential.

In this context, a bubble column reactor was employed for sludge ozonation, where the effects of ozone concentration, sludge concentration and ozone dosage on sludge solubilization and organic release was investigated, respectively. The results showed that a high cell lysis rate was achieved but with an obvious mineralization of released COD, and it in consequence lowered the ozonation efficiency. Based on the response surface methodology, it revealed that there was interaction effects among the above influencing factors, and their respective order for sludge solubilization rate and COD release rate were:ozone concentration > sludge concentration > ozone dosage, and ozone concentration > ozone dosage > sludge concentration. Finally, the optimum operational conditions for sludge ozonation was obtained, by the related multiple quadratic regression model established and validated experimentally.

In order to improve the production efficiency of methane from sludge anaerobic digestion, this study reported a new method of adding tobacco waste (TW) and free nitrous acid (FNA) to the sludge. Experimental results showed that the optimal mixing ratio of sludge and TW was 1:1, and the corresponding methane yield was 203.6mL/g per gram volatile suspended solids (VSS), which was about 1.3times of that in sole sludge digestion. Co-digestion of sludge and TW benefited the consumption of protein, polysaccharide and cellulose in digestive matrix. Further application of free nitrous acid (FNA) pretreatment to improve the efficiency of co-digestion of sludge and TW, the optimal concentration of FNA was 1.5mg/L, the corresponding maximum methane yield was 286.4mL/g VSS. FNA pretreatment could promote the hydrolysis and acidification of organic matters, providing an sufficient digestive matrix for methanogenic Archaea. In addition, FNA pretreatment also enhanced the relative abundance of functional microorganisms of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes.

Optimization of combined ultrasonic and thermo-chemical disintegration of waste activated sludge was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design of experiment. The combined effects of ultrasonic (4000, 8000, 12000kJ/kg TS), thermal (60, 70, 80℃) and alkaline (0.04, 0.07, 0.10g/g TS) pretreatments on the disintegration degree of soluble COD (DD) were tested. By applying regression analysis, DD was fitted based on the actual value to a second order polynomial equation:Y=-196.87+6.11X₁+487.53X₂+0.0039X₃-1.742X₁X₂-0.000024X₁X₃+ 0.0044X₂X₃-0.0398X₁²-2488.33X₂² -1.33×10^-7X₃², where X₁, X₂, and X₃ were temperature, alkaline dosage, and specific energy, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R²) was as high as 97.548% confirming that the model used in predicted DD had a good fitness with experimental variables. The optimum DD achieved was 60.411% at temperature of 73.06℃, alkaline dosage of 0.085g/g TS, and specific energy of 9551kJ/kg TS. Economic evaluation showed that combined pretreatment reduced operating costs by ￥20.42/t sludge comparing with conventional anaerobic digestion without pretreatments.

Bioevaporation treatment of concentrated landfill leachate, which was collected from two-stage DTRO (Disc-Tube Reverse Osmosis), has been conducted. Sponge-biofilm was used as the microbial carrier and bulking agent, and food waste (FW) was used as the supplementary carbon source. Meanwhile, the conditions of COD, airflow rate and addition of the mixture in each cycle were also optimized. The results indicated that the concentrated landfill leachate could be effectively treated by the bioevaporation process. The bioevaporation performance was improved with the increase of mixture COD. The water removal with 85.2% was observed in the trial with mixture COD of 160g/L and highest temperature of 72oC. When pile was under lower airflow rate, the higher temperature and less water removal were observed. Comprehensive consideration of the pile temperature and water removal, airflow rate with 0.5L/min was chosen as the optimal airflow rate in the bioevaporation process. The highest water and VS removal was achieved with addition rate of 85%, thus addition rate of 85% was thought to be the optimal addition.

Identification of the host source of microbial contaminants accurately is the basis for targeted treatment in water. To analyze the feature of pollution in the Pearl River Delta Region, qPCR method was applied to choose the suitable specific bacteroides primer, and culture-method was combined which detected the Fecal coliform and Escherichia coli to assess the water quality and the sources of fecal pollution in target area. The results showed that human-specific marker qHS601F/qBac725R, ruminant-specific marker BacB2-590F/Bac708Rm, porcine-specific marker Bac41F/Bac163R and chicken-specific marker qC160F-HU/qBac265R-HU had higher sensitivity and specificity in the Pearl River Delta region. 14 sampling sites were polluted by human, ruminant and poultry fecal. The intensity of pollution by different source was found to be human > ruminant > poultry. And the concentration of qHS601F/qBac725R had a significant correlationship with Fecal coliform, Escherichia coli and EC23S857F/EC23S857R (P<0.05).It reflects that the major contribute of pollutant source was human.

Based on the study of typical cases in Henan Province, the author analyzed main patterns of manure disposal used by pig farmers of different scales, estimated the pollution coefficients of pig farmers with different scales, and made a comparative analysis of the costs and benefits of different manure disposal patterns adopted by pig producers. It has been found that:1) the manure disposal patterns of various famers differed from each other greatly. Further analysis showed that the costs and benefits of different disposal patterns and the force of supervision on manure discharge were key factors that affected the manure disposal patterns adopted by pig farmers; 2) there were some other factors that discouraged pig farmers in reducing the pollution caused by pig manure, such as the financial pressure brought by the investment in manure disposal facilities, limited arable land that could be used for manure disposal, low economic efficiency from the cyclic utilization of manure disposal, and poor supervision of the organic fertilizer market. Based on what have been mentioned above, the author made some suggestions on how to promote the recycling use of manure and how to reduce the pollution from livestock production in this paper.

Study on the generation amount and the metal stock of obsolete computers is important for building a reasonable recycling system of waste. In this study, the average possession and sales of computers, the generation amount and the deposit of valuable metals in obsolete computers were predicted using logistic model, population balance model and material balance principle, respectively. The results indicated that the generation amount of obsolete computers in China was about 368 million units in 2030. The stock quantities of gold, silver and palladium contained in obsolete computers would reach 157.74, 478.12 and 46.72 tons, respectively. And the stock quantity of copper would reach 109.1 thousand tons.

By sampling dioxins discharged from typical biomass combustion boilers (including large-, medium-, and small-scale) in southern region and undergoing sample pretreatment, the dioxin samples were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrum (HRGC/HRMS). Data showed that the total average concentration of dioxin discharged by large-scale biomass combustion boiler was 40.8pg/m³, consisting of 4.85~20.6pg/m³ in particles and 21.3~45.2pg/m³ in gas phase, each of which was much lower than the discharge concentration from the medium-scale biomass combustion boiler, which was 2470pg/m³ in total average, 34.3~4074pg/m³in particles, and 99.6~3261pg/m³ in gas phase, respectively. Furthermore, the small-scale biomass combustion boiler had the highest dioxin discharge concentration, with 16234pg/m³ in total average, 441~43170pg/m³ in particles, and 776~5553pg/m³ in gas phase, respectively. The distribution characteristics of dioxin homologues in the flue gas of the biomass combustion boiler showed that HpCDF and OCDD constituted the major contribution to particle and gas phase dioxins in large-scale enterprise, with each percentage of 16.0%~44.7% and 14.0%~62.9%, respectively. However, HxCDF, HpCDF and PeCDF, HxCDF were the major contributor to the particle and gas phase dioxin concentration, the percentage reached to 10.0%~29.3%, 8.0%~20.9% and 12.4%~44.0%, 17.0%~31.4%. The I-TEQ distribution of dioxin in the biomass combustion boiler shows that the I-TEQ content of PCDFs was greater than that of PCDDs, where 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD were the major contributors to I-TEQ in dioxin of both particles and gas phase. Besides these two components, 2,3,7,8-TCDD was the third major contributor to I-TEQ in dioxin of gas phase. There was a significant linear relationship between the concentration of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and the total concentration of dioxin (including the particle phase and the gas phase dioxin), with R² of 0.999, 0.981 and 0.991, respectively, provided indicating information on the study of dioxin.

The mining and smelting of vanadium deposit can cause heavy metal contamination of the soil, but there were few researches about remediation of vanadium deposit contaminated soil. Four kinds of iron-based liquid solidifying agents, including ferrous chloride, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, were added to the vanadium deposit contaminated soil for the stabilization of heavy metals. The results showed that the stabilization efficiency of the liquid iron-based agents on vanadium was high reaching 100.00% in 7 days. The optimal dosage of the agents was 0.5wt% m/m, and the most effective agent was ferrous sulfate. The efficiency was still high by 120 days. The ferrous agents were also effective in the stabilization of chromium. The ferrous chloride showed a stable stabilization efficiency of about 98.0% by 120 days. Because of the influence of pH, excess agents increased the leaching of Cd, Zn, Cu in 15 days. The leaching concentration decreased over time and was similar to the soil without stabilization at day 120.

The leaching characteristics of mercury (2mg/kg Hg spiked in soil) and their influencing factors in 22 Chinese soils under simulated rain (pH 5.6) through soil column experiments were investigated in this study. The results indicated that the Hg release process of the studied soils could be divided into 3 classes. Firstly, concentrations of Hg in soil leachates from class 1 during leaching process was very low, and less than Groundwater Quality Standard for Class Ⅲ (1μg/L), which included black soil from Jilin, chernozem from Jilin, felty soil from Tibet, paddy soil from Hunan, dark-brown soil from Jilin, yellow soil from Fujian, yellow soil from Jiangsu, chestnut soil from Inner Mongolia. Secondly, Hg in soil leachates from class 2 were comparatively low, less than Groundwater Quality Standard for Class Ⅲ in the early of leaching process (2~3L), then it increased significantly at the middle of leaching process, and decreased from 5~15μg/L down to below Groundwater Quality Standard for Class Ⅲ at the end of leaching process (5~6L), which included red soil from Guangxi, yellow soil from Guizhou, brown soil from Liaoning, sierozem from Gansu and loessal soil from Shanxi. Thirdly, The release mechanism of Hg in soils of class 3appears to be consisted of two phases involving the initial rapid process (leachate are less than 4L) followed by a slow continuous process (leachate exceeds 4L), which included the other 9soils (latosol from Henan, yellow-brown soil from Jiangsu, purple soil from Chongqing, cinnamon soil from Hebei, latosolic red soil from Guangxi, fluvo-aquic soil from Tianjin, salt-affected soil from Jilin, red soil from Jiangxi, brown desert soil from Xinjiang). It was also found that the cumulative release rates of Hg from studied soils were accounted for 0.33% (yellow soil from Guizhou)-5.95% (black soil from Jilin), on an average of 1.55%. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that release of Hg from soils might be related to soil organic matter (OM), pH, and soil total Hg (THg) (lnq=1.8+0.62lnTHg-0.109pH-0.918lnOM) These 3factors could describe 58.65% of the variability in Hg release from soils.

A laboratory experiment was set up to explore the influences of oil pollution and bacterial-feeding nematodes greenhouse gas emissions and soil microbial activities. There were 5 treatments in this experiment:soil (S) as the control,5.0g/kg oil contaminated soil (SP),5.0g/kg oil contaminated soil + 5 nematodes/g dry soil (SPN5),5.0g/kg oil contaminated soil + 10nematodes/g dry soil (SPN10),5.0g/kg oil contaminated soil + 20 nematodes/g dry soil (SPN20). Compared with the control, the emissions of CO₂, N₂O increased by 7.03~10.16 times, 11.56~32.19 times respectively in oil contaminated soil, and the emission of CH₄ wasn't impacted obviously. The oil pollution has seriously aggravated the greenhouse effect judging by the dynamic of global warming potential (GWP), and greenhouse effect has increased by 7.13~10.17times compared with the control. Oil pollution and bacterial-feeding nematodes increased microbial biomass carbon and metabolic entropy (qCO₂) to a certain extent, with the microbial biomass carbon increasing at first and then decreasing. Compared with the control, the metabolic entropy of other treatments was about 6.59~9.83 times higher. The fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis activity was inhibited before being enhanced in oil contaminated soil. While the activities of soil invertase and urease were enhanced in oil contaminated soil. To some extent, the bacterial-feeding nematodes can promote soil enzyme activity, and affect the emissions of greenhouse gases, CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄.

In this paper, methane oxidation mechanisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in wetlands was introduced. Methane oxidation under aerobic condition occurs at aerobic zone of the wetlands (e.g., rhizosphere and water-sediment interface), which has been studied frequently. Simultaneously, the progress of the three main reactions of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) was systematically reviewed in this paper. Previous studies mostly focus on the sulfate, nitrite, and nitrate dependent AOM processes while iron and manganese driven AOM is still found to be insufficient. The direct microbial interspecies electron transfer (DIET) that influence AOM process had also been reported. This paper also discussed methane emission in wetland and its anaerobic oxidation mechanisms, aiming at providing a theoretical basis for the study of methane oxidation and new ideas for methane emission reduction in wetlands.

The management of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment has become a social problem. In present study, concentration of PPCPs was qualitative and quantitative analyzed at 10 sites in Taihu Lake including drinking waters source, estuaries, objective sample sites and control sites according to the request of water-quality target management. In addition, ecotoxicity data of detected PPCPs was collected to conduct ecological risk of PPCPs in Taihu Lake preliminarily. Results showed that 33kinds of PPCPs qualitatively detected in Taihu Lake, and 17 of which were greater than the quantitativedetection limit, with concentrations ranged from 0.03ng/L to 25.77ng/L. Four PPCPs, namely caffeine, sildenafil, ibuprofen and diethyltoluamide were identified as high risk pollutants in Taihu Lake. The two estuaries of Taihu Lake had more compounds detected and posed a greater ecological risk, which should be paid more attention in the future.

With the acceleration of the urbanization process, the impact of the city on local thermal environment became more and more obvious. In order to quantitatively analyse the effect of urban buildings and greening on the outdoor temperature, wind speed and thermal comfort during the summer season, this paper used a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic model, ENVI-met, to analyse the local thermal environment in Zhongshan with considering a real and a non-vegetation scenario. The analyses showed that the simulated results of ENVI-met model were close to the actual conditions. The tree shadows and building shades could reduce outdoor pedestrian-level temperature in a range between 2.6℃ and 3℃. The pedestrian-level temperature difference of lawns and asphalt pavements were noticeably different between 11:00 and 17:00 in summer season, the hourly maxima was up to 1.7℃. PMV value of building shades and trees was two grades lower than that of asphalt pavements. The non-vegetation scenario showed that the area of high temperature increased by 10%, the average wind speed increased by 24%, and the area of PMV ≥ 4 (very hot) increased by 13% compared to those under the real scenario. In the vertical layer, the heating effect on the urban street under the non-vegetation scenario extended to the height of 10meters, and the most significant effect could be found at the height of 0.6meters. Thus, urban vegetation can reduce temperature and improve human comfort in hot weather.

In order to enhance nitrogen removal from nitrate-contaminated water, a novel bacterial strain, Diaphorobacter polyhydroxybutyrativorans SL-205^T, was investigated to use different carbon sources for aNOxic denitrification. Additionally, the aerobic denitrification performance for strain SL-205^T was studied using poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) as the sole carbon source. The results showed that the removal efficiencies of nitrate reached up to over 99% by strain SL-205^T using sodium acetate, sodium succinate and PHBV as carbon sources under the aNOxic conditions. The optimum addition dosage of PHBV was 2.0g/L with 315mg/L of the initial nitrate nitrogen. Strain SL-205^T had the capability to fully remove as much as 97.4% of nitrate nitrogen, and the average removal rate for nitrate nitrogen was 8.69mg/(L·h) after 36h under the aerobic conditions. Meanwhile, both nitrite and nitrous oxide were not accumulated. The results above-mentioned would lay an experimental foundation for nitrogen removal from wastewater by strain SL-205^T.

An electrogen strain Klebsiella oxytoca-d7 was isolated from biofilm on the anode of a stable operating double chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) using anaerobic double-plate method and its electricity-generating mechanism was investigated in this study. The results show that the bacteria Klebsiella oxytoca d7 performed high electrochemical activity according to the cyclic voltammetry analysis. It carried out extracellular electricigenic respiration in the environment with extracellular electron acceptor. The strain accomplished electricity generating respiration mainly through humus secreted as extracellular electron media detected by the three simensional fluorescence analysis of the strain's metabolite. Ferric reducing experiments implied that excessive ferric ion did not result in extra growth of the strain, and the ferric ion reduction rate of the strain was limited. This research suggests that extracellular respiration is not the mainly respiration path way of the Klebsiella oxytoca d7 under anaerobic condition, but a subsidiary one as of the intracellular respiration in the presence of extracellular electron acceptor in the environment. Even there are enough extracellular electron acceptor in the environment, the strain's growth won't increase significantly. It is considered the strain does not obtain main growth energy from extracellular reduction, but from intracellular respiration. Only a small part of the electrons produced by oxidation of organic is used to reduce the extracellular electron acceptor.

Two 100,000m³/d bioreactors in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were operated in parallel to investigate the effect of prolonging sludge retention time (SRT) on effluent quality, nitrification rate and microbial community structure in winter. The results showed that prolonging SRT in advance greatly enhanced removal efficiencies of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen, as well as increased the nitrification rate as thrice of the control bioreactor. Further analysis by pyrosequencing showed that the abundance and diversity of microbial populations significantly increased by prolonging SRT. Compared to the control bioreactor, the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas (ammonia oxidizing bacteria, 1.46%) and Nitrospira (nitrifying oxidizing bacteria, 0.13%) were increased by 12 and 13 times, respectively. Prolonging SRT also enriched denitrifying bacteria, including Hyphomicrobium, Thauera and Zoogloea, etc. These results indicated that prolonging SRT in advance significantly enhanced nitrifying microbial communities, which resulted in the enhancement in the nitrification and denitrification efficiency of the full-scale WWTP.

The health human risk of inorganic arsenic (As) in groundwater was assessed usingthe skin cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer and the union of bladder cancer and lung cancer were selected as the endpoints. The geometric mean (GM) of arsenic concentrations in groundwater across China was estimated to be in the range of 1.597~6.216μg/L. After adjusting area of each province, the GM of As was 2.773μg/L. The average daily dose (ADDs) for maleand female of As via intake of underground water were estimated to be 0.088μg/(kg bw·d) and 0.093μg/(kg bw·d), respectively. Thus, the expected risk for male raised by As via groundwater exposure was calculated to be 1.32×10^-4 for skin cancer, 9.83×10^-4 for bladdercancer, 5.88×10^-4 for lung cancer, and 1.48×10-3for joint cancer risk (bladder cancer and lung cancer). The cancer risk for female was 1.35×10^-4, 9.42×10^-4, 1.49×10^-3, and 2.31×10^-3 for skin, bladder, lung and the joint cancer risk, respectively, higher than those for male. In most provinces, the risk is higher than the acceptable risk level of 10^-4 for As set by US EPA.

The effects of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on morphological indicators during zebrafish embryonic development were investigated in this study. In addition, the protein level of Nkx2.5 and LOX (two proteins that are associated with embryonic development) as well as the thyroid hormone level (triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4)) were detected after DEHP and DBP exposure. The results indicated that the exposure of tested concentrations (10~500μg/L) of DEHP and DBP could induce a suite of abnormities on zebrafish embryos, including abnormal spontaneous movement, heart rate decrease, pericardial edema and spinal curvature, which occurred along with the decrease of Nkx2.5 level. ELISA assay results showed that the level of T3 and T4 significantly increased after exposure of 500 μg/L DEHP and DBP, which indicated that PAEs have endocrine disrupting effects on fish during early life stage. Furthermore, the LOEC of DEHP and DBP towards zebrafish embryos was 10μg/L, which was close to their detected concentrations in environmental water areas. Thus their potential risk on environmental aquatic organisms during early life stages should be concerned.

The semi static exposure test was used to investigate the distribution and accumulation of organic UV filter 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (OD-PABA) in different tissues in Carassius auratus and to determine its ecotoxicological effects. The contents of OD-PABA in different tissues increased corresponding to the increasing exposure concentrations, and reached the maximum at day 14 or 28. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of OD-PABA in different tissues obviously depended on the different exposure concentrations, and the BCF values calculated at day 14 and 28 were 123~186 in liver, 117~163 in skin and 90.2~147 in kidney, respectively. OD-PABA significantly induced EROD, PROD, BFCOD and GST activities in fish liver, EROD and GST activities showed more remarkable responses, and the maximum induction folds were 0.97 and 0.53, respectively. Our results suggest that OD-PABA in water can concentrate in Carassius auratus and be biotransformed by I phase and Ⅱ phase metabolic enzymes.

The total of 37 drinking water samples from the wells around Bayanwula prospective uranium mining area were collected to estimate the lifetime health risks for the residents. The concentrations of gross α, gross β, ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, 226 Ra and ⁴⁰K were analyzed. The method recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) was used to calculate the adult annual effective dose via the consumption of thedrinking water. The cancer risk coefficients recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) were applied to assess the life-time health risk cancer for the residents. The radioactivity levels in the drinking water samples were compared to the data obtained from other part of the world. The results indicated thatthe average activity concentrations of gross α and gross β were 1.059Bq/L and 0.624Bq/L, respectively, which showed the 81.1% and 5.4% out of the 37water samples exceed the screening values 0.5Bq/L and 1.0Bq/L recommended by WHO, respectively. The activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra and ⁴⁰K were determined to be (2.349±1.593), (0.058±0.041), (0.070±0.057) and (0.571±0.419)Bq/L, respectively. The annual effective dose to adult via the consumption of the drinking water was calculated to be 0.104mSv/aand the lifetime cancer riskwas assessed to 2.4×10^-11 for the residents. In conclusion, the activity concentrations in drinking water around Bayanwula uranium mining area were at normal level and the radioactivity health risk to the local residentswas at very low level.

By specifying a dynamic general equilibrium model including energy consumption, carbon emission and carbon emission reduction policies, a simulation analysis of both emission reduction effects and economic effects of carbon cap policy and carbon intensity policy was performed. The results showed that different carbon reduction policies effectively controlled carbon emission and achieved the goal of reducing carbon intensity. However, due to different policy strengths and different paths taken in the policy, carbon cap reduction policy had a strong inhibitory effect on economic growth while the negative impact of carbon intensity reduction policy on economic growth was relatively weak. Furthermore, based on the perspectives of social welfare and emission reduction cost, a cost-benefit analysis of the different carbon emission reduction policies was done. The findings were that compared with the carbon intensity policy, the carbon cap policy had comparative strengths in enhancing social welfare and lowering emission reduction cost. Thus, the transition from carbon intensity policy to carbon cap policy was the key to welfare enhancement, environmental improvement and other dividends.