An integrated dust forecasting system, which is based on the WRF/Chem and a dust emission scheme with physical mechanisms, was used to better understand dust emission, dry deposition and the evolution of spatial-temporal distribution of PM₁₀ concentration. The dust emission and near-surface PM₁₀ concentration in the black dust storm occurred on April 24, 2010 in northwest Chinawere simulated and compared with in situ observations. The black dust stormwas well captured by the integrated dust forecasting system. Mingqinwas found to be the main dust source regionaccording to the dust emission and dry deposition in the black dust storm. The dust emission and dry deposition in Dunhuang were 0.01 and 6.23 mg/m², while those of Mingqin were 5040.79 and 231.74mg/m², respectively. The dust emission of Minqin was 5.04t/km² during the black dust storm. According to the vertical distribution of PM₁₀ concentration in different regions, we found that PM₁₀ were mainly distributed within 1000m above the ground. Dust can also be diffused to the height of 3000m or higher, and then be transported to thousands of kilometers downstream.

To explore the influence of turbulent motion on collection efficiency, the collecting processes of different diameter aerosols captured by four diameter raindrops were estimated by employing numerical simulation with different turbulent intensities, respectively. Considering the characteristics of scavenging process in the turbulent flow field, the concept of collision probability was introduced to give the new definition of computational formula of collection efficiency in turbulent flow condition. On the basis of the concept, the influence of turbulent effect on the collection efficiency was discussed and analyzed. The numerical results show that the collision probability distributions for particle of different diameters are affected by background turbulent intensity. Furthermore, collection efficiency is strongly affected by turbulent intensity for d_p≤5 μm. The influence of turbulent effect on collection efficiency depends on the density and diameter of particle, which was independent of the raindrop diameter.

Characteristics of the carbon components and the particle size distribution of the particulate matter emitted from the biomass boiler were studied by collecting PM₁₀ and PM_2.5.The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in the sample were determined by the thermal/optical reflectance (TOR), the quantity of char-EC and soot-EC were obtained. The results showed that different removal ways of dust had significant effects on OC and EC quantity in particulate matter discharged from biomass boiler. The value of OC/EC and char-EC/soot-EC as indicators of identification of source were 1.4±0.4 and 35.7±16.5 respectively in PM₁₀, 2.2±1.3 and 15.5±10.3 in PM_2.5 respectively in the bag dust removal samples. The 10 value of OC/EC and char-EC/soot-EC in cyclone dust samples of were 6.1±1.9 and 5.2±2.5, and the PM_2.5 were 6.5±2.0 and 2.5±2.3 respectively. For carbon fractions:OC1~OC4, EC1~EC3 and OPC analysis, the percentage of EC1in TC was the highest in the bag dust removal samples. The cyclone dust samples of relative contents of OC1~OC3 in TC were higher than others. This study also showed that OC2, OC3 and EC2 were mainly concentrated in PM_2.5, OC4, ECl and EC3 mainly in PM₁₀.

A marine vessel emission inventory of 2010 in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port was developed based on an activity-based approach with tracks of local vessels from AIS (automatic identification system) and vessel feature information from LR (Lloyd's Register of Shipping). The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of marine vessel emission were acquired. The results showed that the emissions of SO₂, NO_x, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, VOC and CO were 2.16×10⁴, 3.50×10⁴, 2.59×10³, 2.35×10³, 1.50×10³ and 3.01×10³t, respectively. The contribution percentages of exhausted emissions from container vessel, dry bulk carrier, conventional cargo vessel, oil tanker and cruise/ferry were 45.1%~57.7%, 8.9%~12.9%, 25.3%~40.7%, 4.2%~8.1% and 0.2%~0.7%, respectively. The emissions of pollutants usually reached peaks during 9:00~14:00, and the hourly emission profiles varied with vessel types. The high emissions were found in the large channel composed of Jintang, Cezi, Luotou and Xiazhimen waterways, as well as the surrounding main ports.

VOCs emission characteristics based on emission links of representative enterprises in a typical Chemical Industry Park in Pearl River Delta were investigated. Sampled by TENAX tubes and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), the VOCs concentrations and compositions of different emission links as well as the exhaust funnels were obtained. Cluster analysis of VOCs compositions presented six classes existing, and the amount of VOCs in 2014 was calculated based on emission links. The results showed that the VOCs concentrations in each emission link of representative enterprises were 0.2~107.02mg/m³, almost all samples were above 10mg/m³ and 1~34 times higher than that of enterprises' boundary concentration, which illustrates that the leakage of devices was serious. The VOCs composition of different factories or different emission links were diversity and alkane was the main pollutants, followed by benzene series and OVOCs. In addition, the detected compositions were inconsistent with raw materials in majority of factories expect storage and transportation enterprise, probably because of interreactions or by-products formation in factories. The amount of VOCs of each factory was less than 100t/a expecting YH storage enterprise, which amount was 1864.97t/a, and discharged mostly by fugitive emission.

According to the variation of vehicle populations, vehicle-use intensity, emission standards and fuel quality, high-resolution vehicle emission inventory of 0.02°×0.02 grid in Qingdao from 2000 to 2014 were developed by COPERT model and GIS, considering the differences of driving conditions and trip rates for each vehicle type in urban road, suburban road and highway. Results show that total emissions of CO, VOCs and SO₂ decreased from 168.68kt, 33.57kt and 5.27kt to 155.14kt, 17.51kt and 2.44kt during the period of 2000 to 2014, while NO_x, PM₁₀ and CO₂ increased from 23.88kt, 1.22kt and 2647.32kt to 57.82kt, 2.76kt and 17736.06kt at the same period. Passenger cars and motorcycles were the major contributors to CO and VOCs emissions, NO_x and PM₁₀ mainly came from buses and heavy duty trucks, while passenger cars and heavy duty trucks were main sources of CO₂ and SO₂. For spatial distributions, vehicle emissions presented decreasing trend from downtown areas to urban fringes and concentrated in highway with distinctive banding distribution. High vehicle emission intensity regions were Licang district, Shibei district, Shinan district and Chengyang district, and low emission intensity regions were Pingdu city, Laixi city and Laoshan district.

PM_2.1 and PM₁₀ samples were synchronously collected at suburban and urban sites in Nanjing, 16 kinds of PAHs were analyzed by the GC-MS. The concentrations of total PAHs at the urban and suburban were in the ranges of 32.84~245.35ng/m³ and 21.43~225.72ng/m³ for PM₁₀, respectively, and 19.11~111.57ng/m³ and 19.69~125.21ng/m³ for PM_2.1. PAHs concentrations at the two sites were close to each other, and show similar seasonal variation with the winter concentrations larger than those in the summer. PAHs mainly compose of 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs that have mass fractions (to total PAH mass) of 78.7%~83.1% in PM₁₀ and 80.5%~87.1% in PM_2.1, and the fraction of 4-rings PAHs in winter was clearly larger than those of other seasons. The PAHs at two sites showed different diurnal variations. At the urban site, the concentration in the daytime was higher than that in the nighttime, whereas values in the nighttime become larger at the suburban site. Among the various meteorological parameters, the PAH concentration shows clearly negative correlations to both temperature and relative humidity, and a positive correlation is noticed between the PM₁₀ and PAHs. The influence of meteorological parameters was more significant in warm seasons (summer and autumn) than that in cold seasons (winter and spring). Ozone concentration also had a negative correlation to the 5- and 6-ring PAHs concentration. The results from air mass back-trajectory model show that the accumulation of PAHs was mainly influenced by local emission, and polluted airs from southwest and southeast of Nanjing are also an important source of the PAHs through shout-range transport.

In order to investigate the impacts of fireworks on air quality in Tianjin city, ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants (SO₂, O₃, NO, NO₂), particulate matters (PM_1.0, PM_2.5, PM₁₀) and fractions (water-soluble ions, organic carbon, elemental carbon) were monitored online at the station of Tianjin Environment Monitoring Centre, during the Spring Festival in 2015. The ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter, and chemical species of PM_2.5 were compared between the fireworks and non-fireworks periods. The concentrations of PM_1.0, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and SO₂ were heavily affected by fireworks, the concentrations of which were 284.00 μg/m³、428.00 μg/m³、714.00 μg/m³ and 283.14 μg/m³ respectively during the heavy-firework period, and among the setting off period, the mean concentrations of which were increased by 2.99、2.54、2.07 and 3.27 times higher than non-discharge periods. Fireworks had great influence on the water soluble ionic in PM_2.5, especially on the potassium, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, nitrite and sodium ions, which accounted for 35.28% of the PM_2.5 mass concentration during the peak period. At that time, the concentrations of OC and EC were 15.68 μg/m³ and 2.96 μg/m³ respectively, which were 2.0 and 1.4 times of the mean concentration of the previous hour.

Spatial and temporal distributions of aerosol optical depth (AOD) in Huabei area of China (32°N~42°N, 112°E~121°E) and the ocean primary productivity in Northwestern Pacific Ocean (40°N~50°N, 140°E~180°E) were analyzed using satellite remote sensing data from MODIS (2003~2014) and CALIOP (2009~2014). And the correlations between these two parameters were further studied. The results showed that:the AOD in Huabei area varied seasonally and peaked in June and July. The ocean primary productivity in Northwestern Pacific Ocean also showed seasonal periodicity and was highest in August and September. An aerosol transportation channel from Huabei area to the Northwestern Pacific Ocean was revealed in May and June, along with the high-altitude wind fields. Indicated by Lead-lag correlation analysis of long time-series data, relatively higher correlation coefficient (ranging from 0.7 to 0.8, tested by a=0.05) was found between AOD in Huabei area and ocean primary productivity in Northwestern Pacific Ocean which lagged behind the former for 1 to 2 months. Nevertheless, areas with shorter lag time and lower correlation index might be affected by ocean current transportation.

An atmospheric dust aerosol process in Beijing was observed using a series of atmospheric monitoring instruments on March 9th, 2013. The aerosol particle size and vertical distribution characteristics were observed and analyzed with meteorological data before and after this process to study the differences of pollution characteristics between haze and dust. The results indicated that a dry aerosol haze pollution process was dominated by fine particles before the sand-dust period, with ρ(PM_2.5)/ρ(PM₁₀) up to 0.93. Aerosol depolarization ratio of floating dust at 800~2500m altitude from atmospheric transport was 0.35, which is significantly higher than the haze aerosol. Due to the strong winds with cold front, PBL height lifted up to more than 900m, making that the floating dust from outside source diffused down toward the surface and mixed with local dust, which leads to the increase of coarse particles near ground. The hourly value of ρ(PM₁₀) at surface increased to 920μg/m³ when the sand-dust process sustained. During the dust period, the aerosol depolarization ratio raised up to 0.4with distribution of dust aerosol from ground to about 3000m high. Results suggested that the cold front associated with the Mongolian cyclone was the main weather systems generating this dust process, and deepening development of the upper trough as well as the updrafts caused by ground cyclone was the driving force for the dust propulsion and transport.

A three-dimensional-electrode Electro-Fenton Depth coupling method was applied on industrial vinylon waste-water treatment using mosaic electrode made from brass copper. the reaction paths and mechanisms in equipment was preliminarily investigated. They were then compared with those of three-dimensional electrode method, common Electro-Fenton method and common electrolysis method. The results indicated that the removal rate of the volatile phenol COD achieved 93.6% at a electrolysis period of 3.0h, initial pH of 4.0, electrodes space of 3cm, electric current density of 30mA/cm²and brass copper dosage of 10g/L. By such experiment, the research tried to verify that a three-dimensional- electrode Electricity-Fenton Depth coupling method using mosaic electrode made from brass copper ore works more effectively than traditional three-dimensional electrode method, common fenton method and common electrolysis method.

Outdoors the living waste water after using A/O removes phosphorus was taken as matrix to start the biofilter of CANON process, aimed at the problem that nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) excesses proliferation in CANON process and causes the effluent nitrogen concentration to exceed the first level A discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant, to experiment and investigate the effect of high ammonia loading rate, back washing and anaerobic operation on the NOB in the filter column. The results show that the NOB had adaptability to the high ammonia loading rate, when the influent ammonia nitrogen loading rate was 0.60kg/(m³·d), after the continuous operation of 80d, the total nitrogen removal rate was stable at 65% or so, the maximum effluent total nitrogen concentration was 15.8mg/L, exceeding the first level A emission standards; NOB was eluted in CANON process by the means of reverse washing, after the back washing the total nitrogen concentration of the continuous 40d effluent was less than 10.5mg/L; the inhibitory effect of anaerobic operation on NOB was larger but its inhibitory effect on AOB was smaller, from after anaerobic operation recovers low DO stable operation, the total nitrogen removal rate above continuous 40d was greater than 80%, and the maximum effluent total nitrogen concentration was 9.5mg/L.

In order to solve the existing problems about one-sidedness, subjectivity and uncertainty in optimization methods of sewage technology, this study maximized the benefits of the environment and society, and developed an inexact two-stage stochastic programming model to choose the optimized treatment technology and to calculate their capacities for the increased regional sewage. After the model was applied in Dianchi-Panlongjiang watershed, the results indicated that the combination of sewage treatment technology was the best choice comparing with choosing one specific technology. Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic(A²/O) had obvious advantages in a large scale due to the low cost of operation and investment. Meanwhile,Intermittent Cycle Extended Aeration(ICEAS) was more suitable to be applied in small emission areas, and it had a deeper removal efficiency of pollutant than A²/O and oxidation ditch(OD).

To develop an efficient and economic technology to remove nitrate from constructed wetland in high-latitude areas under the conditions of autumn temperature, modified hydrophyte biochars were prepared with aquatic plant litters collected from constructed wetlands. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution and wastewater by modified hydrophyte biochars. The experimental results showed that the modified biochars (MRB and MCB) carried positive charge and that Zeta potentials were respectively +5.46mV and +2.31mV. The second order model fit the nitrate sorption kinetics of modified hydrophyte biochars with a high coefficient of determination (R²>0.99). Freundlich isotherms performed well to fit the nitrate sorption data (R²>0.98) of modified hydrophyte biochars when compared to Langmuir isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of MRB and MCB to nitrate was 14.6661mg/g and 5.5559mg/g, respectively. Batch adsorption experiments also showed that both initial solution pH and coexisting anions could affect the adsorption of nitrate onto modified hydrophyte biochars. Modified hydrophyte biochars could efficiently remove nitrate from wastewater in constructed wetland.

Sulfamethazine (SMT) was selected as a kind of typical sulphonamides pharmaceuticals for this research. The degradation of SMT was investigated by gamma irradiation, which presented high efficiency. Experiments and theoretical analysis were used to determine degradation characteristics of SMT. Byproducts and the variation of them were discussed based on the chromatographic and chemical analysis. The influence of initial SMT concentrations, pH values, O₂ and N₂ and ·OH radical scavenger on SMT degradation was determined. The experimental results showed that it was better for the SMT degradation and TOC removal in low initial SMT concentration, neutral and high dissolved oxygen solution. The degradation reaction was much inhibited by the ·OH radical scavenger, which indicated that most of the SMT degradation was contributed by the oxidation of ·OH radicals. Therefore in the wastewater treatment the removal efficiency of sulphonamides pharmaceuticals could be improved by changing the concentration, adjusting the pH value and/or increasing the aeration.

The application of electro-catalytic oxidation technology for the pretreatment of a certain refinery's wastewater containing phenol acetone was studied. After selection and preparation, five different metal-loaded activated carbon particle electrodes and their catalytic activities were determined. Manganese ion was finally chosen as the activated carbon particle catalyst, improving the catalytic activity of the particle electrode. Factors like voltage, pH value, aeration rate and hydraulic retention time which influence the catalytic activity were studied. Optimum reaction conditions for the system were as follows:slot voltage value of 15V, water pH value of 5.5~6.5, hydraulic retention time of 90minutes, and aeration rate of 6m³/(m²·h). Under the condition, 80% COD_cr removal was achieved and the biodegradability BOD/COD value could be largely increased from 0.07 to 0.43. Under optimum experimental conditions, the concentration of phenols, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones in phenol acetone wastewater could be degraded to below 10mg/L. After pretreatment, favorable conditions were provided for subsequent biochemical treatment of phenol acetone wastewater.

Under low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, the neural network prediction method was applied in SBR for treating domestic wastewater. The neural network control model was built to predict and control the ammonia oxidizing process. The model was divided into two parts. In the first part with the correlation coefficient (R value) of 0.9985, the end of ammonia oxidization was predicted based on the on-line pH variations. In the second part with R value of 0.9083, the ammonia concentration was real-time predicted based on the on-line pH variations. The results showed that the model with high prediction accuracy, good controllability, better adaptability and stability, can not only benefit for achieving and stabilizing short-cut, but also promote the application of anaerobic ammonium oxidation for treating domestic wastewater.

For the purpose of enhancing nitrogen removal efficiency of the high-ammonium fertilizer wastewater, an intermittently-aerated sequencing batch reactor (IASBR) and a continuously-aerated sequencing batch reactor (CASBR) were developed to investigate the performance of partial nitrification for fertilizer wastewater treatment at room temperature (16~26℃). In the steady state, more than 90% of COD was removed. The mean NH+ 4-N removal rate was 93.8% and 87.2%, and the mean nitrite accumulation rate reached at 72.6% and 65.6% in IASBR and CASBR, respectively. Partial nitrification kinetics revealed that the ratio of NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N maximum specific nitrification rates were up to 830:1 and 16:1 in IASBR and CASBR, respectively. In order to analyze the improvement effects of intermittent aeration on the performance of partial nitrification, a series of experiments with different non-aeration durations were conducted. It showed that the optimal NO₂^--N accumulation efficiency appeared at 20min non-aeration/40min aeration condition. The non-aeration phase of intermittent aeration was able to enhance the activity expression of AOB, and induce the efficient NH₄⁺-N removal and NO₂^--N accumulation. Moreover, the free ammonia concentration in SBRs (1.3~7.5mg/L) was also one of key parameters for achieving partial nitrification.

One-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process was started up in two identical EGSB (expanded granular sludge bed) reactors feed with synthetic wastewater with NH₄⁺-N of 100~130mg/L, which were inoculated with flocculent nitrification sludge and anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) granular simultaneously or in sequence, respectively. As the result showed, the reactor inoculated in sequence (reactor 2) had obviously more advantages than that inoculated simultaneously (reactor 1) on the start-up duration and nitrogen removal performance. The duration of activity inhibiting phase in reactor 1was almost twice than that in reactor 2, and the TN (total nitrogen) removal rate was also lower in reactor 1. As to the activity increasing phase, the start-up duration of reactor 2 was only 40 days, which was 8 days shorter than that in reactor 1. So the steady phase was achieved easier in reactor 2 than in reactor 1, meanwhile, the highest removal rates of NH₄⁺-N, TN and nitrogen loading removal (NLR) in the steady phase reached 84.1%, 68% and 0.49kgN/(m³·d) in reactor 2, respectively, which were higher than those of 79.1%, 65.1% and 0.45kgN/(m³·d) in reactor 1, respectively. FISH result showed that AOB (ammonia oxidizing bacteria) and Anammox bacteria dominated both reactors, while the main undesirable community, NOB (nitrite oxidizing bacteria), and was suppressed successfully.

The removal effects and the first order reaction kinetics of 2, 4-DCP with PS and UV/PS were compared, respectively. The effect of oxidant (PS) dosage, different initial 2, 4-DCP concentration and humic acid on the photolysis reaction were investigated. The vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 was applied to evaluate the environmental toxicity of 2, 4-DCP solution and successive transformation products during UV/PS process. The results showed that the removal percentage of 2, 4-DCP was only 4% for the only PS process, while the degradation percentage reached higher 96.4% with UV/PS process, which showed the 2, 4-DCP was effectively degraded by UV/PS process compared with the PS alone. Meanwhile the pseudo-first-order reaction equation could well describe the 2, 4-DCP degradation behavior and the k_obs (reaction rate constant) was 35.1×10^-3min^-1 in UV/PS process. The degradation efficiency and rate constant rate increased with the increasing of the oxidant (PS) dosage, decreased with the increase of initial 2, 4-DCP concentration. The coexisting HA promoted the 2, 4-DCP degradation at the beginning and then gradually inhibited the degradation. For toxicity evaluation experiment, Luminescent bacteria inhibition rate decreased with the decrease of concentration of 2, 4-DCP and the increase of intermediate products, which indicated the reduction of environmental toxicity of the reaction system. According to the multiple experimental results, the relative inhibition rate of luminescent bacteria had no relation with exposure time of luminescent bacteria under the same oxidation time.

Stochastic model with Monte Carlo method was used to assess the risk of groundwater pollution. The random variables in the model were determined by the sensitivity analysis, which made the result of the groundwater risk assessment more reliable, and the evaluation process was illustrated by a hypothetical example. The results showed that the simulated output data was in accord with the normal distribution law, and normal probability density function of the integrator was the risk of contamination. The pollution risks of well 1, 2 and 3 were 0%, 78.52% and 100%, respectively. Sub regions with different risk of pollution were divided according to the pollution risk distribution map of the whole simulation area, so as to quantitatively evaluate the pollution risk of different sub area in the simulation area.

The impact of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) (0, 2, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150mg/g-VSS) on the anaerobic digestion of excess activated sludge was investigated and the possible dose-effect relationship was achieved. Results indicated that less adverse effects of ZnO-NPs were found on anaerobic digestion of excess activated sludge at the low exposure concentration (2mg/g-VSS). However, significant effects were observed on the anaerobic digestion including biogas production, degradation efficiency of organics as well as reduction rate of sludge, but no significant effects was found on the volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The average daily gas production plummeted when the exposure concentration of ZnO-NPs was increased from 30mg/g-VSS to 120mg/g-VSS, but no obvious decrease of daily gas production was observed as the concentration was increased from 120mg/g-VSS to 150mg/g-VSS. In additon, ZnO-NPs could significantly inhibit the degradation efficiency of organic matter and the sludge reduction rate, and with the increasing of ZnO-NPs concentration from 30mg/g-VSS to 120mg/g-VSS, soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal rate, total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal rate and R_(VSS/TSS) value was decreased to 3%, 36.5% and 74% of the control. Sludge reduction rate was reduced from 23% to 4.8% of the control when the ZnO-NPs concentration increased from 2mg/g-VSS to 150mg/g-VSS. The results help evaluating the inhibitory effects of nanoparticles on anaerobic digestion process.

Microbial activities of the sludge taken from the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were measured by batch experiments under salinity stress, and the impacts of salinity on nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria were analysed. The special ammonia oxidation rate (SAOR:0~30gNaCl/L), special nitrite oxidation rate (SNIOR:0~15gNaCl/L), special nitrite denitrication rate (SNIDR:0~35gNaCl/L), special nitrate denitrification rate (SNADR:0~40gNaCl/L), endogenesis special nitrite denitrification rate (E-SNIDR:0~25gNaCl/L), endogenesis special nitrate denitrification rate (E-SNADR:0~5gNaCl/L), special oxygen uptake rate (SOUR:0~30gNaCl/L) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA:0~80gNaCl/L) were conducted for activities analysis in this study. The results indicated that when salinity was 5gNaCl/L, salt stress could enhance SNIDR and SOUR. The activity cofficients (AC) of SAOR and SNIOR were decreased to 46% and 1% under salinity of 15gNaCl/L, respectively, so compared with ammonia oxidizing bacteria, nitrite oxidizing bacteria was more easily inhibited by salt stress. The ACs of SNIDR and SNADR were higher than SAOR and SNIOR when salinity higher than 10gNaCl/L (included 10gNaCl/L) showed that denitrifying bacteria had more salt tolerance than nitrifying bacteria. DHA could still be detected at NaCl concentration as high as 80g/L, indicating that microorganisms still had the ability of catalyze redox reaction.

Thermally activated sulfate was applied to degrade aqueous bisphenol A (BPA) and how some factors affects degradation was investigated, such as substrate concentration, sulfate dosage, applied temperature, initial pH and coexistence of transition metal (Ni₂O₃、Fe⁰、Fe²⁺). Results showed that BPA degradation conformed to pseudo first order reaction kinetics (R²>0.96) and Arrhenius model (R²>0.95) by thermally activated sulfate treatment. Besides, apparent rate constant k_obs was negatively related to initial substrate concentration and in positive correlation with sulfate dosage, applied temperature and initial pH. Also, the reaction activation energy E_a was calculated to be 146.64kJ/mol. Furthermore, adding transition metals exhibited significant enhancement for BPA degradation and optimal ratio was determined as[Fe^x]₀(Fe²⁺, Fe⁰):[PS]₀=1:2.

In this experiment, titanium trichloride was chosen as the titanium source of TiO₂ and dicyandiamide was selected as the precursor of g-C₃N₄ to prepare the g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ composites. The morphology, elements, and catalytic properties characterization of g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum(UV-vis). The results showed that TiO₂ could be attached on the surface of g-C₃N₄ well. The doping ratio 1:9 of C₃N₄ and TiO₂ showed the highest photocatalytic activity on the degradation of IBU due to the red-shift of the catalyst. The photocatalytic degradation of IBU followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Acidity increased the photocatalytic degradation of IBU. The quenching experiment demonstrated that the contribution rate of ·OH was 73.7%, indicating that ·OH played a major role in the photocatalytic degradation of IBU.

Aquatic environment especially the river is an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). For the further insight into the ARGs in a river in the vicinity of a landfill, high-throughput qPCR technique was used to investigate the diversity and abundance of ARGs. The results showed that a total of 57ARGs was detected in control sample, while, 158ARGs was detected in the downstream river sample, in which 150ARGs in the downstream river were significantly enriched (P<0.05). A maximum enrichment of 2299-fold was detected in dfrA1, which conferred resistance to sulfonamide. The detection number of ARGs and the enrichment of ARGs were significantly increased along the river. The abundance of mobile genetic elements was significantly correlated with the abundance of ARGs. These results implied that landfill may lead to the dissemination and enrichment of ARGs in river.

The paper focused on the dissolved oxygen consumption rate of water and sediment as well as the sediment release potential in situ. Improvement effects the operation of WLAs (water lifting aerators) of water quality and sediment was also researched. The dissolved oxygen consumption rate of water and sediment was at high levels showed by in situ experiment, which were 0.106~0.132mg/(L·d) and 0.358~0.410mg/(L·d). In the main reservoir the maximum release potential of Fe, TOC, TN and TP was 2.3~2.7, 4.4~5.2, 3.0~3.3 and 0.165~0.224mg/L in 480h. In the controlled area of the WLAs, the reduction rates of Fe, TOC, TN and TP in water were 78.6%, 22.9%, 47.8% and 66.7%, and those in surface sediment were 8.7%, 17.4%, 18.0% and 17.4%. The results of Biolog measurement indicated that microbial activity both in water and in surface sediment have been enhanced through the operation of WLAs. WLAs technology has been proved to be effective in in situ improvement of water quality and sediment in deep stratified reservoirs. And field application of WLAs has achieved remarkable results.

By comparing the performance of averaging method, Beale ratio method and regression method, a framework focusing on estimating annual sedimentloads based on concentrated sampling during high flow period, was proposed. The main results were:1) the Beale ratio method and flow-weighted concentration method could provide more robust and accurate estimation results regardless of the sampling frequency. The Beale ratio method performed better when samples were sparse rather than when samples were sufficient. 2) The application of regression method was conditional, heavily depending on the significance of flow-sediment correlations. Increasing storm samples in the entire calculation dataset could improve the estimation accuracy. This study could provide a useful option in designing water sampling procedures and estimating pollutant loadings in watersheds characterized by pulsed runoffs.

In order to investigate the structural change of dissolved organic matter after electron transfer, dissolved organic matter (DOM) were extracted fromlandfilled wastes at different depthsduring initial landfill stage, and shewanella Shewanella MR-1 and citrate iron (FeCit) were used as electron donor and electronacceptor, respectively. Furtherover, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis was used to analyze the structure change of DOM. The results indicated that four fluorescent components, i.e., two humic-like components (C2 and C4) and two protein-like components (C1 and C3), were identified by the PARAFAC analysis, and protein-like components was the major component. The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic structure was desassembled when protein-like components got electrons, and theirhydrophobicity and fluorescence intensities were increased during the process. Fluorescence intensities of humic-like components were increased as well when they obtained electrons, though their increased range became decrease during the landfill processs. The carbonyl group on humic-like components were turn into alcohol group when it obatained electrons. Fluorescence quenching phenomenon was observeredwhen DOM loss electrons. Protein-like components wereable to offerelectrons, and theirstructure changed after they loss electrons. Humic-like substances can offer electrons as well, and their fluorescence intensities decreased as well when they loss electrons. However, the decreased range was related to the content of carboxyl and phenolic groups on humic-like subtaneces. Humic-like components could bereoxided, However, protein-like components could not be reduced after they was oxided. The electron shuttle capacityof DOM were ascribed to humic-like components, which were persistentlyincreasedduring the landfill process.

Municipal sludge was pretreated by steam explosion treatment to explore its impact on the characteristics of sludge and the subsequent acidogenic fermentation. Effects of pressure and dwell time on sludge solubility and physical microstructure were studied. The results showed that sludge structure was destroyed after the pretreatment. The concentration of SCOD, protein, polysaccharide and DNA in liquid phase could reach the highest level of 9544mg/L, 596.7mg/L, 1515mg/L and 9.1ng/ μL at 2 MPa, 4 min, respectively, which was increased by 37.7 folds, 19.4 folds, 12.5 folds and 3.64 folds of the raw sludge. In addition, changed sludge structure effectively reduced the size of sludge particles with the maximal reduction by 52.59% compared to average particle diameter of the raw sludge. After pretreatment, volatile fatty acids production through anaerobic fermentation could reach the highest concentration of 7.34g/L (1MPa, 3min), 7.12g/L (1.5MPa, 1min) and 8.15g/L (2MPa, 4min) at different pretreatment conditions, increasing by 1.55 times, 1.51 times and 1.72 times of the raw sludge, respectively. At the same time, longer dwell time could further improve solubility and potential of acid fermentation from sludge.

Three highly water-soluble amino acids derived from β-cyclodextrins (β-CD), i.e., glutamic acid-β-cyclodextrin (GluCD), glycine-β-cyclodextrin (GlyCD) and cholamine-β-cyclodextrin (ChoCD), were synthesized and were examined for their capacity for inclusion of naphthylamine in aqueous solution and elution removal of naphthylamine in soil at low concentration. The results showed that GluCD, GlyCD and ChoCD had higher inclusion capacity than β-CD, and the inclusion capacity decreased as follow:GluCD > ChoCD > GlyCD > β-CD. GluCD had the highest inclusion constant 270.7L/moL, which was 4.5times higher than that of β-CD. Amino acids derived from β-CD demonstrated a high elution efficiency for naphthylamine in soil even at low concentrations (1.0g/L), and elution efficiency of GluCD, ChoCD and GlyCD were achived as 88%、94% and 98%, respectively, which was proportionate to their inclusion capacity for naphthylamine in aqueous solution. Moreover, the adsorption of cyclodextrin on soil was also a key factor affecting the elution process.

In recent years, soil Cd Contamination has become more and more prominent, so BCs were widely applied to agricultural soils as a soil conditioner. The effects and mechanism of biochar on remediation of Cd contaminated soils, especially on the soil microbial activity and function were revealed in this paper. A pot experiment was conducted to mainly focuses on investigating how different BCs ratios application to different particle size soil aggregates influences microbial community structure and functional diversity, with the method of Biolog-Eco micro plate. Analysis results all showed that:the application of BCs had a positive effect on Cd contaminated soil microbial community, which improved microbial carbon metabolic activity and functional diversity, in particular the 2.5% BCs treatment was the most significant. The soil microbial functional diversity showed "V" type distribution rule in soil aggregates, which the 5~1mm and <0.25mm aggregates were highest.With the increased of Cd pollution and the protection of BC in <0.25mm aggregates. The McIntosh index of soil microbial communities rised by 32.68%~135.52%,and the uniformity of microbial species greatly changed. The utilization ability of carbon source were studied and indicated that microbes preference for other types in Cd contaminated soil. The further analysis demonstrated that there was a significant difference in soil microbial metabolic activities between the BCs treatment and the Cd control group, especially carboxylic acids and carbohydrates carbon source utilization.

Larger zooplankton were collected from Baihua Lake reservoir, Hongfeng Lake reservoir, Aha reservoir and Caohai wetland, Hg and MeHg of Zooplankton and water quality parameter were determined in order to understand characteristic of Hg and MeHg accumulation by zooplankton in plateau eutrophic reservoir. Our study showed THg and MeHg concentration in zooplankton changed from 58.91 to 345.85ng/g dry weight and 7.18 to 112.20ng/g dry weight, positively correlation THg concentration in zooplankton with eutrophic status (p<0.05), because of TP was importance factor limited water eutrophic in plateau deep water reservoir, and indirect impacted THg accumulation by zooplankton. Vegetation composewas importance factor to effect Hg accumulationin zooplankton, and leaded to Hg in zooplankton obvious different distribution in wetland, because of Vegetation community retard move of Hg contaminant significant different. Hg in zooplankton was significant different in different season, and MeHg in zooplankton increased with zooplankton's individual length and biomass increased.

Water quality index such as COD_Cr, COD_Mn, TP, and TN were selected to characterize theory algae derived loading, extracellular loading,and algae derived intracellular loading to set up estimation method system of algae derived loading under the simulation of two temperatures and 3 nutrition levels conditions. Results showed that average A_TP of 5species kept increasing with nutrition level rising. Meanwhile the theory algae derived TN loading A_TN was basically negative. A_CODCr and ACOD_Mn kept increasing withnutrition level rising. Algae derived extracellular TP loading E_TP, extracellular TN loading E_TN, extracellular COD_Cr loading E_CODCr, and extracellular COD_Mn loading E_CODMn kept dropping with nutrition level rising. Algae derived intracellular TP loading B_TP, extracellular TN loading B_TN, extracellular COD_Cr loading B_CODCr, and extracellular COD_Mn loading B_CODMn kept increasing withnutrition level rising. Results showed that theory algae derived loading was correlation with algae density significantly. Contribution to water quality of TP and COD loading waslarger. It was in the range of 0.2~3.7 times. That of TN was negative. The percentage of declining was in the range of 26%~58%. During the process of algae growth the "extra" loading of the total amount of system material was produced. It was an important reason for the water quality indicators, especially the increase of COD. This estimation method would be an important scientific basis on waterbloom control and quantitative reduction of eutrophication lakes.

The contents of major elements and micronutrients of the kelps, macroalgaes produced in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea, were respectively determinated. Their differences in nutrient contents between regions were compared,and their ability to eliminate the excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in sea waters were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and iodine in the kelp were respectively 9.8×104 times, 2.0×105 times, and 5.8×104 times higher than that in the sea water. Meanwhile, the organic iodine fertilizer made from the kelp was applied to cultivate iodine-rich vegetables, and their iodine content could reach to about 10 times higher than the unfertilized controls. The biogeochemical process of using exogenous iodine to improve the iodine deficiency in the soil was revealed. At last, a kelp-based potential model to repair the ecological environment is established, which can link the remediation of eutrophic sea waters and the improvement of inland environment of iodine deficiency. The solution may provide a technical route to establish an environment-friendly iodine industry chain, including large-scale cultivation of kelps, extraction of biomass energy from kelp fermentation, manufacture of organic iodine fertilizer, cultivation of iodine-rich plant foods, and so on.

To reveal the impacts of sediment nitrogen on overlying water of Lihu Lake, the spatial distribution characteristics of nitrogen species were studied by sequential extraction method, the impacts of potential bioavailable nitrogen on nitrogen release from sediment were identified by Fick's first diffusion law and correlation analysis. And the potential for mineralization of organic nitrogen and its main source were assessed by mineralization experiment in laboratory at the same time. Results showed that the mean value of w(TN) was 1417.97mg/kg, w(TN) in the east lake was significantly higher than the west. HN (hydrolysable nitrogen) was the main form for TN, and w(HTN) accouted for 66.5% of w(TN). Emission flux of NH₄⁺-N ranged from 1.93 to 20.88mg/(m²·d), and was manly affected by F-NH₄⁺-N (free ammonia nitrogen) and E-NH₄⁺-N (exchangeable ammonia nitrogen). The average nitrogen mineralization potential was 248.55mg/kg. F-ON (free organic nitrogen) and AAN (amino acid nitrogen) are the biggest contributors to mineralization of organic nitrogen, and they can directly influence the capacity of sediment nitrogen release into overlying water.

In this study, two typical particulate taste and odor compounds of β-Cyclocitral and β-Ionone in the sediments of the west littoral zone of Lake Taihu were investigated, by applying the headspace solid phase micro extraction method and the preconcentration and temperament combined technology. The results displayed that the highest contents of the β-Cyclocitral and β-Ionone in the surface sediments around the Maodu River was detected to be 797.88ng/(g·dw) and 1669.37ng/(g·dw), respectively, which was far higher than that of olfactory threshold. In the spatial distribution, the content of the taste and odor compounds was higher in natural reed zone than that of the artificial reed ditch in the surface sediment (<4cm), and similarly, it was higher in the near shore than that of in the open area. When the high-density cyanobacteria gathered, died and deposited to the bottom of the lake, the sediment Eh was reduced, which promoted the produce of taste and odor compounds and the formation of black-bloom. Therefore, we propose to immediately remove the cyanobacteria and dredge the sediments in the littoral zone of Lake Taihu.

Taking the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers as case and using both super-efficiency DEA and Malmquist DEA models, spatiotemporal changes in the eco-efficiency of grassland-based animal husbandry and its determinants were analysed. The results showed that there was a significant spatial difference in the eco-efficiency. In 2013, Yushu City, Chengduo County and Nangqian County experienced relatively high the super-efficiency, while Dari County, Maduo County and Tanggulashan Town were relatively low the super-efficiency. Based on the changes in space and time, the eco-efficiency was divided into three sequential stages:a steadily rising stage during the period 1994~2002, a differentiating stage during the period 2003~2006, and a rapidly rising stage during the period 2007~2013. It was further demonstrated that the eco-efficiency depended heavily on the technological progress and scale efficiency. And capital, precipitation and labor force were the determinants of the eco-efficiency. Therefore, increasing investment in science and technology; improving the technological and management level and labor quality; constructing water conservancy facilities, pastureland and livestock shelter; strengthening the protection of grassland ecosystem and frozen soil, will be most effective in the long term when they are complemented by appropriate public policies.

The phytoplankton community of Lake Nansihu was investigated seasonally from 2011 to 2014. The effects of phytoplankton diversity (species richness and evenness) on both community biomass and temporal stability were analyzed. A total of 138 phytoplankton species belonging to 78 genera and 8 phyla were identified in the lake. Phytoplankton abundance ranged between 5.09×10⁵/L and 6.95×10⁶/L and its biomass varied from 0.44mg/L to 5.46mg/L in different seasons. In spring and winter when the temperature was low, phytoplankton biomass increased with increasing species richness, phytoplankton community with larger number of species was more productive. In summer when the temperature was high, there was a strong negative relationship between phytoplankton biomass and species richness, phytoplankton community with higher diversity had relatively lower biomass. The stability indices of Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and total phytoplankton were all unimodally related to phytoplankton species richness. However, the effects of phytoplankton evenness on the Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta or total phytoplankton stability index were not significant (P>0.05). Results in this research indicated that the effects of phytoplankton diversity on community biomass and temporal stability were complex:species richness had a linear relationship with community biomass and influenced by seasonal variations, a unimodal relationship with temporal stability; evenness had no relationship with either community biomass or temporal stability.

The DNA molecular of the exotic microorganism Bacillus subtilis 38 (B38, a mutant species of Bacillus subtilis) was used labelled by a fluorescent dye, DAPI (4', 6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole), to monitor the microorganism growth during the process of soil remediation by bioaugmentation technique. By optimizing the DAPI concentration and the dilution ratio of the bacterial suspension, an ideal DAPI concentrations of 0.1 μg/mL and a bacterial suspension dilution fold of 10¹⁰ were applied, and the appropriate fluorescence intensity and cell dispersity for the accurate fluorescent dot counting were obtained. The quantitative changes of B38 in 60 days soil remediation was monitored under the optimized conditions. The results showed that the numbers of B38 in soil increased obviously, and then reached an equilibrium concentration of (1.05±0.01)×10¹⁰ cells/mL. The equilibrium concentration was as high as 3orders of magnitude of the initial dosage. Thus, DAPI labelled fluorescent tracing technique was a convenient and effective approach to monitor the growth and reproduction of exotic microorganism.

The Danjiangkou reservoir is the main source of water for the "middle-route" of the South to North Water Diversion Project in China. Its water quality directly affects the safety of drinking water for residents along this route. In this study, 15surface-water samples were collected from the reservoir at low-water period (January) in 2016, and 12 essential environmental factors were investigated. The results showed that the water quality in the reservoir was strongly influenced by total nitrogen (TN) and the permanganate index, with the water quality being ranked at IV or Ⅱ for all locations. The water in this reservoir was in the mesotrophic state. The high-throughput sequencing approach was adopted to analyze the distribution characteristics of the community structure and diversity of bacterioplankton and their relationship to environmental factors. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that bacterioplankton could be divided into 22 major phylogenetic groups. The dominant phylogenetic groups included Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria. At the genus level, the dominant phylogenetic groups included CL500-29 marine group, hgcI clade, Fluviicola, Sediminibacterium, Flavobacterium, LD28 freshwater group, Limnohabitans, Synechococcus, Bacillus, and Cyanobacteria norank. Diversity of the bacterioplankton community in the Danjiangkou reservoir can be ranked in the following order:Heijizui > Taizishan > Kuxin> Songgang > Qushou. The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for the relationship between the 22 phyla of bacterioplankton and 12environmental factors showed that the T, pH, NH₄⁺-N, and SD were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution characteristics of the bacterioplankton community.

In order to enhance pyrene bacteria cometabolism degradation rate under low temperature and high salt environment, under the circumstances of learned optimal pH, initial concentration of pyrene, shaking rates of rocking bed, inoculating dosage, Plackett-Burman Design was conducted and glucose, salicylic acid and phenanthrene were identified as main factors. These factors were approached to optimal region by steepest ascent design. Then optimal degradation condition(glucose, 225.83mg/L; salicylic acid, 112.10mg/L; phenanthrene, 198.06mg/L) was established by Box-Behnken design and reponse surface analysis. Degradation rate under the optimal consition was 50.69% after 10days, enhanced 23.14% compare to the condition of without cometabolism degradation substrate. Experimental results also showed that the method of optimization for bacteria cometabolism degradation is reasonable and feadible.

To better understand the mechanisms of Cr (VI) reduction by mixed microbial communities, Cr (VI) bio-reduction was performed by mixed cultures from activated sludge under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The component and quantity of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were analyzed, and the bacterial communities were determined by high throughput sequencing. No chromium adsorption was observed by the mixed cultures in the present study. In the 12th acclimation cycle, 67% and 78% of Cr(VI) was reduced by the aerobic and anaerobic cultures in 72h, respectively. More EPS were extracted from control groups than that from Cr(VI)-treated groups. The diversities of bacterial communities in Cr(VI)-treated groups were lower than those in control groups. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria were the most dominant phyla in the inoculum sample. But, all samples were dominated by Proteobacteria after a culture of 36days with Cr(VI). While the relative abundance of Citrobacter in cultures was significantly decreased by Cr(VI), the relative abundance of Enterobacter was remarkably increased by Cr(VI).

A paddy soil which was collected from South China was cultivated in different treatments (Soil, Soil+Fe(Ⅱ), Soil+NO₃^- and Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)+NO₃^-) at circumneutral pH under anoxic conditions. The objectives were to investigate the transformations of Fe(Ⅱ) and nitrate as well as the shifts of composition and diversity of microbial communities during these processes. The results revealed that Fe(Ⅱ) could not be oxidized in the treatment of Soil+Fe(Ⅱ), but only be oxidized in the treatment of Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)+NO₃^-. Meanwhile, the presence of Fe(Ⅱ) slowed down the NO₃^- reduction. Illumina high throughput sequencing was used to profile the diversity and abundance of microbial communities over time. The results showed that no significant difference of microbial communities between treatments of Soil+Fe(Ⅱ) and Soil. Pseudogulbenkiania, Flavobacterium and Rhodocyclus gradually became the dominant genera in the treatment of Soil+NO₃^-. Zoogloea, Geothrix, Sunxiuqinia and Vulcanibacillus were the most abundant genera in the treatment of Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)+NO₃^-, which was a mixture of nitrate reducers, Fe(Ⅱ) oxidizers and Fe(Ⅲ) reducers.

In order to analyze the biodiversity of PAH dioxygenase in activated sludge from a full-scale coking wastewater, primers were used for dioxygenase gene cloning expression and diversity analysis by 16Sr DNA-PCR-DGGE method using total DNA of aerobic activated sludge as the template. The results showed that significant amplification product was found using primers RHD-GN-610F and RHD-GN-916R, and the product size was 300bp. PCR product was conducted by DGGE analysis and eight separate bands were found, the abundance was 2.99%, 8.16%, 20.75%, 28.50%, 8.62%, 7.26%, 10.62% and 13.10%, respectively. Obvious amplification products further appeared after strips by gel extraction and PCR amplification, and 4sequences were tested successfully by TA cloning, the length of the sequences was 305bp, 298bp, 334bp and 294bp, respectively, indicating the presence of different PAH RHD enzymes in coking activated sludge. These results provide a theoretical basis for the risk assessment and potential biodegradation of PAHs.

Biolog method was used to reveal the distinction of carbon source metabolic activities in Yellow River Delta. The samples indicated three succession phases of salt vegetation types, which included "bare board-severe salt tolerant communities (Saline Seepweed, Angiospermae)-mild salt communities (Imperata and A. Venetum.)". The results showed that the soil quality and the carbon source metabolic activities of soil microbial had the trend of significant and continuous improvement along with the succession of salt vegetation types (P<0.05), and the carbon source metabolic activities of soil microbial had the trend of extremely significant enhance (P<0.01). Shannon-wiener index, Richness index, Simpson index and Pielou evenness index were increased with the succession of salt vegetation types and had the significant correlation with total nitrogen, available nitrogen and conductivity (P<0.05). While those indexes had a significant negative correlation with soil salinity (P<0.01). Along with the succession of salt vegetation in the Yellow River Delta, the types and amounts of utilized carbon source were increased. Total nitrogen and available nitrogen were the crucial factors which significantly stimulated carbon metabolic abilities. While, soil salinity was the negative control factor.

Effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on tetracycline resistant bacteria in wastewater was investigated. Specifically drug resistance, gene transfer, microbial growth and separation in municipal wastewater were examined. Tetracycline resistant bacteria were treated with nZVI particles under a verity of experimental conditions such as concentration, reaction time, availability to dissolved oxygen and redox state. Experimental results suggest that nZVI was effective for the inactivation of tetracycline resistant bacteria when nZVI concentration is over 5,000mg/L, or reaction time was over 12hours under anaerobic condition. nZVI could also trigger rapid decrease on the antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, addition of 50mg/L nZVI could enhance the transfer efficiency by 215%. Results demonstrate that nZVI was highly reactive in wastewater and there was an urgent need to understand the influence of nZVI on microbial drug resistance.

Several computational classifiers were developed using over 10000 screened compounds collected from NCGC against five major CYP450 isozymes of 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. Random forest was used to develop models for these five isozymes using a set of MOE 2D descriptors. Five-fold cross-validation strategy was implemented to ensure the internal predictive ability of the models. The rigorously validated models exhibited outstanding predictive power for all five CYP450 isozymes with correct classification rates of 84.4%, 82.5%, 82.1%, 78.4%, and 80.0% for 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4, respectively. Structural analysis showed that halogenated (chlorine/fluorine) aromatics have significant higher frequency in CYP450 inhibitors than that in non-inhibitors. This comprehensive study yielded a compendium of validated QSAR models, which were then used to virtual screen a set of 954compounds in ToxCast project initiated by US EPA. Case studies confirmed the predictability of QSAR models through comparing the putative properties with the activities of several compounds. The proposal models carried with robustness and reliability and could be used to virtual screening other environmental chemicals for tentative risk assessment.

Based on environmental CGE model, the SO₂ and NO_x emissions reduction of sectors were decomposed into output scale effect, process emission effect, intermediate input substitution effect, energy substitution effect (emissions intensity effect and emissions base effect), and import substitution effect. It was showed by analytical results that SO₂ and NO_x emissions were decreased by 290 000 tons and 130 000 tons, respectively, in which, the reduction of coal use as intermediate inputs accounted for 57% and 99%, respectively. Besides, it was showed by our decomposition analysis that energy substitution effects made the strongest contribution, SO₂ and NO_x emissions were reduced by 270 000 tons and 120 000 tons, respectively. This was followed by output scale effects, contributing 20 000 tons and 8579 tons of emissions cut, respectively. On the sector level, the largest emissions reduction was contributed by the electric power sector, to which energy substitution effects made the greatest contribution. The main factors for SO₂ and NO_x emissions reduction varied significantly across sectors. Therefore, when levying environmental tax, sectors' idiosyncrasies in reducing SO₂ and NO_x emissions should be considered by the government.