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Current Issue
2024 Vol.44 Issue.3,
Published 2024-03-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Ecology
Carbon Emission Control
Emerging Contaminants and Environmental Toxicology
New Pollutants in Agricultural Environment
Air Pollution Control
1185
The variations and influencing factors of atmospheric particulate matter and O
3
at multiple scales in Tangshan
HAN Li-hui, LAN Tong, CHENG Shui-yuan, WANG Shen-ao, TIAN Jian, QI Chao-nan, XIAO Qian, WANG Hai-yan, HAN Deng-yue, WANG Ying-ao
The methods of Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filtering, stepwise multiple linear regression and wavelet coherence analysis were used to explore the evolution characteristics of PM
2.5
, PM
10
and O
3
at different time scales from 2015 to 2022 in Tangshan City, and to effectively distinguish and quantitatively estimate the contributions of pollution source emissions and meteorological factors to pollutant concentrations. Meanwhile, the impacts of meteorological factors on pollutants at different time scales and the synergistic mechanism between PM
2.5
, PM
10
and O
3
were revealed. The long-term component of PM
2.5
and PM
10
concentrations in Tangshan showed a significant downward trend during the study period, and the seasonal component and short-term component showed different periodic-fluctuations. The long-term component of O
3
concentration slightly changed, and its seasonal component and short-term component changed dramatically between May and July every year. The variations of long-term components of PM
2.5
and PM
10
were mainly controlled by source emission factors, which accounted for more than 90%, while the long-term component of O
3
was controlled by source emission and meteorological factors simultaneously, with the contribution ratio being about 2:3. Meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity, surface vertical wind speed and precipitation presented positive effects on PM
2.5
at small time scales and negative effects at large time scales. Temperature and shortwave radiation intensity had positive effects on O
3
, however, coherence between PM
2.5
, PM
10
and O
3
displayed positive effects at small time scales and negative effects at large time scales.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1185-1194 [
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1195
Ozone pollution in Hangzhou and the impact of typhoon fireworks process
ZHANG Jia-yue, KANG Na, SHAO Sheng-cheng, NIU Yu-wen, CHENG Hao, ZHANG Jia-xin, HAO Xiang, GAO Xian-liang, QI Bing
The present paper utilizes the air quality and meteorological data Hangzhou city (China) from 2018 to 2021 to investigate the ozone pollution problem and other covariance factors.We selected the backward trajectory and ozone hourly data during the typhoon "fireworks" to examine the impact of firework emissions on air quality and climate change in Hangzhou for the year 2021. Hence the study was conducted to perform the backward trajectory clustering and potential source area analysis. The results showed that the air quality in Hangzhou improved well from 2018 to 2021, and the ozone pollution has been more serious, mainly in April-October months in each year. It was depicted that the Ozone concentration was negatively correlated with relative humidity and positively correlated with temperature, while wind speed also impacts on ozone production and leads to dispersion of Ozone pollution during strong winds. For example, during the typhoon "fireworks" in 2021, the high rainfall and strong wind speed decreased the concentration of various pollutants. After the typhoon passed through, the high temperature and low humidity contributed to the increase of ozone concentration. The clustering and potential source analysis was conducted for July 25~30, 2021 (after the typhoon transit), with seven air mass transport pathways. The results revealed that the trajectory of air masses originated from the northwest direction through Jiangxi and Hubei Provinces. While the consistency of the high values of WPSCF and WCWT was depicts that the ozone pollution was influenced by regional transport from the cities located in different provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Hubei.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1195-1203 [
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1204
The emission inventory anthropogenic source VOCs species in 2021 in Nanjing
SONG Tong-ai, GAO Peng-jie, GUAN Lu, ZHANG Jia-ying, HU Jian-lin, YU Xing-na
Based on emission factor method, the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emission inventory of Nanjing was established in 2021 using the activity data of various VOCs emission sources, emission factors and source profiles of VOCs. VOCs emissions for each source and different VOCs source profiles in Nanjing were analyzed. The total amount of VOCs emissions in Nanjing in 2021 was about 302.85kt. Industrial process sources were the major source of total VOCs emissions accounting for 60.41% (182.94kt), followed by on-road mobile sources (19.46%). The least emission contribution was from off-road mobile sources (0.40%). The highest emission for VOCs species inventory come from alkanes (109.06kt), followed by halogenated hydrocarbon (75.08kt) and aromatic hydrocarbon emissions (50.72kt). The top ten species contributing to emissions were vinyl chloride, ethane, propane, trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, p-xylene, n-butane, ethylbenzene, other alkanes and ethylene, respectively. The emissions of top ten species accounted for 63.96% of the total emissions, which mainly from synthetic fiber monomer manufacturing and crude oil processing.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1204-1211 [
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1212
Meteorological feedback and brown carbon absorption effect of straw burning aerosols
WANG Lu-yao, ZHANG Lei, AN Xing-qin, WANG Ge-hui
Straw burning is a major source of biomass combustion in North China, significantly impacting air quality. Using the WRF-Chem model, we simulated the meteorological effects of aerosol emissions from straw burning in June 2013 and conducted a preliminary analysis of the light-absorbing properties of brown carbon (BrC) produced during straw burning. We conducted four sensitivity experiments, comparing the impact of BrC on light absorption with AERONET observations. Results showed that the model effectively captured variations in various parameters during the study period. Without considering BrC absorption, straw burning led to a reduction in surface shortwave radiation, causing a monthly average decrease of approximately 12.42 W·m
-2
in major agricultural regions. This resulted in near-surface cooling, warming above 2km, and reduced vertical diffusion, stabilizing the boundary layer. There was an overall increase in atmospheric pressure, coinciding with fire hotspot areas. Straw burning also induced strong near-surface wind divergence, hindering the horizontal transport of moist air masses from the ocean. Considering BrC absorption, the simulation of optical parameters significantly improved. The linear fit slope between simulated Absorption Aerosol Optical Depth (AAOD) and observed values increased from 0.47 to 0.53, and the slope of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) increased from 0.19 to 0.21. Biomass burning emissions of BrC had a notable impact on aerosol extinction, leading to increased AAOD and AOD to varying degrees.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1212-1224 [
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1225
Composition characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble ions in atmospheric wet precipitation of Jiaozhou Bay
FENG Chen-long, XING Jian-wei, YUAN Hua-mao, SONG Jin-ming
The composition, sources and wet deposition fluxes of major water-soluble ions [Na
+
、K
+
、Ca
2+
、Mg
2+
、NH
4
+
、F
-
、Cl
-
、SO
4
2-
、NO
3
-
、MAS
-
(methylsulfonate)] in precipitation were analyzed based on the atmospheric precipitation samples along the coast of Jiaozhou Bay from June 2019 to August 2020. The contribution of water-soluble ions to nutrients and potential ecological effects on coastal ecosystem were evaluated, and their main sources were analyzed using the air mass backward trajectory and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Volume-weighted Mean (VWM) pH of precipitation over Jiaozhou Bay is 6.41, and the VWM value of electrical conductivity is 19.3μS/cm. The water-soluble ions in precipitation are mainly Na
+
、NH
4
+
、NO
3
-
、Cl
-
and SO
4
2-
and their concentrations in winter and spring are significantly higher than those in summer and autumn, while the wet deposition flux is mainly concentrated in summer (about 55%) due to the control of precipitation. During the study period, the atmospheric precipitation removed 7274.6t of water-soluble ions from atmosphere and about 951.9t/a of nutrients (mainly NH
4
+
and NO
3
-
, in terms of nitrogen) were deposited into Jiaozhou Bay, indicating that the atmospheric precipitation exacerbated marine environment pollution and led to the imbalance of marine ecosystem in the process of cleaning the atmosphere. Four types of air masses controlling the precipitation over Jiaozhou Bay were obtained from the analysis of the air mass backward trajectory. In different seasons, the precipitation process was affected by different air masses, among which the air masses from East China and northeast direction had a greater influence. The source analysis results based on PMF showed that the water-soluble ions in the atmospheric precipitation in Jiaozhou Bay were jointly controlled by agricultural sources, marine sources, dust sources, biomass and refuse combustion sources, industrial and traffic sources. The contribution of agricultural sources was the most prominent (26.7%), while the contribution of other four sources is roughly equal. The study proves that the atmospheric environment of Jiaozhou Bay is constrained by complex anthropogenic emissions, mineral dust and marine emissions, and the contribution of anthropogenic emissions is dominant.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1225-1233 [
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1234
Pollution characteristics and control strategies of volatile organic compounds in coking pollution area in spring
LI Hong-yan, ZHANG Yan-ru, FU Guo, HUANG Shi-dan, LI Hong-yu, CUI Yang, GAO Xue-ying, HE Qiu-sheng, BAI Jing-ai, ZHANG Guo-zhong, WEN Biao
This work analyzed the pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected from Jiexiu (JX) and Fangshan (FS). Ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs was quantified by the propylene equivalent concentration (PEC) method and maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method. The fractional aerosol coefficient (FAC) method and the secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) method were used to calculate the secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of VOCs. Meanwhile, health risks of toxic VOCs were evaluated via health risk assessment method. Furthermore, combined with the entropy method and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment model, the priority control species and the priority control pollution sources of VOCs were identified. The results showed that the concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in Jiexiu coking area was 2.7 times higher than that of Fangshan. The VOCs in Jiexiu were characterized by a low proportion of alkanes and high proportions of aromatics and alkenes. OFP, SOAFP, and health risks in Jiexiu were 3.0, 8.9, and 8.8 times higher than those of Fangshan, respectively. Reduction of alkenes and aromatics emissions will be an effective way to control secondary pollutants and health risks in Jiexiu. Coking was the main source of VOCs (32.4%), followed by gasoline exhaust (29.0%) and solvent using (16.9%) in Jiexiu. Among, coking was also the main source of benzene and ethene, which were the primary pollutants controlled in Jiexiu, contributing up to 74.1% and 98.9%, respectively. While gasoline exhaust (52.0%) and solvent using (31.3%) were the main sources of the primary controlled pollutant toluene.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1234-1243 [
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1244
Catalytic performance of Pt-supported modified red mud catalyst for toluene catalytic oxidation
FANG Hong-ping, LIANG Wen-jun, MA Chen, MA Lian-gang, LI Gui-xian
A low-cost modified red mud supported Pt catalyst was prepared by impregnation method, and the effect of Pt content on catalytic oxidation activity of toluene on Pt/MRM catalyst was investigated. 0.4Pt/MRM showed the best catalytic activity, and the toluene conversion rate reached 100% at 230℃. The catalytic activity of 0.4Pt/MRM was still higher when the airspeed was up to 120000h
-1
. Toluene can be oxidized effectively in a wide range of toluene concentrations. XRD, FT-IR, BET, H
2
-TPR and O
2
-TPD were used to characterize. The specific surface area of MRM was significantly higher than RM, which can disperse the active component Pt better and become a suitable catalyst carrier for the active component Pt. The prepared
x
Pt/MRM catalyst had high surface area and good pore structure. The interaction between Fe
2
O
3
and Pt species in the modified red mud increased the total oxygen desorption capacity of the catalyst, improved the mobility of oxygen on the catalyst surface, and the catalytic efficiency.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1244-1252 [
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1253
Microwave catalytic combustion of toluene by monolithic cobalt-based composite metal catalysts
ZHAO Si-rui, BO Long-li, DAI Jing-wen, HUANG Si-ning, LUO Meng-yao, LIU Nan, WANG Jia-le
A series of monolithic cobalt-based composite metal catalysts were prepared through impregnation method by combining cobalt (Co) with transitional metals copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn) and Cerium (Ce) as active components and using honeycomb cordierite as carrier. The catalytic activity of the catalysts was investigated using toluene as a kind of typical VOCs under microwave irradiation. The results showed that the catalytic activity of Co-based catalysts for toluene removal was in the order of CoCuCeO
x
> CoCuO
x
> CoCuMnCeO
x
> CoCuMnO
x
when the inlet toluene concentration was 1000mg/m
3
with flow rate of 4L/min. The
T
50
and
T
90
of toluene achieved by CoCuCeO
x
catalyst was 220℃ and 295℃, respectively. According to the characterizations analysis, CoO
x
, CuO
x
, and CuCo
2
O
4
spinel particles on the surface of the catalyst were formed into spherical structures with voids by the recombination of cobalt and copper oxides. However, the addition of manganese was not conducive to the formation of this spherical structure. The CuCo
2
O
4
spinel was formed by the replacement of partial Co
2+
in the structure of Co
3
O
4
with Cu
2+
. The easily breakage of Co-O and Cu-O bonds in CuCo
2
O
4
spinel promoted the adsorption and activation of gaseous oxygen, which was beneficial to the generation of surface reactive oxygen species that participated in the oxidation of toluene. The addition of Ce led to the conversion of Ce
3+
/Ce
4+
, which promoted the formation of abundant oxygen vacancies on the surface of CoCuCeO
x
catalyst and then acted as the active centers to promote the oxidative degradation of toluene. The coupling of cobalt, copper, and cerium changed the structure of the active components, which effectively improved the absorption performance and catalytic activity of the catalyst. It provided extensive application prospects in the technology of microwave catalytic combustion of VOCs.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1253-1264 [
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Water Pollution Control
1265
Solid phase autotrophic-heterotrophic denitrification and simultaneously removal of trace pollutants
CAO Yang, LIU Cai-hong, CHEN Zi-wei, LIU Qian-liang, HE Qiang
Aiming at the solid-phase denitrification system, PCL/PS (polycaprolactone composite peanut shell) solid carbon source was used as the substrate, coupled with autotrophic denitrification dominated by S and FeO to construct a new multi-functional carbon source. The simultaneous degradation efficiency of typical micropollutant (Cr(Ⅵ), ClO
4
-
, BPA, NPX) and nitrates was investigated, and the microbial community characteristics and micro-mechanism in the denitrification system of autotrophic heterotrophic coexistence were explored. The results showed that the PCL/PS heterotrophic denitrification system had better denitrification and simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and BPA. The removal rates of NO
3
-
-N and Cr(VI) were 94% and 92%, respectively, and the removal rates of NO
3
-
-N and BPA were more than 99%. The simultaneous removal of ClO
4
-
and NPX by denitrification and denitrification in the system of PCL/PS coupled with FeO and S was good and stable. Based on 90% denitrification rate, the removal rates of NO
3
-
-N and ClO
4
-
were 90% and 96%, respectively, and the removal rates of NO
3
-
-N and NPX were 96% and 99%, respectively. Different solid carbon sources have different selectivity for the degradation and removal of micropollutant. The sequencing results showed that the microbial diversity and richness in the reaction system were improved after coupled autotrophic denitrification.
Clostridium_sensu_strito
,
Lactococcus
and
Prevotella
were the main dominant bacteria affecting the removal performance of pollutants in the four solid carbon source systems.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1265-1277 [
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1278
The long-term and short-term effect of Fe(Ⅲ) on nitrogen removal efficiency of Anammox sludge
GUO Jia-wen, LIN Xin, LI Xiang, HUANG Yong, LIU Tian-qi, ZHAO Wei-dong
The effects of Fe(Ⅲ) concentration on nitrogen removal efficiency in Anammox sludge were studied in short-term and long-term. The proper amount of Fe(Ⅲ) could enhance the nitrogen removal efficiency of Anammox bacteria,0.09mol/L was the most suitable concentration, the nitrogen removal rate was 0.238kg/(L·d), compared with the control group increased by 14.2%. The nitrogen removal rate was decreased gradually with the influent Fe(Ⅲ) concentration increased constantly. When the Fe(Ⅲ) concentration increased to 0.18mol/L, the nitrogen removal rate dropped to 0.215kg/(L·d)decreased by 10.75% compare with 0.09mol/L. The half-saturation constant (
K
Fe
) was 0.012mol/L, the inhibiting kinetic constant (
K
I
) was 0.449mol/L obtained by Haldane inhibition kinetic model fitting. The long-term experiment results showed that at 0.09mol/L Fe(Ⅲ) concentration, the nitrogen removal rate of Anammox increased the fastest, and gradually decreased with the increase of Fe(Ⅲ) concentration. the conversion ratio of NO
2
-
-N and NH
4
+
-N was significantly lower than the theoretical value of 1.32, fluctuate between 1.108 and 1.227, and decreased with the increase of concentration of Fe(Ⅲ), presumably due to the addition of Fe(Ⅲ) instead of NO
2
-
-N as electron acceptor. Scanning electron microscope results showed that the addition of Fe(Ⅲ) could make the Anammox bacteria cell structure more stable.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1278-1285 [
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1286
Effect of different extra dosing methods on the production of PHA from aerobic granular sludge
CHEN Song, YUAN Quan, LOU Yu-qing, ZHANG Yan-ping, SUN Ying-xue
To enhance the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by aerobic granular sludge (AGS), the impact of four different extra dosing strategies (no-dosing, aerobic 0h-dosing, aerobic 0.5h-dosing, and aerobic 1h-dosing) on the synthesis of PHA by AGS were investigated. Simultaneously, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and solubility orthophosphate (SOP) by AGS, along with changes in the microbial community composition were examined. The results indicate that extra dosing of organic carbon positively influenced PHA production, with the highest yield (125.06mg/g) observed under aerobic 1h-dosing condition. Additionally, the nutrient removal efficiency of AGS was influenced by dosing time. When dosing was postponed from aerobic 0h to 1h, TN removal decreased from (87.49 ± 5.49)% to (67.60 ± 16.24)%, and the removal efficiency of SOP decreased from (94.08 ± 1.42)% to (62.91 ± 15.33)%. Notably, under various dosing conditions, the microbial community structure of AGS exhibited significant variation. The dominant bacteria under no-dosing and aerobic 0h-dosing conditions were
Acinetobacter
, capable of both PHA production and nutrients removal. Conversely, while under aerobic 1h-dosing conditions,
Hydrogenophaga
and
Flavobacterium
were the dominant bacteria, specializing in PHA production.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1286-1295 [
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1296
Effects of C/N on the treatment of rural wastewater by HN-AD bacterial-algal granular sludge system
LIU Huan, YANG Chen-xi, QIN Shu-min, LONG Kun, ZHAO Ting-ting, ZHANG Qian
The H-ABGS system was proposed by introducing heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacteria into the traditional algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge (ABGS) system. The effects of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios (C/N=1,2,4,6,8,10) on the pollutant removal performance and microbial characteristics of the H-ABGS system for synthetic rural wastewater treatment were investigated. The results showed that the total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of the H-ABGS system was higher than that of the ABGS system (12.05%) and AGS system (44.86%) at a C/N ratio of 4. The microbial community analysis showed that
Thauera
bacteria and
norank_f__
A4b bacteria, which were adapted to the low carbon environment, might be the key to ensuring the high nitrogen removal performance of the H-ABGS system under low carbon condition. The symbiosis pattern and correlation analysis of microbial communities showed that the inoculation of HN-AD bacteria could help to minimize the ecological niche and form a stable symbiotic system with algae, thus ensuring the stability of the system. In addition, the high expression of nitrate reductase at a C/N ratio of 4might help to ensure the excellent nitrogen removal performance of the H-ABGS system.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1296-1306 [
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1307
Effect of temperature and load variation of pda system initiated by anammox bacteria self-enrichment
MA Yu-qing, WANG Bo, LI Xiao-di
A UASB inoculated with PDA sludge initiated by anammox bacteria self-enrichment was used to gradually increase the influent nitrogen concentration from 20mg/L to 100mg/L at 25°C down to 19°C (the nitrogen load increased from 3.2g/(m
3
·d) to 4.0g/(m
3
·d)). The reactor was operated for 115 days with a maximum total nitrogen removal efficiency of 89.9%. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that
Candidatus Brocadia
as the main anammox functional bacterium reached 3.7% abundance in the bio-carriers and the partial denitrifying functional bacterium
Thaurea
reached a maximum abundance of 15.7% in the floc sludge. Metagenomic analysis showed that the genes
Nar
and
Nap
, associated with partial denitrification, and
Nir
,
Hzs
and
Hdh
, associated with anammox, were fully expressed.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1307-1313 [
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1314
Study on the effect of photosynthetic bacteria on the structure and function of microbial communities in activated sludge systems
YANG Wen-huan, DENG Zi-wei, XU Yan, WANG Zhi-chao, LI Wei-ping
The phototrophic bacteria were introduced into the Photoheterotrophic Sequencing Batch Reactor (PSBR) to treat simulated domestic wastewater. The effects of the amount of phototrophic bacteria, pH, light intensity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) on the pollutant removal performance of the reactor were investigated, and the impact of phototrophic bacteria on the microbial community structure, function, and nitrogen metabolism pathway of the active sludge microorganisms was revealed through 16S rRNA sequencing technology. The results showed that the addition of 10% phototrophic bacteria improved the removal rates of COD
Cr
, NH
4
+
-N, and TN in the PSBR system by promoting the coordinated functions between microorganisms. The optimum pH, light intensity, and DO for nitrogen removal performance in the PSBR were determined to be 7, 5000lux, and 3mg/L, respectively. The introduction of phototrophic bacteria enhanced the microbial diversity and abundance in the active sludge, with an increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria phylum and
norank
_
f
__
Saprospiraceae
genus. The abundance of functional genes (
amo
,
hao
, and
nap
) and enzymes (AMO, HAO, and NAP) involved in partial nitrification and denitrification processes was increased by phototrophic bacteria, thereby enhancing the overall nitrogen metabolism potential of the active sludge.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1314-1323 [
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1324
Mechanism and regulation of N
2
O production and elimination in Anammox-DAMO system under the influence of temperature
HAN Meng-ru, LOU Ju-qing, XU Fan
The Anammox-DAMO system was used to investigate the effects of temperature on the system performance and N
2
O production and consumption. The enzymatic kinetics model of the process was established. The results showed that the system performance deteriorated significantly and more N
2
O was accumulated under the high temperature stress(40°C). The abundance of
Acidovorax
and
Thauera
genera decreased significantly under high temperature conditions, while the abundance of Bacillus genera increased. Inhibition of N
2
O reductase activity was the main cause of the increase in N
2
O emissions. The enzyme kinetics results indicated that N
2
O emission reduction can be maximized at 35°C.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1324-1334 [
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1335
Performance of NO removal using Fe(II)EDTA complexing absorption coupled with H
2
-MBfR
LIU Wan-ting, QIAN Fei-yue, ZHAO Jun-jie, XU Zheng-hui, WANG Jian-fang, MIAO Run-zhu
An integrated system of Fe(II)EDTA complexing absorption coupled with H
2
-based membrane biofilm reactor (H
2
-MBfR) was constructed and a mixed bacterial strain capable of simultaneous denitrification and iron reduction was domesticated. Based on the maintenance of the stable denitrification of the reduction system, the effects of Fe(II)EDTA concentration and pH on NO removal efficiency were investigated and the microbial community structure was analyzed. The results showed that the Fe(II)EDTA complexing absorption coupled with H
2
-MBfR reduction integrated system had a stable NO removal efficiency, and the maximum removal efficiency was 99.50%. Elevating the initial Fe(II)EDTA concentration facilitated the formation of Fe(II)EDTA-NO, subsequently enhancing average NO removals in the system. The maximum removal rate of 44.68mg/(m
3
·h) was achieved at a Fe(II)EDTA concentration of 10mmol/L. Increasing the pH hindered the accumulation of Fe(II)EDTA-NO, and maintaining a pH of 6proved more suitable for optimal operation of the integration system. The microbial community structure analysis revealed that the dominant phylum in the integration stage were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, played important roles in this system, with abundance of 50.35%, 16.43% and 14.98%, respectively.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1335-1346 [
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1347
Adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution by sludge biochar
MA Feng-feng, ZHENG Xu-dong, ZHANG Jian, ZHAO Hao, ZHANG Xin, JIAO Ya-xian, KANG Hong-bing, LI Qing
In this paper, the adsorption characteristics of phosphate by sludge biochar (SDBC) were investigated with batch equilibrium method using SDBC prepared from residual sludge (RS) of a wastewater treatment plant. The effects of factors such as dosage of SDBC and pH of solution on phosphate adsorption by SDBC were investigated, and the conditions affecting phosphate adsorption were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The mechanism of phosphate adsorption by SDBC was investigated by combining the experimental results with the characterization data. The results showed that the kinetics of phosphate adsorption on SDBC conformed to the Elovich (
R
2
=0.984) equation, which indicated that the phosphate adsorption on SDBC was a non-homogeneous diffusion process with multiple reactions acting together. The Langmuir (
R
2
=0.980) and Langmuir-Freundlich (
R
2
=0.979) equations could well describe the phosphate adsorption on SDBC, and the maximum adsorption capacity estimated from the Langmuir equation was 4.508mg/g. The Langmuir-Freundlich model was fitted with a small homogeneous phase index n (1.143), indicating that the adsorption sites on SDBC were not uniformly distributed, and there were interaction forces between SDBC and phosphate. The optimal initial pH value for phosphate adsorption on SDBC is 4.0 ~ 5.0. The optimal dosage for phosphate adsorption on SDBC is 8g/L. The optimum conditions for phosphate adsorption by SDBC were obtained by RSM analysis with a dosage of 5g/L, an initial phosphate concentration of
c
0
of 10mg/L, and a pH of 5.0. The possible mechanisms of phosphate adsorption by SDBC included electrostatic adsorption, co-precipitation, replacement, ligand exchange, and pore filling.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1347-1356 [
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1357
The performance of g-C
3
N
4
/biochar/nZVI in reducing nitrate in water
LI Hou-fen, WEI Qian, GUO Yang, LIU Peng-xiao, LI Rui, ZHOU Ai-juan, YUE Xiu-ping
A g-C
3
N
4
/biochar (BC)/nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) composite catalyst with deposited nZVI on the surface of g-C
3
N
4
/BC material was prepared. The physical and chemical properties, as well as the photoelectric performance of the prepared catalyst, were characterized using SEM, TEM, XPS, XRD, UV-Vis DRS, photocurrent test, etc. The nitrate (NO
3
-
) reduction performance of g-C
3
N
4
/BC/nZVI under visible light irradiation was investigated. The results showed that the optimal reaction conditions in neutral water were a mass ratio of g-C
3
N
4
/BC to nZVI of 1:0.6, an addition amount of g-C
3
N
4
/BC/nZVI of 2g/L and the initial NO
3
-
concentration of 20mg/L. Compared with nZVI, BC/nZVI and g-C
3
N
4
/nZVI, g-C
3
N
4
/BC/nZVI exhibited the fastest NO
3
-
reduction rate (
k
=10.6×10
-2
min
-1
) and higher denitrification efficiency (71.6%). The study further investigated the variation of nitrogen during the NO
3
-
reduction by g-C
3
N
4
/BC/nZVI. The reduction mechanism is proposed that: Under visible light irradiation, photogenerated electrons transferred via BC to the surface of nZVI, which enhanced the reactivity and stability of nZVI, while BC material inhibited the oxidation of nZVI by photogenerated holes. The active electrons on the surface of nZVI reduced NO
3
-
to N
2
and NH
4
+
, while the photogenerated holes further oxidized some NH
4
+
to N
2
and other gaseous products.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1357-1365 [
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1366
Electrospun BiOCl@UiO-66-NH
2
@TSPAN nanofibers for visible-light-driven Cr (VI) photocatalytic reduction
ZHOU Mei-mei, XIANG Wan-ting, WANG Peng-bo, ZHU Xue-mei, ZOU Wei, HE Jia-hui, LUO Ping-ping
Herein, to improve the photocatalytic activity of UiO-66-NH
2
, electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers treated by thermal oxidative stabilization (TSPAN) were used as supports for in-situ loading of UiO-66-NH
2
and BiOCl crystals by solvothermal method, designing and constructing flexible BiOCl@UiO-66-NH
2
@TSPAN composite nanofibers. The performance of the composite nanofibers for visible light-driven Cr(VI) photocatalytic reduction was investigated. The results showed that UiO-66-NH
2
and BiOCl could be uniformly loaded onto the surface of the TSPAN nanofibers. Due to the introduction of BiOCl, BiOCl/UiO-66-NH
2
heterojunction was formed, which improved the visible light response of the composite nanofibers, reduced the recombination rate of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, and then exhibited enhanced visible light-driven photocatalytic activity for the reduction of Cr(VI). The reduction rate reached 100% within 120minutes. After five cycles, the composite nanofibers maintained good stability and the photocatalytic reduction efficiency for Cr (VI) was still above 90%. In addition, they were flexible and could be quickly and conveniently separated from the reaction solution.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1366-1375 [
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1376
Identification of groundwater pollution sources based on self-adaption Co-Kriging multi-fidelity surrogate model
AN Yong-kai, ZHANG Yan-xiang, YAN Xue-man
To identify groundwater pollution sources efficiently and accurately, the Co-Kriging method integrating Differential evolution was used to establish a multi-fidelity surrogate model based on comprehensive application of high fidelity and low fidelity numerical simulation models for solute transport. On this basis, the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)-DREAM
(D)
algorithm and the adaptive updating multi fidelity surrogate model strategy were applied to identify groundwater pollution sources. To verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the above methods, this study conducted the numerical case study. The results showed that compared with the Kriging surrogate model based only on the input-output samples of the high fidelity model, the Co-Kriging surrogate model based on the joint use of input-output samples of the high fidelity and low fidelity model has higher approximation accuracy to the simulation model. The joint application of coupled multi fidelity Co-Kriging surrogate model and MCMC-DREAM
(D)
algorithm can not only obtain accurate identification results, but also significantly reduce the calculation load. At the same time, the adaptive updating multi fidelity surrogate model strategy can further improve the identification accuracy for groundwater pollution sources.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1376-1385 [
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4
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11
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Solid Waste
1386
Ammonia stripping of fly ash slurry and its paste preparation characteristics
LI Ya-jiao, LI Hong-cheng, WANG Tie, JU Kai, JIN Peng-kang, TANG Ren-long, SHAO Xiao-ping, ZHAO Bing-chao, REN Wu-ang
In order to improve the adverse effects of ammonia-containing fly ash on the performance of filling paste and improve the utilization rate of fly ash, the air stripping of fly ash slurry was used to remove ammonia in the experiment. The effects of stripping time, air-slurry ratio, solid-liquid ratio, temperature and alkali addition on the ammonia removal rate of fly ash were investigated. The results showed that the stripping conditions were optimized by response surface methodology, and the stripping time was 1h, the gas-slurry ratio was 900, the solid-liquid ratio was 0.219, the temperature was 26.785°C and the alkali dosage was 1.802%. The predicted total ammonia removal rate was up to 97.178%, and the actual error rate was within 2%. The fly ash filling paste prepared after optimized stripping has only a small amount of ammonia release in the early stage of curing, and its pumping performance and microstructure are improved compared with the original ammonia-containing fly ash paste. After 28days of curing, the compressive strength is increased by up to 57%.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1386-1396 [
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8
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Soil Pollution Control
1397
Distribution characteristics and accumulation of soil mercury in the retreated area of Tianshan Glacier
PENG Shi-ya, LIU Nan-tao, LI Xin, WANG Xun, CHANG Shun-li
This study investigated the retreated area of Urumqi Glacier No.1in the Tianshan Mountains and its chronological succession sequence was determined using
210
Pb
ex
and
137
Cs radioactive isotope dating and erosive accumulation landforms. Based on this, a network of sampling points was created to stratify the soil, measure the total mercury concentration and other indicators of the sample, and calculate the mercury accumulation rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and accumulation of mercury in the soil of the retreated area of Urumqi Glacier No.1in the Tianshan Mountains. The results show that the mercury content of different soil layers in the glacier retreated area increased with the increase in its retreated time, specifically 0~5cm [(13.28 ± 6.60) µg/kg] >5~10cm [(11.47 ± 7.34) µg/kg] >10~15cm [(10.19 ± 6.57) µg/kg] > bedrock [(0.23 ± 0.09) µg/kg]. Soil mercury storage increased with retreatment time. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between mercury concentration and organic carbon/nitrogen content at different soil levels within the retreated area, indicating that they have a significant impact on the spatial distribution of soil mercury. The soil in the retreated area of Tianshan No.1Glacier accumulated less mercury (0.09~33.43µg/(m
2
×a), with an average value of 16.92 µg/(m
2
×a). Mercury levels in soil increased from (0.09µg/(m
2
×a) in 1777 to (33.43µg/(m
2
×a) in 2017.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1397-1406 [
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4
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8
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1407
Spatial distribution and main controlling factors of soil organic carbon under cultivated land based on GBDT model in black soil region of Northeast China
ZHU Yuan-li, FENG Xiang-yang, YAN Qing-wu, WU Zi-hao
The nonlinear relationships between soil organic carbon (SOC) and environmental covariates have been extensively proved, the threshold and interaction effects of environmental covariates on SOC content are often ignored. This study, founded upon the SOC data collected in 2012, employs the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) to delve into the thresholds and interactive effects of SOC. It aims to discern the main controlling factors of SOC and unveil the spatial differentiation mechanism of SOC. The national commodity grain production base county, Wangkui County, which is also one of the high-yield counties in China, was selected as the study area. The GBDT model can more flexibly fit the complex nonlinear relationship between SOC and environmental variables, and shows superior predicting performance under all independent variables to the simple linear regression model. The model achieves an overall
R
2
value of 0.958, indicating its ability to effectively explain the variations of the target variable. Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, temperature, soil microbial system diversity, available potassium, pH and precipitation in turn are the most significant factors influencing SOC content. Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen holds the highest influence weight of 33.85%. All 7environmental covariates had threshold effects on SOC with two distinct thresholds. It was found that any two covariates are not independent but exhibit interactive negative effects, indicating that the influence of environmental covariates on SOC concentration is a complex interaction rather than a simple superposition. The above results emphasize that threshold and interaction effects between environment variables should be considered in determining the effective range of environmental variables, the potential process of SOC spatial differentiation, and improving the explanatory power of SOC change in farmland. It indirectly proves the fact that excessive fertilization fails to enhance soil fertility but instead leads to resource wastage and the ecological pollution of farmlands.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1407-1417 [
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1418
Effects of loaded ammonium nitrogen on the cadmium passivation efficiency of biochar in soils
HU Jia-yuan, WANG Qian, WU Bei-bei, SHI Wei-lin, SHI Guang-yu
The laboratory experiment and simulated adsorption experiment were conducted to explore the effects of loading ammonium nitrogen on the passivation ability of biochar for cadmium, and to explore the mechanism of loading ammonium nitrogen on the ability of biochar to passivate cadmium in soils. Results indicated that compared with the soil with only biochar and biochar/ammonium chloride mixed application, the application of biochar loaded with ammonium nitrogen could significantly reduce the content of the effective state of cadmium in the soil by 19.20% and 23.34% (
P<
0.05). The results of the simulated adsorption experiments indicated that the loading of ammonium nitrogen significantly increased the adsorption capacity of biochar to low concentration cadmium (0.10mg/L) by 11.70% (
P<
0.05), because the loading of ammonium nitrogen could weaken the hydrophobicity and significantly increased its specific surface area and total volume of micropores by 14.82% and 25.00% (
P<
0.05). Applying biochar loaded with ammonium nitrogen can improve the soil microbial habitat, change the soil microbial community structure, and stimulate the enrichment of functional microorganisms such as
Paenibacillus
and
Bradyrhizobium
, which are also the important reasons for loading ammonium nitrogen to improve the ability of biochar to passivate cadmium in soils. Loading ammonium nitrogen can improve the ability of biochar to passivate cadmium in soil, and biochar loaded with ammonium nitrogen is a potential soil conditioner.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1418-1425 [
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6
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8
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Environmental Ecology
1426
Spatiotemporal variations of indicators of organic matter from 2008 to 2022 in inland lakes of China
FU Rui, LIU Sha-sha, SUO Cheng-yu, REN Yi, WU Feng-chang
The spatiotemporal variations of indicators of organic matter, as well as the correlation of indicators were studied based on the water quality monitoring data in inland lakes of China from 2008 to 2022 by using Mann-Kendall test (M-K test), Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis. Results showed that from 2008 to 2022, the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) increased at a rate of 0.19mg/L per year (
P
<0.001), from 7.09mg/L to 10.04mg/L. In addition, the concentration of permanganate index (COD-Mn) decreased from 5.86mg/L to 3.17mg/L, which indicated that the water quality of lakes in China has significantly improved. However, concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), COD-Mn, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD
5
) showed an increasing trend of fluctuation, which should be paid much more attention. The results from correlation analysis demonstrated that the concentration of COD-Mn was significantly positively correlated with total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH
3
-N) and chlorophyll (Chla) (
r
>0.50,
P
<0.05), BOD
5
was significantly positively correlated with TP (
r
=0.61,
P
<0.05), and COD was significantly positively correlated with TP (
r
=0.80,
P
<0.05) and Chla (
r
=0.61,
P
<0.05). All these results revealed that the concentration of TP and chlorophyll might be critical factors affecting the organic matter concentration. Spatially, organic matter related indicators including COD, COD-Mn and BOD
5
were dominant factors to determine the spatial heterogeneity of water quality in lakes of China. Moreover, the geographical distribution of lakes with high organic matter concentration is more concentrated, mainly concentrated in Mengxin Lake and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Lake.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1426-1435 [
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5
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7
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1436
Factors of high total phosphorus concentration in the Nanchang typical area of Poyang Lake
ZHU Li-ying, ZHENG Li-bing, WANG Ya-wei, ZHANG Hong, SHU Li-min, GUI Shuang-lin, XIA Song, YAN Bing, LIU Ji-bao, HU Da-zhou, TAO Mao-liang, GAO Jie, WEI Yuan-song
In this study, the Nanjishan national monitoring site (NJS site) and its confluence area were selected to explore causes of the high TP concentration through the field investigation of the water environmental factors and sediments. Results indicated that the TP exceedance in the surface water mainly occurred in the low lake water level period (LLP) and lake discharges period (LDP), with the exceedance multiples of 3.06 and 2.78 times, respectively; and TP concentration was significantly correlated with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and turbidity. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) regional integration method and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) showed that the DOM consisted of three components, which were dominated by humus-like substances such as fulvic acid (partition III, components C1 and C2), and the main source of which was the degradation of wetland plant litter, with the highest proportion (55.74%) in the LLP. The proportion of protein-like substances (partition I and component C3) increased to more than 35% during the RDP due to inputs of the confluence tributaries and the neighboring disc-shaped lake. TP showed a significant positive correlation (
P
<0.05) with humic organic matter and a significant negative correlation (
P
<0.05) with proteic organic matter, indicating that TP and humic organic matter have a common origin. TP and turbidity showed a significant positive correlation (
P
<0.05), and the highest turbidity was observed in LLP (mean value of 320.83NTU), during which the tributaries and the disc-shaped lake were cut off. The sediment substrate in the study area was chalky, dominated by fine components, and the median grain size DX(50) belonged to fine chalky (2~16μm); the range of sorting coefficients was 2.11~2.75, with poor sorting; the sediment samples were mostly located in the bottom-side suspended and homogeneous suspended transport area, with weak sedimentary hydrodynamics and weak transport capacity; the suspended particulate matter that was not easily deposited, resulting in high turbidity. The average TP content of 0~5cm surface sediment was high (527.89mg/kg), and sediment P was released to the overlying water, with the largest P release flux (0.21mg/(m
2
·d)) in the NJS site, indicating that surface sediments was one of the important influences on TP concentrations in the site waters.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1436-1447 [
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5
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13
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1448
Variation of TP flux in Jialing River and spatial source apportionment
GUAN Wen-hai, LUO Guo-hui, WANG Pan-fei, LOU Bao-feng, QIU Guang-sheng
The interannual variation and seasonality of runoff, and the concentration and flux of suspended sediment (SS) and phosphorus (P) (including total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), and particulate phosphorus (PP)) at Beibei section in the Jialing River were studied during 2002 through 2019. Based on the principle of river base flow segmentation, P loads were apportioned in terms of point and non-point sources. The results show that: (1) From 2002 to 2019, SS concentration and flux fluctuated greatly, and the maximum annual flux was greater over 20 times than the minimum. (2)The average concentration of TP in the whole period was 0.098mg/L with an annual average concentration ranging 0.058~0.139mg/L. During 2002~2013, concentrations of TP and PP were higher in the wet season than those in the even and dry seasons. During 2014~2019, some years saw the same pattern as during 2002~2013, while others saw the opposite direction. (3)DP concentrations increased first (2002~2016) and then decreased (2016~2019) at large. (4) The TP and PP fluxes showed significant interannual fluctuation in 18 years, and the maximum TP flux (22800t/a, 2005) was 5.7 times higher than the minimum (3990t/a, 2006). The water discharge, sediment discharge, and TP and PP flux exhibited a certain degree of synchronous effect in interannual trend, especially in the wet season. (5) TP, PP and DP fluxes in the wet season were much greater than those in the even and dry seasons, and they accounted for respectively 73.5%, 77.5%, and 64.9% of those in the whole year. (6) Loads from point sources displayed stronger interannual fluctuation than those from non-point sources, and the interannual trend of the total load depended on that from non-point sources. TP load from non-point sources contributed the absolute majority of the total load in every year except for 2006, and its percentage was averagely 82.5% for the whole year and 90.8% for the wet season. Also, The annual load from non-point sources mainly came from the wet season (averagely 81.2%).
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1448-1456 [
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4
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25
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1457
Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of nutrient and heavy metal pollution in sediment in Taihu Lake
CHEN Jue, ZHI Ming-qiang, Zhu De-long, LI Yuan-he, YIN Peng, TANG Wan-ying, YIN Hong-bin
Sediments samples collected from 53 sites in various regions of Lake Taihu were analyzed for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic matter, and eight heavy metals(Hg, As, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr) in both surface and vertical sediments layers. The spatial distribution characteristics of sediment nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals in different regions were mapped using a ArcGIS information system, and then evaluated the ecological risks of various pollution indicators. In the surface sediment (0~10cm) of Lake Taihu, the total nitrogen content ranged from 561 to 2707 mg/kg with an average value of 1502 mg/kg, which is moderately polluted, the total phosphorus content ranged from 308 to 1156 mg/kg with an average value of 532mg/kg, which is moderately polluted, the organic matter content ranged from 1.69% to 3.44 % with an average value of 2.35%. Spatially, pollution degree gradually increased from the central region of Lake Taihu towards the northwest, especially in the three places of Zhushanhu, East Taihu and Westcoast. In terms of heavy metals, the pollution levels gradually increased from the southeast to the northwest, with particularly severe pollution observed in the Zhushanhu, Westcoast, and Southern coastal area. Among the eight heavy metal pollutants, Cd contamination is the most severe. In the vertical distribution characteristics, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals tend to accumulate in the surface sediment, and then decreased layer by layer on the vertical distribution of 0~30cm.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1457-1465 [
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1466
Response of DOM composition and organic carbon balance to the hydraulic connectivity of the Lake Dongting watershed
ZHUANG Ben, LI BING, GUO Yan-ni, ZHOU Yong-qiang, GU Jiao
Dongting is one of the largest freshwater lakes in China and is connecting to the Yangtze River. In order to investigate the relationship between the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) budget of Lake Dongting and the hydraulic connectivity between rivers and the lake, we collected water samples from the four inflowing tributaries Xiang, Zi, Yuan, and Li, and also the Yangtze River via the three inlets Songzi, Hudu, and Ouchi and only one outlet of Lake Dongting to Yangtze River at Chenglingji in May, July, September, and November 2018, and to investigate the compositional divergence characteristics of Dongting Lake basin DOM in response to river-lake hydraulic connectivity. The study shows that DOM absorption
a
254
and terrestrial humic-like C1 of the input rivers and sole outlet was the highest in July when the inflow discharge to the lake was high. DOC decreased from (2.4 ± 1.3) mg /L at the inlet to (2.1 ± 0.3) mg /L at the outlet, while
a
254
increased from (9.7 ± 2.2) m
-1
at the inlet to (10.1 ± 1.7) m
-1
at the outlet. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration decreased from (2.4 ± 1.0) mg /L prior to microbial incubation to (2.1 ± 0.9) mg /Lpost microbial degradation, and the highest level of biodegradable DOC(BDOC) was found in the River Li (50.3%). The summed DOC fluxes into the lake in May, July, September, and November were (63.7 ± 43.6) × 10
3
t, (60.1 ± 7.3) × 10
3
t, (27.6 ± 3.6) × 10
3
t, and (31.9 ± 13.9) × 10
3
t, respectively. The results show that Dongting Lake is marginally degraded during the process of intra-lake transport due to the short water retention time of the lake itself, and the composition of DOM sources in the whole lake is greatly influenced by the inflowing discharge in different seasons.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1466-1475 [
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1476
Ecological health assessment based on benthic macroinvertebrates index of biotic integrity and comprehensive biological index
YAO Qi, LI Ming-jie, MA Lin, TANG Zhe, ZHU Yi, LIU Yang-yuan, CAI Yong-jiu, YAN Wen-ming, ZHANG You, LI Kuan-yi
Aiming at the problem that non-uniform evaluations standards of some biological indices in different basins, a new approach based on fuzzy evaluation was proposed to use the entropy-weighted comprehensive biological index for unifying evaluation standards, and to develop a benthic index of biotic integrity to verify the evaluation results. According to the benthic macroinvertebrates data collected from 10monitoring sites in autumn 2021 and spring 2022, four core parameters including M3 (number of Mollusca taxon), M9 (relative abundance of pollution-resistant taxa), M13 (BI) and M22 (Shannon-Wiener) in autumn, and M6 (relative abundance of Chironomidae individuals), M13, M16 (BPI) and M24 (Margalef) in spring were selected from 25 candidate parameters. These core parameters were unified the dimension by ratio method, then summed up to carry out the B-IBI assessment. Besides, this study weighted the BPI, FBI, Shannon-Wiener and BMWP indices objectively to build the CBI, and divided it into five evaluation levels with five equal parts. The results of the two methods showed that the outflowing sites near the river channel were in relatively healthy status. Most of the lake sites are average general and poor, with the health condition in autumn better than that in spring, and the site Liumenzha was in unhealthy status mainly due to low connectivity. After opening the gate near Liumenzha site to release water, the sludge in the sediment may release pollutants, causing the total nitrogen in the lake to exceed the reference standard value, which affected the integrity of the benthic macroinvertebrates. The results of correlation analysis showed that the CBI index and B-IBI, COD
Mn
and TLI(∑) index matched well, indicating that the application of multiple indices would provide a comprehensive evaluation of the aquatic ecological health in the East Dongting Lake.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1476-1486 [
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1487
Characterization of bacterial community structure during the opening period of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia
SHI Yu-jiao, LI Wen-bao, GUO Xin
In order to explore the bacterial community composition and ecological network structure in the water-soil medium at the beginning of the opening of the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River, sampling was carried out in mid-April, 2021, a total of 6 water samples and 4soil samples were obtained from the Yellow River. The samples were measured by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, which analyzed the bacterial community composition of the water and soil samples at the level of phylum and genus. The results showed that: the distribution of soil bacterial community structure was more dispersed than that of water, the abundance, uniformity and diversity of bacterial communities in soil samples were higher than those in water. There were significant inter-group differences in diversity between the two. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteriota were the dominant bacterial phyla in water and soil samples, and the mean relative abundance of Proteobacteria in river was about 36.57%, while that in soil decreased to 25.39%; Acidobacteriota was mainly present in soil with a relative abundance of about 14.17%. At the genus level,
hgcI_clade
(6.19%~12.75%),
CL500
-29_marine_group
(2.97%~5.05%) and
Acinetobacter
(0.74%~12.24%) were the dominant genera in water, while
norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__KD4
-96
(1.95%~4.91%),
norank_f__norank_o__Vicinamibacterales
(2.35%~ 4.67%), and
norank_f__ Gemmatimonadaceae
(2.20%~4.73%) were the dominant genera in soil. The response of different genera to the community structure of soil and water bacteria was not consistent, among which belonged to the phylum Acidobacteriota and Gemmatimonadota were the main genera linking the soil and water bacterial community, respectively, while
hgcI_clade
and
CL500
-29_marine_group
belonging to Actinobacteria were the main genera causing the difference of the dominant phylum of soil and water. Although soil had a larger ecological network structure than water, and
Delftia
,
Candidatus_Methylopumilus
,
Arthrobacter
and
Rb41
were the key genera that maintained the ecological network structure of the soil-water medium in the Inner Yellow River, the ecological functions of different modules in the network structure of the water were more consistent comparing to soil.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1487-1496 [
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1497
Analysis of driving forces and spatial scale effects on vegetation dynamics in the Qinghai Lake Basin
ZHOU Mei-lin, LIU Jia-hong, LIU Xi-sheng, WANG Ya-qin
This study utilized Landsat images to analyse spatiotemporal variations of FVC in QHLB from 1986 to 2020. The driving mechanisms of the FVC changes at temporal and spatial scales was investigated, taking into account the influences of climate, surface conditions, and human activity by employing multiple linear regression and geodetector. Additionally, the mechanism of change was discussed, and the impact of spatial granularity on driving factors and their relative contributions was explored. The results shows that: (1) the vegetation conditions in the QHLB have improved overall in the past 35 years, marked by an increase in vegetation types of medium and moderate height, along with a notable rise in FVC around the Qinghai Lake and the upper reaches of the Buha River; (2) On temporal scale, changes in FVC were primarily influenced by climate warming, humidification and ecological restoration initiatives; (3) On spatial scale, changes in FVC were controlled by climate, topography, vegetation, and soil, and the factor with greater explanatory power was temperature (0.41), elevation (0.34) and precipitation (0.30). Furthermore, the influence of climate, topography, and human activity exhibits a synergistic interaction, with temperature and elevation playing a controlling role in these interactions. Among these, the interaction between and factors such as water systems, precipitation, and human activities were particularly significant; (4) The spatial scale proved to be a critical factor influencing the contributions of driving factors. Therefore, taking into consideration the interaction of climate, surface conditions, and human factors, the optimal scale for investigating the FVC changes in QHLB was determined to be 6km.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1497-1506 [
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1507
Determination of dissolved methane in the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal using automated head space-GC system
WEN Jun, ZANG Kun-peng, PAN Feng-mei, SHEN Xiao-long, WEI Kang-xuan, LAN Wen-gang, HU Zhi-wei, CHEN Xiao-ming, CHEN Bing-jiang, LI Shan, LU Yan-ran, CHEN Li-han, GUO Peng, FANG Shuang-xi, LIN Yi, CHEN Yuan-yuan, LIU Shuo, XU Hong-hui
A new head-space gas chromatography system equipped with a flame ionization detector and method was self-assembled and established, which could automatically and simultaneously measure concentrations of dissolved methane and carbon dioxide in water samples, with wider linear range and low operating cost. Precision and accuracyof this system for CH
4
were better than 0.16% and 0.02%, respectively, which met the measurement requirements. In August 2022, dissolved CH
4
concentration and related parameters were observed in the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in Hangzhou City. Results showed that mean dissolved CH
4
concentration was (642.4±423.3) nmol/L, mean saturation was (22310±14701)% and mean air-water CH
4
flux was (548.57±603.70)mmol/(m
2
×d) during field survey, indicated the observed area was a net source of atmospheric CH
4
. In addition, it was reasonable to estimate that the mean daily release rate of CH
4
from the Canal was approximate 1710mol, which was equivalent to 38.31m
3
of natural gas or 82.94kg of carbon.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1507-1514 [
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1515
Atmospheric nitrate-nitrogen dry deposition characteristics and source analysis in the Xichuan reservoir area of Danjiangkou Reservoir
XIAO Chun-yan, SUN Yi-meng, ZHAO Tong-qian, CHEN Xiao-shu, LI Peng-bo, CHEN Fei-hong
The research focused on the Xichuan Reservoir area of the Danjiangkou Reservoir, where five monitoring points were established for collecting dry deposition samples from January to December 2021. Analyses were conducted on the samples, including assessments of nitrate concentration, flux, and nitrogen and oxygen isotopes. The Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR) model was employed to quantify the primary sources of nitrate. The results indicated that the monthly average nitrate concentration in dry deposition within the reservoir area was 0.16mg/L. The annual flux of nitrate dry depositions was determined to be 2.49kg/(hm
2
×a), with monthly mean values of δ
15
N-NO
3
-
and δ
18
O-NO
3
-
being (+ 0.17 ± 4.10)‰ and (+56.6 ± 9.18)‰, respectively. Significant seasonal variations were observed in nitrate concentration, deposition flux, and nitrogen and oxygen isotopes. During the autumn and winter seasons, both nitrate concentration and deposition flux were higher than those in the spring and summer, primarily attributed to the increased emissions from fossil sources during cold seasons, enhanced atmospheric boundary layer stability, and a shift towards particle-phase nitrate formation in aerosol-gas conversion equilibrium. The highest δ
15
N-NO
3
-
in winter was associated with increased nitrogen isotope fractionation due to winter coal-fired heating and low temperature, while the lowest δ
18
O-NO
3
-
in summer was linked to the dominance of the NO
2
+·OH pathway in nitrate formation. The results of SIAR analysis revealed that the main sources of nitrate in dry deposition within the reservoir area were fossil sources (traffic emissions and coal combustion), with a contribution rate of 69.3%, of which the contribution rates of traffic emissions and coal combustion sources were 51.1% and 18.2%, respectively. The contribution of fossil sources was highest in winter (72.0%), with 70.4 % originating from traffic emissions. This further confirmed that traffic emissions and winter coal combustion were the primary factors influencing nitrate in dry deposition within the reservoir area. Controlling pollution from traffic sources and coal combustion is crucial for reducing atmospheric nitrate levels in the future. In addition, the relatively stable contribution of biomass-burning sources emphasized the importance of external inputs in nitrate dry depositions within the reservoir area.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1515-1525 [
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1526
Effect and mechanism of magnetic floatable bead VMB@Fe
3
O
4
@CS on removing
Anabaena
and
Microcystis
CHE Wen-lu, ZHAO Yan, ZHANG Gao-shan, LI Yan-peng
In order to effectively treat harmful algal blooms and avoid secondary pollution by chemical substances, maglev beads VMB@Fe
3
O
4
@CS were synthesized through a novel method combined with magnetic flocculation and float flotation which use vitrified microbeads, Fe
3
O
4
and chitosan as raw materials, to remove
Anabaena flos
-
aquae
and
Microcystis aeruginosa
. The results showed that the optimal removal efficiencies of the two species of algae were 99.01% (0.12g/L) and 98.6% (0.21g/L), respectively. VMB@Fe
3
O
4
@CS achieved a high removal rate (> 60%) in a wide pH range (4~10) and water temperature range (5~35°C), and the increase of ionic strength had a negative effect on the removal of microalgae. Through morphological observation, surface hydrophobicity and Zeta potential analysis, it was determined that electrostatic attraction and adsorption bridging were the main flocculation mechanisms of maglev beads on algal cells. The experimental results show that the prepared VMB@Fe
3
O
4
@CS has a great potential to control harmful algal blooms.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1526-1533 [
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1534
Effects of foliar sprays on the uptake and transport of cadmium by rice
TANG Le-bin, HUANG Yan-ling, ZHOU Zi-han, WU Chen-run, SONG Bo
For the safe production of rice in Cd-contaminated farmland, the field experiment was conducted by using Wuyou 1179 and Sixiang 1 as experiment varieties. Foliar spraying of silicon (Si) and selenium (Se) were sprayed at the heading stage and filling stage of rice growth to study their effects on rice yield, agronomic traits, Cd content of brown rice and Cd absorption and transport in different parts. The results showed that: Compared with the blank, the rice yield of Wuyou 1179 and Sixiang 1increased by 9.02% and 2.03% after spraying fluid silicon, respectively. The yield of Wuyou 1179 increased by 7.27% after spraying chelated Se, while the rice yield of Sixiang 1decreased by 5.40%. The length of flag leaves of Sixiang 1 under different treatments was greater than that of Wuyou 1179, and the plant height range was 110~112cm. Foliar spraying of fluid Si could reduce the Cd content of brown rice in Wuyou 1179 and Sixiang 1 to 0.181mg/kg and 0.186mg/kg. Furthermore, the Cd content of brown rice in Sixiang 1after chelated Se spraying could reach 0.169mg/kg, while the Cd content of brown rice in Wuyou 1179reduced from 0.487mg/kg to 0.202mg/kg, which does not meet the national safety standard (0.2mg/kg). After spraying fluid Si, the order of Cd content in different parts of the two rice was root>other nodes>the first nodes>other leaves>flag leaves>chaffs>rachises>brown rice, and the change of Cd content in different parts after chelated Se was mainly manifested in rachises>chaffs. Exogenous spraying of fluid silicon and chelated selenium significantly reduced the Cd content (
P
<0.05) in both rice varieties, significantly decreased the Cd content in roots, stems and brown rice, and inhibited TF
rachises/flag leaves
. Compared with fluid Si spraying, the Cd content of rachises and TF
rachises/flag leaves
increased after chelated Se spraying, while the TF
chaffs/rachises
decreased significantly. The correlation analysis results showed that the Cd content of brown rice was significantly positively correlated with the Cd content of roots and stems (
P
<0.01) and negatively correlated with the Cd content of other leaves (
P
<0.05). This study proves that fluid Si is not only beneficial to increase rice yield, but also reduce the Cd content of brown rice, and the economic cost is relatively poor. It is recommended to promote the utilization of Cd pollution safe farmland in this region.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1534-1541 [
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New Pollutants in Agricultural Environment
1542
Biodegradation of phthalates degrading bacteria in agriculture soil and its application
LI Peng-fei, ZHOU Xian, WANG Jian, GAO Yan-zheng
This review paper discussed agriculture soil pollution in China, focusing on PAEs-degrading strain screening, bacterial community construction, and application approaches. The functional genes and enzymes involved in bacteria-mediated PAEs degradation processes hydrolysis and ring-opening cleavage were reviewed. In conclusion, the application, influential factors, and potential problems associated with PAEs degrading functional bacteria in polluted soil were reviewed. Additionally, the application of this technology in reducing the pollution of PAEs in farmland soil was prospected, in order to provide theoretical and technical reference for the remediation of functional bacteria and agricultural production safety in PAEs-polluted farmland in China.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1542-1553 [
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1554
Screening and performance of phthalate-degrading endophytic floras
ZHANG Shuai, WANG Jian, MA Jun-chao, GAO Yan-zheng, ZUO Xiang-zhi, LING Wan-ting
In order to reduce the threat to human health of phthalate-contaminated crops, this study attempted to enrich and domesticate functional endogenous flora with high efficiency and broad spectrum of PAEs degradation directly from PAEs-contaminated vegetables. The optimal degradation conditions and the community structure were studied, and the colonization efficiency of functional endophytic flora in crops was studied by hydroponic system. High-throughput sequencing results showed that at the taxonomic level the bacterial consortium consisted of Proteobacteria (76.57%), Bacteroidetes (21.04%) and Actinobacteria (2.37%), and at the generic taxonomic level the bacterial consortium consisted of
Sphingobacterium
(33.03%),
Delftia
(40.61%),
Pseudomonas
(11.70%),
Achromobacter
(3.04%) and
Rhizobium
(6.90%)
.
In the pure culture system of inorganic salts, the bacterial consortium could degrade 97.08% dimethyl phthalate (DMP, 5mg/L), 94.47% diethyl phthalate (DEP, 5mg/L), 98.02% dibutyl phthalate(DBP, 5mg/L) and 44.82% butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP, 5mg/L) within 7d. The single-factor test results showed that the optimal degradation conditions were: pH 7, 25°C, 1% salinity and 5mg/L substrate concentration. Hydroponic experiments of rice showed that the bacterial consortium could colonize in the rice and significantly increased PAEs removal, compared with the control group, the contents of DMP, DEP, DBP and ∑ PAEs in rice decreased by 41.09%, 45.33%, 63.06% and 32.3% within 15d. The colonization of microflora could also increase the root length, plant height and biomass of rice, and promote the growth of rice. The bacterial consortium has a good application prospect in reducing the accumulation of crop PAEs and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products in PAEs-contaminated areas, and could effectively reduce the threat of crop PAEs pollution to human health.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1554-1561 [
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1562
Contamination characteristics and migration of PAHs derivatives in soils
CHENG Peng-fei, WANG Ze-ming, ZHAO Xu-qiang, GAO Yan-zheng
In this paper, the contamination levels and occurrence forms of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were reviewed in different regions and different utilization types of soils. The properties of ClPAHs and NPAHs, such as polarity, soil adsorption coefficient, bioconcentration factors, and energy level orbit were obtained by EPI Suite software and density functional theory calculation. The effects of the type, quantity and location of substituent groups on the properties and environmental trend of PAHs derivatives were also analyzed. Meanwhile, the migration behaviors of ClPAHs and NPAHs in soils, such as adsorption-desorption, photodegradation, redox and biodegradation, were summarized emphatically. Finally, the currently existing problems and trends of PAHs derivatives were also discussed. It is necessary to further optimize the detection method, establish the soil PAHs derivatives contaminant database, and explore the transformation data and mechanism, in order to provide more comprehensive information for soil PAHs derivatives contamination characteristics and migration.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1562-1574 [
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1575
Distributions and potential risks of antibiotic resistance genes in soils around Dongting Lake Basin, China
WU Chen, HUANG Feng-lian, LIU Xin-gang, FAN Qing-qing, LU Hai-nan, LI Qi-wu, GUO Qian, LI Ying, PENG Yong-chun, LI Feng
52 surface soil samples were collected around Dongting Lake basin. The distribution characteristics and potential health risks of eight typical antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs, comprising 16subtypes of ARGs) in surface soil were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a probability health risk assessment model based on Monte Carlo simulation. The total abundance of ARGs in surface soil of the Dongting Lake Basin ranged from 3.29 × 10
7
to 3.73 × 10
9
copies/g, which was significantly higher than the soil background value of ARGs (1.80×10
5
to 1.35×10
7
copies/g, with an average of 3.03×10
6
copies/g). The southern Dongting Lake Basin exhibited higher ARGs abundance in surface soil compared to the eastern and western Dongting Lake Basin. Sulfonamide, tetracycline, and aminoglycoside resistance genes were the predominant ARGs, with average abundances of 1.51 × 10
8
, 1.50 × 10
7
, and 2.64 × 10
7
copies/g, respectively. The main subtypes of ARGs were
sul1
and
dfrA14
, both belonging to sulfonamide resistance genes. The average abundance of class I integron gene (
intl1
) was 6.94 × 10
8
copies/g, higher than the average abundance of total ARGs in the study area. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation (
P
< 0.05) between
intl1
abundance and the abundances of
dfrA14
,
tetR
, and
ka
n genes, indicating that
intl1
promotes the spread of ARGs in surface soil via horizontal gene transfer. Monte Carlo simulation revealed that there was a probability of 64.92% to 98.68% for human exposure to ARGs exceeding risk background values (adults and children were 12.56 and 38.11copies/(g·d), respectively), indicating that the potential health risks associated with soil-borne ARGs in the study area. Skin contact was identified as the main exposure pathway for ARGs, and sulfonamide resistance genes were identified as the primary contributors to potential health risks of ARGs.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1575-1583 [
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1584
The degradation performance and pathways of phthalic acid esters by immobilized bacterial agent
LU Wen-yi, WANG Ze-ming, ZUO Xiang-zhi, LIU Yi-xiang, WU Hai-tao, GAO Yan-zheng
To enhance the efficiency of microbial degradation of PAEs in the environment, this study immobilized three strains, namely
Glutamicibacter
sp.A4,
Bacillus
sp.W34and
Rhodococcus
sp.2G, on biochar though adsorption method. The degradation efficiency of strains on six PAEs was investigated, and the metabolic pathway of PAEs degradation was preliminarily analyzed. The results showed that the complex flora achieved an 80.04% degradation rate of 120mg/L ∑
6
PAEs after 7days. Under optimal conditions (2days immobilization at 30℃, and a bacteria-material ratio of 1:30(V/M)), the prepared immobilized bacterial agent achieved a 96.60% degradation rate of ∑
6
PAEs, which was16.56% higher than that of free bacteria. During the degradation of DBP and BBP by complex bacteria, several metabolites,including monomethyl phthalate (MMP) and monoethyl phthalate (MEP),were produced. This suggested that ester hydrolysis was an important biodegradation process for PAEs. The findings of this study provided a theoretical basis for the application of immobilized bacterial agents in the remediation of environmental organic pollution.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1584-1591 [
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1592
Preparation, environmental applications, and biotoxicity studies of carbon quantum dots
SHENG You-ying, WANG He-fei, SU Yan, SHEN Ke, HU Xiao-jie, GAO Yan-zheng
This article provided a comprehensive review on the preparation methods, environmental applications, and risks associated with carbon quantum dots (CQDs). The preparation methods of CQDs, including the “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches, and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods were discussed. CQDs usually had one or more absorption peaks in the ultraviolet region of 200 to 400nm, and have photoluminescence effects in the visible blue and green regions. They were used to detect Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
, Cr
3+
, Mn
2+
and other (heavy) metal ions, organic pollutants like aromatic compounds and tetracycline, and nitrite and other salts with high sensitivity. Additionally, CQDs were the highly reactive photocatalysts for photocatalytic degradation of the pollutants, such as phenol, rhodamine B. Toxicity of CQDs was lower than that of most metal-based quantum dots, and overproduction of reactive oxygen species induced by CQDs in organisms is the main toxic mechanism. These results may serve as a basis for the accurate understanding and assessment of the environmental risks associated with CQDs, and provide technical support for the development of rational strategies for the preparation and recycling of CQDs.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1592-1601 [
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1602
Research progress of estrogen contamination characteristics and control techniques in livestock and poultry manure
WANG Jun-yue, SANG Yu-long, WANG He-fei, LING Wan-ting
The reported structure, properties, species and contents, migration characteristics, and control techniques of six estrogens in livestock and poultry manures were summarized in this paper. The concentrations of estrogens in different species and growth stages animal manures were compared. It was found that factors such as animal types, fecal characteristics and physiological states led to great variation of estrogens, which should be targeted conducted according to the pollution characteristics of different estrogens. Furthermore, the detection of different types of estrogens in the surrounding environment of livestock and poultry farms had reported by a large number of literatures, indicating that estrogens had the risk of environmental migration, and it was urgent to establish the risk assessment system to ensure ecological safety and human health. Finally, the control techniques of estrogen in livestock and poultry manure included aerobic compost, advanced oxidation and microbial degradation. Many estrogen-degrading strains had been isolated and applied from different environments, while estrogen-degrading functional bacterial consortiums and immobilized bacterial agents had more application potential in coping with different environmental pressures and resisting pollutant stress. The interaction mechanism between bacterial consortiums and estrogen-degrading mechanism still need to be further explored and researched in the future.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1602-1612 [
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1613
Antibiotics elimination in livestock manure during composting
ZHOU Xian, WANG Jian, HAN Jin, XU Peng-cheng, LING Wan-ting
In this study, cow manure, chicken manure, and swine manure were selected to investigate the effect of initial moisture content and frequency of composting on antibiotic reduction in aerobic composting, and optimized conditions for aerobic composting by using API 5000triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (minimum detection limit 0.5~1.0μg/L). The results showed that sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines were the main types of antibiotics in manure, with the concentration ranging from 1.37~72.43, 26.26~37.1 and 24.48~34.81μg/kg, respectively. Antibiotic residues in manure gradually decreased with composting time. Under a certain initial moisture content (55.87%~68.11%) and turning frequency (no turning or twice a day), the total antibiotic removal rate in the manure reached 78.09%~92.01% after 32 days of composting. Changes in the initial moisture content and turning frequency could significantly affect the rate of antibiotic reduction in livestock manure. The antibiotic removal rate could be up to 100% when the compost had an initial water content of 68.11% and the compost was turned frequently. Therefore, the rational optimization of composting treatment techniques could be advantageous for the effective elimination of antibiotics from manure as well as for achieving resource efficient and harmless treatment of manure.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1613-1621 [
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1622
Influence of hydrous oxides on the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes
LI Xiao-jia, LIU Si, WANG Ting-ting, QIN Chao, HU Xiao-jie, GAO Yan-zheng
This study explored the effects of hydrous oxides of aluminum and hydrous oxides of manganese on the horizontal transfer of ampicillin resistance genes carried by pUC19 plasmid to recipient
E. coli
cells, respectively. In the concentration range of 2.5~200mg/L, hydrous oxides significantly inhibited the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). As compared to the control group, inhibition rates of hydrous oxides of aluminum and hydrous oxides of manganese on transformation frequencies were up to 79.44% and 57.64%, respectively. The Al (III) released from hydrous oxides of aluminum are one of the reasons for the influenced ARG transformation, and the release of cation from hydrous oxides of manganese was negligible. In addition, hydrous oxides of aluminum can form large agglomerates with pUC19 plasmids by binding to their phosphate groups and bases of adenine, thymine, and guanine, thus hindering the entrance of ARGs to the cells. For hydrous oxides of manganese, they significantly decreased the membrane permeability of the recipient cells and also formed large-sized complexes with plasmids, which might be the mechanisms accounting for the inhibited ARG transfer.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1622-1629 [
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1630
Toxic effects and comparison of PFOS and its three alternatives on earthworms
LI Deng-tan, LU Cheng-bo, WANG Xiao-le, DU Zhong-kun, LI Bing, WANG Jin-hua, WANG Jun, ZHANG Jing-wen, ZHU Lu-sheng
The toxic effects of PFOS, 6:2 FTSA, PFHxS, and PFBS on
Eisenia fetida
were investigated in terms of oxidative stress, reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity after 28 days of exposure to the same concentration (0.2mg/kg). PFOS, 6:2 FTSA, PFHxS, and PFBS all caused an increase in ROS content and led to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. In addition, PFOS and its three alternatives also induced abnormal gene expression related to oxidative stress, reproduction, and growth and development. Thus inducing oxidative stress and triggering reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity at the genetic level. The results of integrated biomarker response (IBR) index showed that the IBR values of PFOS, 6:2 FTSA, PFHxS and PFBS were 36.4, 22.2, 34.1, and 24.3, respectively. The combined toxicity of the four substances to earthworms was in the following order: PFOS>PFHxS>PFBS>6:2 FTSA, which indicated that the combined toxicity of the three alternatives was lower than that of the PFOS. The results of this study provided a basis for the safety evaluation of 6:2 FTSA, PFHxS, and PFBS as alternatives to PFOS.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1630-1637 [
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1638
The migration, transformation and toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in organisms
HAN Miao, LI Ze-kai, XU Lin, LI Zhao-yan, WEN Xin-yu, SHI Qing, HU Xiao-jie, QIN Chao, GAO Yan-zheng
This paper summarizes the sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), focuses on the migration and transformation behaviour of PFASs in organisms and the main factors, and provides a hotspot analysis of the toxicity of PFASs in the last 38years of research using bibliometric methods. The results showed that the structure of PFASs, the enzyme activity in and protein content in biological tissues, and the content of organic matter in the environment are closely related to the migration and enrichment ability of PFASs in organisms. The studies on the toxicity of PFASs mainly focused on the toxic effect differences between different environmental media and organs, and the direction of the studies changed from the toxicity evaluation of plants and animals to the prediction of human health risks. On this basis, the toxic effects of PFASs were summarized at the individual, organ, biochemical and molecular levels, and it was suggested that the study of multilevel toxicity of PFASs is the future development trend, especially the use of quantitative conformational relationships to elucidate the hierarchical effects of biotoxicity is one of the approaches worth advocating. Finally, the present paper looks forward to the future development of the research on PFASs, which will provide new ideas for elucidating the environmental behaviour of new pollutants and carrying out related toxicological studies.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1638-1647 [
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1648
Effect of anions on the degradation of antibiotics by Mo
2
C/peroxonosulfate
ZHOU Zhou, TANG Lei, ZHAO Xu-qiang, CHEN Xu-wen, WANG He-fei, GAO Yan-zheng
The effects of typical inorganic anions SO
4
2-
, NO
3
-
, Cl
-
, HCO
3
-
, CO
3
2-
on oxidative degradation of chloramphenicol antibiotics by layered Mo
2
C activated peroxonosulfate (PMS) were investigated. The results showed that the degradation of three chloramphenicol antibiotics (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and flufenicol) was inhibited by the five inorganic anions, in which SO
4
2-
and NO
3
-
mainly affected the reaction rate. Cl
-
, HCO
3
-
and CO
3
2-
affected both the degradation percentage and the reaction rate. When the concentrations of Cl
-
, HCO
3
-
and CO
3
2-
were 20mmol/L, the degradation percentage of chloramphenicol was decreased from 100% to 59.27%, 2.85% and 0%, respectively. The degradation percentage of thiamphenicol was decreased from 100% to 64.64%, 8.54% and 0%, respectively. And the degradation percentage of flufenicol was decreased from 100% to 33.23%, 1.38%, and 0%, respectively. Among them, CO
3
2-
had a strong inhibitory effect on antibiotics degradation, and the degradation of three chloramphenicol antibiotics was completely inhibited at the presence of 5mmol/L CO
3
2-
. The effects of five inorganic anions on the degradation of three chloramphenicol antibiotics showed the trend, as CO
3
2-
> HCO
3
-
> Cl
-
> NO
3
-
≈ SO
4
2-
. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the degradation of the three antibiotics and Cl
-
, while there was also a significant negative correlation between the degradation of thiamphenicol, flufenicol and HCO
3
-
. The results provided a reference for the practical application of advanced oxidation processes.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1648-1656 [
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Emerging Contaminants and Environmental Toxicology
1657
Research progress of microplastics pollution in Chinese coastal areas
SONG Tian-wen, CHEN Qu, DUAN Shan-shan, JIN Jia-feng, CHANG Wei, XIA Wen-xiang
In order to comprehensively assess the microplastic pollution status in Chinese coastal areas, this study summarized the collection and separation methods, quantitative and qualitative analysis, pollution distribution characteristics and ecological hazards of microplastics in different environmental media in Chinese coastal aera, and proposed the future research fields. The results showed that microplastics widely distributed in the coastal atmosphere, sediments as well as seawater. In comparison to other coastal aeras around the world, microplastic pollution status in China was generally at a medium to low level. In addition, microplastics and their combined pollutants posed certain risks to Chinese coastal ecology. The spatio-temporal distribution, source and sink pattern and ecological risk mechanisms of marine microplastics in Chinese coastal aeras are still unclear. On the basis of standardizing research methods for coastal microplastics, it is in need to conduct large-scale and long-term monitoring of microplastic pollution in the future, pay attention to the microplastic migration and transportation among the atmosphere, land, and ocean, and explore the toxicological mechanisms of microplastic and combined pollutants exposure and its potential health risks to humans, providing the reference for the assessment and treatment of marine microplastic pollution in China.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1657-1670 [
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1671
Toxic effects of acute exposure to azithromycin in zebrafish larvae
PU Qian, ZHANG Shang-yi, CHEN Chen, LIU Xing-cheng, WANG Hui-li, QIAN Qiu-hui
In this study, zebrafish served as a model organism to meticulously investigate the toxicological effects of azithromycin (AZM) on larval development during acute exposure. Our research delineated several distinct pathological changes in the larvae, including spinal curvature, incomplete swim bladder development, and the formation of yolk cysts. Notably, profound neurological impacts were also observed, characterized by a significant reduction in the number of neurons within the zebrafish brain, diminished AChE activity, and disruptions in light-dark rhythms. Further investigation using the PharmMapper website identified potential AZM target genes. Subsequent GO and KEGG enrichment analysis unveiled the potential influence of AZM on zebrafish vascular and immune systems. Experimental validation substantiated these predictions, demonstrating that AZM exposure induces abnormal vascular branching and dysfunction in the immune system of zebrafish larvae.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1671-1678 [
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1679
Effects of nanoplastics and ketoconazole on the intestinal tract of
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
LU Guang-hua, YU Ye-ting, XUE Qi, LIU Jian-chao
Limnodrilus hoffmeistteri
was exposed to original and different functional groups modified polystyrene nanoplastics (NPs) and environmentally relevant concentration ketoconazole (KCZ) in a subacute toxicity test, and the bioaccumulation of NPs and KCZ, as well as the histopathology and intestinal microbial responses of the worms were investigated. After 7 days of exposure, all three NPs could be absorbed and accumulated in the worms, with the lowest accumulation level of amino modified NPs (2.78ng/mg) and the highest accumulation level of carboxyl modified NPs (22.85ng/mg). The coexistence of NPs significantly reduced the bioaccumulation of KCZ, with inhibition rates reaching the highest at day 7 (88.9%~94.8%). KCZ alone and in combination with NPs induced intestinal damage, resulting in pathological changes such as epidermal and intestinal cell degeneration, epidermal and intestinal cell proliferation, epidermal surface irregularity and chlorine-producing tissue degeneration. The coexistence of the three NPs significantly reduced the inhibition of KCZ on pepsin and cellulase activities. Coexposure with amino modified NPs significantly decreased the content of D-lactate, and coexposure with carboxyl modified NPs significantly decreased diamine oxidase activity. KCZ alone significantly increased the microbial diversity in the worm gut, and the coexistence with functional group modified NPs reduced the microbial diversity, and changed the abundance of phylum level and dominant bacteria genera. Especially in the combination group of KCZ and amino modified NPs, the dominant bacterial genera became pathogenic bacteria, increasing the risk of worm infection.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1679-1686 [
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1687
Toxic effects of suspended particulate matter and microcystins complexes on
Daphnia magna
FENG Qin-shuang, HUANG Wei, HE Qiang, LI Hong
In order to investigate the toxic effects of suspended particulate matter and microcystins complexes on
Daphnia magna
, the most frequently detected variants of microcystin, MC-LR, was selected and the suspended particulate matter (SPM) and MC-LR complexes were prepared. The acute toxicity of MC-LR adsorbed SPM (SPM-MC-LR) on
Daphnia magna
was also studied. The results showed that the adsorption process of MC-LR by SPM fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isothermal adsorption model, and a maximum adsorption capacity of 1720μg/g was determined. This multimolecular layer adsorption dominated by chemical adsorption was relatively easy to occur. SPM-MC-LR influenced the immobilization rate (the maximum immobilization rate reached 93.77%) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of
Daphnia magna
, with positively dose and time dependent manner. However, when the MC-LR content reached 73.52 and 94.53μg/g on the SPM surface, the oxidative stress triggered in the
Daphnia magna
would inhibit the activities of antioxidant enzymes. As a result, the activities of SOD and CAT after 48h exposure to SPM-MC-LR were decreased by 21.44%, 26.51% and 6.2%, 18.27% in comparison to that after 24h exposure, respectively. Compared with single MC-LR, the presence of SPM may enhance the toxicity of MC-LR toward
Daphnia magna
.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1687-1696 [
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1697
Sources identification and health risks of short-chain chlorinated paraffin in urban green spaces in Lanzhou, China
JIA Ning-yi, CHENG Jing-long, HU Bai-cheng, GUO Yu-xuan, SONG Shi-jie, ZHAO Yuan, MAO Xiao-xuan
Contamination characteristics of SCCPs in the soil of green land in the main urban area of Lanzhou city during the warm and cold seasons of 2022~2023 were observed, and the source assessment and identification were conducted using principal component analysis and multiple linear regression, the entropy value method was applied for the ecological risk assessment, and the health risk of the residents exposed to SCCPs was evaluated using the exposure assessment model. The concentrations of SCCPs in the study area ranged from 19.67 to 938.15ng/g (mean 296.00ng/g) during the warm season and from 61.11 to 976.20ng/g (mean 316.72ng/g) during the cold season, and the chlorine contents were 61.49%~64.62% and 61.79%~64.21%, respectively. C
10
(35.80% and 40.15%) and C
11
(24.80% and 22.52%) were the predominant carbon homologues, as well as Cl
7
(30.08% and 30.00%) and Cl
8
(23.89% and 24.44%). The result of source apportionment showed that the contamination might be emitted from industrial activities, discharge of wastewater and sludge from sewage treatment plants and wastewater irrigation. The ecological risk assessment indicated that the levels of SCCPs in the soil did not cause a significant risk to soil ecology, and the health risk assessment showed that the health risk of the residents exposed to soil SCCPs was below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for both children and adults.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1697-1705 [
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Carbon Emission Control
1706
Influencing factors of ecosystem carbon storage in Jilin Province
WU Hao-qing, LIU Zi-gang
Based on land use data from Jilin Province in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020, the InVEST model was used to estimate the ecosystem carbon storage in Jilin Province from 1990 to 2020, and a spatial Durbin model was established to explore the influencing factors of ecosystem carbon storage in Jilin Province and their regional differences. The results show that the trend of ecosystem carbon storage in Jilin Province initially increased and then declined from 1990 to 2020, with significantly positive spatial autocorrelation. The ecosystem carbon storage in Jilin Province is influenced by both natural factors such as climate and vegetation, as well as anthropogenic factors including economic development, urban construction and agriculture. The annual average NDVI and land surface human activity intensity are the most significant positive and the most significant negative impact factors, with influencing coefficients of 1.09 and -0.32, respectively. The ecosystem carbon storage in Jilin Province is affected by spatial factors, and neglecting spatial factors might lead to an overestimation of the impact of climate factors on ecosystem carbon storage in Jilin Province. Considering spatial factors, both the annual average NDVI and land surface human activity intensity exhibit positive spatial spillover effects, with influencing coefficients of 0.83 and 0.73.
There exist regional heterogeneity in the main influencing factors of ecosystem carbon storage in the eastern, central and western part of Jilin Province.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1706-1717 [
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1718
Evolution characteristics and link prediction of China’s industrial carbon emission network structure
PENG Bang-wen, ZHENG Hong-fang, ZHU Lei, HU Wen-qian
China’s industrial carbon emission network was constructed by combining the life cycle assessment of economic inputs and outputs by the minimum flow analysis method. Combined with the social network analysis method, the structural characteristics of China's industrial carbon emission network were analyzed from three aspects, namely, the overall network characteristics, node centrality and block structure. In addition, China's industrial carbon emission network in 2022 was predicted in the form of a directed weighted network based on the idea of modeling the dynamic change of links. The results showed that between 1997 and 2017, the carbon emissions of Chinese industries had become more and more closely related to each subsector; the general machinery manufacturing industry and other industries played a stronger "bridge" role in the network, while the ferrous metal smelting and calendering industry and other industries played the role of "central actor" in the network. The results of the block model showed that different industries played different roles in the block structure of the whole network due to their different industrial chain positions in the industrial system. From the link prediction in 2022, the density of China's industrial carbon emission network decreased significantly, the block structure was further complicated, and the intermediary centrality and near-centrality of five industries, including ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry, were ranked in the top five. In the process of formulating, improving and implementing carbon emission reduction policies, it is necessary to pay attentions to the role of the node characteristics of the carbon emission network on cross-industry collaborative emission reduction, the clustering characteristics of the carbon network and carbon transfer paths. Other information needed to be fully captured and utilized, and differentiated policies needed to be formulated for the classification and management of industry sectors, so as to achieve the effect of saving emission reduction costs and improving the efficiency of emission reduction.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1718-1731 [
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1732
The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of carbon emission and its driving forces in urban households
XU Jia-jun, YANG Xiao-jun, LI Rui
This paper studied the spatial and temporal features of carbon emission in urban households in China between 2006 and 2020, using these methods including map visualization, spatial autocorrelation, standard deviation ellipse and spatial Markov chain, and tested the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of driving forces using spatio-temporal geographically weighted regression (GTWR). Carbon emission in urban households increased over years with a growth rate of 10.12% on average, however, the growth was gradually stopping, where it was higher in the east and lower in the west, and it converged when time approached the end of the sample period. The spatial distribution of carbon emission in urban households significantly showed a geographic concentration. The standard deviation ellipse tended to show a center agglomeration, and the core of the distribution shifted to the southwest for about 68.97km. The dynamics of the carbon emission in urban households was affected by the carbon emission of neighboring cities. The driving forces showed significant differences across geographic spaces and over time. Temporally, the impact of the driving forces, including population density, economic growth, opening up to the world, and sectoral structure, on carbon emission was positive but weakening over time, and the impact of technology and environmental regulations were negative and growing stronger over time. Spatially, the impact of population density, economic growth, and opening up to the world, were much stronger in the south, and the impact of technology, sectoral structure, and environmental regulation were much stronger in the east.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1732-1742 [
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1743
Forecast and analysis of China's industrial CO
2
emissions from 2020 to 2060 based on the IO-SDA method
WANG Huo-gen, WANG Yu-ting, XIAO Li-xiang
Firstly, the IO-SDA method was employed to calculate CO
2
emissions from 2017 to 2020. Then, based on domestic authoritative forecasting reports, the RAS method was used to derive the input-output table and energy consumption data of various industries from 2025 to 2060. Finally, the IO-SDA method was used to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each driving factor to changes in both the total CO
2
emissions and CO
2
emissions in various industries of different periods between 2020 to 2060. The results show that CO
2
emissions in China’s industries were observed to initially increase and then decrease from 2020 to 2060. A peak in emissions was reached around 2030, followed by a plateau period. Starting in 2035, a rapid reduction in emissions was initiated, with the rate of decrease slowing down after 2050. The foremost driving factor of CO
2
emissions from 2020 to 2060 is the scale of final demand, with carbon emission intensity being the most important mitigating factor. While input-output and final demand structures only promote CO
2
emissions growth during specific periods, they generally have a positive impact on CO
2
reduction, albeit limited. With the stabilization of the economic structure, the impact of the two factors gradually diminishes. The total CO
2
emissions and the amplitude of changes in four key factors were observed to undergo a transition from minimal to maximal and then back to minimal across three distinct phases: the peak plateau period, the rapid reduction period, and the comprehensive neutralization period. From the perspective of industry, the major drivers of CO
2
reduction include the production and supply of public goods, such as electricity, metal products manufacturing, transportation, storage and postal services, and the chemical industry. In order to effectively achieve CO
2
reduction goals, government policies should continue to give full play to the positive effects of carbon emission intensity as well as place greater emphasis on the positive effects of technological innovation in key industries and optimizing the final demand structure for CO
2
reduction.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1743-1755 [
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1756
Simulation of medium and long-term air quality improvement in the Cheng-Yu district based on comprehensive pollution reduction and carbon reduction strategies
DUAN Lin-feng, LI Zhen-liang, PU Xi, CAO Yun-qing, LU Pei-li, WANG Feng-wen, XUE Wen-bo, LEI Yu, ZHANG Sheng
The three medium- to long-term comprehensive scenarios for pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in the Cheng-Yu district were formulated, encompassing the baseline policy, dynamic optimization, and maximum potential scenarios. Regional air pollution and carbon emission inventories, along with an air quality model, were applied to simulate the extent of air quality improvement under different scenarios. Subsequently, pollution reduction and carbon mitigation pathways were optimized, taking into account long-term air quality improvement goals. The results revealed that, to achieve medium- to long-term improvements in air quality and carbon emission reduction goals, compared to the baseline year of 2017, the reduction percentages of SO
2
, NO
x
, PM
2.5
, VOCs, and CO
2
in the years 2025 and 2035 were 29%, 32%, 19%, 24%, 3%, and 35%, 49%, 28%, 39%, 12%, respectively. In the near to medium term, end-of-pipe treatments (especially ultra-low emission transformations in key industries) remain the primary driving force for reducing air pollutants, accounting for approximately 20%~55% of the overall reduction. In the medium to long term, measures related to energy, industry, and transportation structure adjustments driven by the “dual carbon” goals play a crucial role in pollution reduction, accounting for approximately 65%~87% of the overall reduction. Furthermore, significant differences are observed in the emission reduction contributions from key emission sources. Mobile sources and solvent use sources make significant contributions to the reduction of NO
x
and VOCs, while stationary combustion sources, process sources, and mobile sources all have noticeable contributions to CO
2
emission reductions.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1756-1768 [
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1769
Exploring the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of carbon emissions driven by massive ship trajectory data
YU Hong-chu, FANG Qing-long, FANG Zhi-xiang, LIU Jing-xian
AIS trajectory data from container ships in 2018 is leveraged and a bottom-up approach is adopted to comprehensively understand the CO
2
emissions of these vessels. The global monthly spatial distribution map of CO
2
emissions from container ships is achieved through the coordinated analysis of ship emission data and world maps through the fundamental theories and techniques of Geographic Information Science. The intricate spatiotemporal patterns of CO
2
emissions, coupled with a detailed exploration of emissions along major shipping routes. The findings underscore that the annual CO
2
emissions from container ships amounted to 123.55million tons in 2018, with the highest emissions occurring in January and the lowest in November, indicative of pronounced temporal variations. Monthly emissions demonstrate a generally consistent spatial distribution, concentrating predominantly near coastlines and major routes.
2024 Vol. 44 (3): 1769-1776 [
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