The chemical sensitivity of O₃ production was assessed using HCHO and NO₂ vertical column densities (VCDs) in BTH and its surrounding areas during the period of June to September from 2005~2016, since HCHO/NO₂ serves as a proxy for the sensitivity. The results showed that VOCs-limited was mainly concentrated in the central areas in the industrial cities, e.g. Beijing, Taiyuan, Shijiazhuang, etc. NO_x -limited regime concentrated in north of Beijing, Hebei Province, most areas of Henan Province, and the coastal cities in Shandong Province. The proportion of VOCs-limited conditions of O₃ production increased first and then reduced to 3% in BTH and its surrounding areas in 2016. At the same time, NO_x -limited regime showed a trend of increase after the first reduce, and the areas accounted for 65% in 2016. The main reason was that the NO_x emission control during "12^th five-year plan" was remarkably effective. The results showed VOCs-limited regimes increased significantly in September, with transitions in regimes of NO_x -limited into mixed NO_x -VOCs-limited, and mixed NO_x -VOCs-limited regimes into VOCs-limited regimes compared with June-August.

Taking the heavy pollution episode in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from October 5th to 12th, 2014 as an example, the aircraft AMDAR data and WRF-Chem model were applied to the evolution analysis of atmospheric boundary layer vertical structure and PM_2.5 temporal and spatial characteristic. The aerosol direct feedback effect on multiple meteorological factors was simulated and quantitatively estimated. The results indicated that the heavy pollution process presented the characteristics including long duration, wide influencing region, large intensity and a tape-shape distribution of PM_2.5 pollution, which was mainly affected by the uniform pressure field of ground, stable atmospheric background formed by latitudinal circulation in upper air, the vertical structure distribution of wind field and inversion structure. Aerosol direct feedback led to the following effect:(1) solar radiation reduced by 39.80W/m²; (2) temperature reduced by 0.34℃; (3) the boundary layer height reduced by 36.64m; (4) relative humidity increased by 0.90%. The feedback effect in the southern region was more obvious than that in the north region. The feedback effect in the pollution days was stronger than the average periods and clean days. The feedback effect makes the meteorological elements appear to be unfavorable to the diffusion of pollutants, and results in the further increase of PM_2.5 concentration.

The impact of nitrate and sulfate aerosols on the mixing state of black carbon (BC) particles was investigated by using on-line measurements of a single particles soot photometer (SP2) and a MARGA in urban Nanjing in winter and summer. Results showed that the mass concentration of BC was in the range of 1.01~14.5μg/m³ (0.20~3.81μg/m³), with an average value of (4.39±2.66)μg/m³[(1.67±0.76)μg/m³] inwinter (summer), respectively. The diurnal variations of BC particles presented two peaks relative to rush hours in morning and evening. The mixing state of BC-containing particles were evaluated as a ratio of D_p/D_c, the average ratio of which was 1.81±0.21 (1.24±0.08) and ranged from 1.39 to 2.34 (from 1.03 to 1.45) in winter (summer), respectively. D_p/D_cshowed an opposite diurnal trend as comparing with BC, where made more obvious variations for winter. D_p/D_ccorrelated well with sulfate and nitrate, and showed higher correlation with nitrate (sulfate) in winter (summer), respectively. Local emissions were the major source contributing to BC, the mixing state of which was more significant influence of nitrate and sulfate during clean periods in winter. The correlation between D_p/D_cwith sulfate and nitrate in winter was lower during heavy pollution periods, resulting from the effects of both local emissions and regional transports on ambient BC particles.

According to weather and climate characteristics, Anhui was divided into three sub-regions. Then, a regional haze day was defined as "more than one third of observational sites in a region reached standards of haze day", and when a region experienced a consecutive 4d or more regional haze days it was defined as a persistent regional haze event. Using data of meteorology, environment, and remote sensing from satellite and ground-based lidar, the spatial-temporal distributions of persistent reginal haze in Anhui province and corresponding aerosol pollution were investigated. The annual regional haze days showed increasing trends since 1980 in the two sub-regions to the south of Huai River, while it showed evident increasing trend after 2000 in region along and to the north of Huai River. Since 1980, persistent haze events in cities in Anhui province showed increasing trend, but with large differences among cities in the same sub-region. Since year of 2000, the occurrence of persistent regional haze events increased obviously, even emerging consecutive 7~10d or more than 10d regional haze events. Persistent regional haze occurred most in the region between Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers, and least in the region along and to the south of Yangtze River, with more than 62% occurred in winter. Regional haze usually corresponded to regional high humidity and small wind speed in meteorological conditions, accompanied by high concentration of aerosol pollution, e.g. regional AOD over 0.9, which was around 2.3 times of the clear day. Aerosol was concentrated below the lowest 400m on regional haze days, e.g. the near surface extinction coefficient was around 2 to 2.5 times of the regular haze days and 3 to 5 times of the clear days; as for PM_2.5 pollution at ground level, on a regional haze day, the probability of at least one city having AQI over 100 (lower AQI limit of light pollution) exceeded 75%.

Based on the forecast products of three numerical models including CUACE, BREMPS and WRF-Chem, a multi-model ensemble forecast system was established by BP neural network. Firstly, the training function, the nodes number of hidden layer and the length of training samples of BP neural network were determined to be trainbr, ten and fifty, respectively, by sensitivity experiments. Then, 3sites in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang were selected to evaluate the performances of ensemble forecast system. Results showed that (1) Compared with single models, the normalized mean biases, the root mean square error, and the correlation coefficient between forecasted and observed pollutant concentrations in 3~72hours decreased from -100%~200% to -20%~20%, decreased by 15%, and increased from 0.1~0.8 to 0.3~0.85, respectively, indicating that the forecast results were better than single models. (2) The TS scores of AQI values in mild and medium pollution events in 2016 in Beijing of ensemble forecast system were 22% and 10% higher than those results of CUACE model, respectively. The rate of vacancy forecast and missing forecast of heavy pollution in Tianjin decreased by 31% and 25%, respectively. (3) The forecasted and observed trends of PM_2.5 concentrations in December 2016 were consistent well with each other.

The pollution characteristics and main sources of metal elements were analysed in PM_2.5 samples collected inside and outside residential buildings in Xianlin districts of Nanjing, China. The results showed that indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 concentrations were 80.56 and 96.77μg/m³, The average indoor and outoloor PM_2.5 concentration ratio (I/O) is 0.87. respectively. Except for Mg, the average values of other metals in outdoor PM_2.5 were higher than indoor values. The correlation between indoor and outdoor concentrations of element Pb was the highest, and the R value was 0.807. Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Co, Cr and Ni were found to be relatively highly enriched both in indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 samples. Results of principal component analysis showed that the main pollution sources of metals in outdoor PM_2.5 were soil derived dust, traffic emissions, metal smelting and rubbish incineration, etc. The probable pollution sources of metals in indoor PM_2.5 included air infiltration of outdoor particulate matter, indoor cooking and furniture materials, etc.

Recently, the problem of indoor particulate matter pollution has received much attention. An increasing number of epidemiological studies have shown that the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter has a significant negative effect on human health. Since individuals may spend more than 90% of their time indoors, it is critical to understand the relationship between the particle concentrations from outdoors and those indoor micro-environments. In this experiment, taking an example of the office room located in Qingdao, an optical counter with four size intervals was employed to measure the indoor and outdoor particle size distribution in the range of 0.3~2.5μm and the collection time from April to September, 2016. Based on the experimental data, a time-based dynamic mass balance model was used to estimate the number of exchange air rate as 0.03~0.25h^-1.The results of penetration factor and deposition velocity in the range of natural ventilation were 0.45~0.82h^-1 and 0.94~2.82m/h, respectively. In addition, the variation of indoor particle distribution parameters with the size was also investigated. This study provided the data for the further research on the transport mechanism and trajectory of indoor particles.

The mesoporous silica HMS marked as HMS-1was prepared using tetraethyl orthosilicate as silica source and dodecylamine as template. Its template was removed by calcination and ethanol extraction. The materials without template was marked as HMS-2 (Calcined material) and HMS-3 (ethanol extraction). HMS-1, HMS-2 and HMS-3 were modified with mixed tetraethylenepentamine and diethanolamine. The structures of these materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and N₂ adsorption/desorption experiment. The adsorption properties and regeneration ability of the materials toward CO₂ with low concentration at atmosphere pressure were studied. The results of XRD and FTIR showed that TEPA and DEA were loaded into the pores of HMS successfully. The N₂ adsorption/desorption experiment showed that the pore volume of HMS-1 and modified HMS was significantly lower than that of HMS-2 and HMS-3. At 20^oC, the adsorption amount of CO₂ with initial concentration of 10% follows an order of MA-HMS-1 (3.29mmol/g) > MA-HMS-3 (2.7mmol/g) > HMS-1 (1.88mmol/g) > MA-HMS-2 (1.65mmol/g) > HMS-2 (1.33mmol/g), indicating that the template, diethanolamine, presented in HMS not only increases the adsorption sites, but also had synergistic effects on CO₂ adsorption to HMS functionalized with the mixed organic amines too. As temperature ranged from 20^oC to 75^oC, MA-HMS-1 and MA-HMS-3 adsorption were affected obviously and its amount reached the maximum at 65^oC. The adsorption amount of HMS-1 decreased consecutively with elevating temperature and MA-HMS-2 had almost a constant adsorption amount. The amine-containing materials, HMS-1, MA-HMS-1, MA-HMS-2 and MA-HMS-3, had excellent regeneration capability at 80^oC. After four times of continuous adsorption-desorption cycles, the regenerating ratio of MA-HMS-1 (97.5%) was much higher than that of MA-HMS-2 (83%) and MA-HMS-3 (84%), reflecting that the preserved template improved the regeneration capacity obviously.

The influence of SO₂, O₂ and non-thermal plasma treatedon mercury removal by sorbent of high porosity and high specific surface area was investigated in a fixed bed bench. The mechanism of demercuration was analyzed by different characterization methods. As non-thermal plasma treatment increases relative content of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of sorbent, the study showed that the adsorption of mercury removal significant increases. In 0.07% SO₂+6% O₂atmosphere, the efficiency of mercury removal rose from 23.7% to 91.2% compared with which in the non-oxygen atmosphere. As active sites of the adsorption of Hg⁰, hydroxyl group and ester group improved the efficiency of demercuration. But the effect of carbonyl group was not obvious. It was due to the presence of O₂ that the unsaturated bonds of carbon atoms was increased. With the increase of SO₂ concentration to 0.15%, the competitive mechanism was the main effect. The efficiency of mercury removal dropped to 23.3%.

A series of HZSM-5、Na-、K-、Co-、NiZSM-5catalysts were prepared by ion exchanged method and characterized by XRD、BET、ICP-MS and Py-IR. Their catalytic activities were investigated in the catalytic oxidation of NO. Results showed that the CoZSM-5possessed moderate surface acidity and was the most beneficial for NO oxidation, then performed highest activity to 47%. Meanwhile, the influences of space velocity, O₂ concentration (5%~20%) and SO₂ concentration (0~200×10^-6) were investigated, under 600×10^-6 inlet NO concentration and 100% RH. Experimental results revealed that SO₂ concentration (below 200×10^-6) had little impact on NO oxidation reaction and the NO oxidation conversion was maintained at 40% in 56h lifetime test, under 30℃、600ppm NO、18000h^-1 SV and 100% RH.

Aiming at the problem of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from sewage plant effluent, Mg/Al/Fe-layered double hydroxides (Mg/Al/Fe-LDHs) were synthesized via co-precipitation method, and they were then calcined for 3h under a calcination temperature of 450℃ to obtain layered double oxide (Mg/Al/Fe-LDO). The effects of Fe (Ⅲ) doping ratio on the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by Mg/Al-LDO and its adsorption characteristics were investigated. The results indicated that when the Mg/Al/Fe molar ratio to 3:0.6:0.4, Mg/Al/Fe-LDO had better adsorption with the maximum adsorption capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus being 28.57 and 231.46mg/g. Respectively, the adsorption process could be described by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, the fitting correlation coefficient (R²) were both above 0.99. Based on the results of XRD and FTIR, it was concluded that nitrogen and phosphorus removal were mainly accomplished by "memory effect" and electrostatic attraction, while phosphorus removal was also accomplished by ion exchange.

A three step feed A/O process was utilized as a secondary biological treatment unit to treat comprehensive wastewater from hair product production cluster area. The removals of chemical oxygen demand (COD), TN, PO₄^3--P and the features of microbial communities were investigated at different inflow distribution and sludge return. With volume distribution ratio of anoxic and oxic zone 1:1, solid residence time (SRT) 20d, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 16h, inflow distribution and sludge return were 60%:25%:15% and 75%, average TN and COD concentrations were 14.85mg/L and less than 40mg/L, respectivekly, in effluents from the three step feed A/O process. At the same time, removal efficiency of PO₄^3--P reached the maximum value of 56.21%. Relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, the dominating phyla for treating comprehensive wastewater, were 45.63%~60.13% and 16.65%~30.55%. The increasing relative abundances of Denitratisoma, Thauera, uncultured -f -Saprospiraceae, Sulfuritalea, et al. was the essential embodiment that removal efficiency of TN increased with the increase of inflow distribution in the first step or the decrease of sludge return.

The dissolved organic matters of acrylic wastewater were fractionated into six fractions separated by ultra-filtration membrane. The amounts and structural compositions of organic compounds were characterized by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV₂₅₄ and specific ultraviolet light absorbance (SUVA); the material structure was qualitatively analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and ultraviolet spectrum (UV). The results showed that the fraction of molecular weight less than 3kDa had the largest proportion occupied (56.75±1.38)% in the wastewater, and the molecular weight of 3k~10kDa was occupied (25.76±1.40)%. Interestingly, the fraction of molecular weight more than 10kDa had a high degree of aromatic structure, although it only accounted for 17.49%. The analytical results of UV and FTIR demonstrated that the spectral absorptive characteristics of organic compounds from different fractions were not significantly different.The fractions contained an acyl group, a carboxyl group, a carbonyl group compound and an aromatic compound and an unsaturated double bond type organic substance, respectively. The results of biodegradability indicated that the fraction of molecular weight more than 10kDa was the major reason for the low biodegradability of acrylic wastewater, which is probably the root cause of the difficulty discharge under certain standard. The results of this study provided an important guidance for the development and optimization of acrylic wastewater treatment process.

Generally, zerovalent iron (ZVI) is considered to have low intrinsic reactivity toward Cr (VI) removal, and on the other hand, Cr (VI) could also cause surface passivation of ZVI. To address this issue, sulfate was introduced into a ZVI column system and its effect on ZVI performance and the corresponding mechanisms was investigated in depth. According to the results of this work, without the presence of SO₄^2-, little Cr (VI) could be removed by ZVI column, and the effluent concentrations of Cr (VI) and total Cr would quickly exceed the maximum contaminant limitation of drinking water. While, upon the addition of 1~3 mmol/L SO₄^2-, both the concentrations of Cr(VI) and total Cr deceased rapidly and met the drinking water standards. Furthermore, this good ZVI performance kept unchanged during the following running time (~240h) in this work, and more longer duration could be expected. The XPS analysis of the reacted ZVI samples indicated Cr(VI) could be reduced to Cr(Ⅲ), implying Cr(VI) reduction was its main removal mechanism by ZVI. With respect to the role of SO₄^2-, it was believed to be able to accelerate ZVI corrosion and thus enhance the Cr(VI) reduction.

Recent studies have suggested that granular activated carbon (GAC) could improve the methane production from mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) by facilitating direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). However, it is unclear whether the involvement of GAC could enhance methane production from thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) and its roles in stimulating methane production have not been clarified. Here, the effect of GAC addition on methane production from TAD was studied through batch experiments with sodium acetate as substrate. The results indicated that the utilization of GAC significantly promoted the TAD process. But, through estimating the microbial biomass with quantitative PCR, it was revealed that the contribution of GAC to the microbial biomass is tiny. This may imply that the enhancing methane production by GAC is not achieved by increasing the amount of biomass. Moreover, significant alterations in microbial community structure were detected between reactors with and without GAC through high-throughput sequencing. In presence of GAC, Thermodesulfolbiaceae, Anaerobaculaceae and Methanosacinacea were enriched/dominant. Thus, it is proposed that, in the TAD process, GAC may play a role in the enrichment of specific species and accelerate the newly formed DIET pathway mediated by thermophilic microbiota.

In this paper, the activated carbon felt was modified by 20% HNO₃ and its structure was characterized by SEM and FTIR. The modified active carbon felt was used as the adsorption electrode to study desalination effect and influencing factors further. The results showed that the carbonyl and carboxyl groups on active carbon felt increased, the specific surface area, the average pore size and the micropore volume enhanced by 32.2%, 2.5%, and 23.1%, respectively. The adsorption effect of Zn²⁺ was optimal in water when the voltage was 1.2V, pH was 6~8, and the electrode spacing was 5mm. The kinetic analysis showed that Zn²⁺ was adsorbed by modified activated carbon felt more closed to the quasi-two-stage kinetic equation, and the adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model. Moreover, the results of recycling experiment indicated that regeneration rate of modified activated carbon felt was more than 74% by using 20% HNO₃ as the regeneration solution. This explained that modified activated carbon felt had a good reproducibility in the adsorption process of Zn²⁺.

In this study, the photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanism of norfloxacin (NOR) were investigated in a sunlight-driven photocatalyst mesoporous g-C₃N₄ (mpg-C₃N₄). The morphology and structure of mpg-C₃N₄ were studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms (BET). The results showed that mpg-C₃N₄ exhibited the mesoporous structure with the pore size of ca. 12nm, which could provide more active site for photoreaction. Ultraviolet-visible DRS spectrum (UV-vis) showed that mpg-C₃N₄ exhibits high optical absorption capacity for visible light. Fluorescence pectrophotometer (PL) spectrum revealed that the mesoporous structure might restrain the recombination rate of photogenerated electrons and holes. The degradation of NOR followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetics model, and the adsorption of NOR followed the second order kinetics, indicating that surface reactions and chemisorptions played the important roles during the photocatalysis process. mpg-C₃N₄ showed an enhanced reaction and adsorption for NOR degradation than g-C₃N₄. Almost 56.78% of NOR can be absorbed by mpg-C₃N₄ within 30 min absorption. Under 1.5h of simulated sunlight irradiation, around 90% of NOR can be decomposed. Effect of pH on photocatalytic degradation of NOR showed that mpg-C₃N₄ posed an optimal photocatalytic performance under neutral condition. Further study of reactive species (RSs) by RSs scavenging experiment showed that superoxide anion radical (O₂^·-) and photohole (h⁺) were responsible for the major degradation of NOR.

By batch experiment, the optimal working parameters of ultrasonic enhancement of Anammox bacteria activity were obtained:ultrasound frequency of 25kHz, ultrasound time of 3 min and ultrasound intensity of 0.2 W/cm²; afterwards a fixed-bed reactor was inoculated with the traditional activated sludge to start up Anammox process under the optimal ultrasound enhancing conditions. During the whole experiment, the temperature was maintained at 35℃. In the start-up stage, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 2 days and the influent NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N concentrations were both controlled at 70mg/L. After 38days operation of the reactor, the Anammox activity appeared for the first time. After 53days operation, NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N removal rates were up to 30.81mgN/(L·d) and 34.97mgN/(L·d) and their corresponding removal efficiencies reached 88.03% and 99.91% respectively, and the total nitrogen removal rate and removal efficiency reached 60.34mgN/(L·d) and 86.20% respectively. R₁and R₂ were stabilized at 1.14 and 0.18. In the nitrogen loading enhancement stage (day 53~135), when the influent NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N loading rates were both maintained at 380mg/(L·d), the average removal efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N were 82.74% and 97.89%. The max NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N removal rates were up to 320.67mgN/(L·d) and 379.85mgN/(L·d), while the max total nitrogen removal rate and efficiency were 698.00mgN/(L·d)and 91.84% respectively. At the end of the nitrogen loading enhancement stage, R₁ was stabilized at 1.18 while R₂ was close to 0. In the reactor, Anammox bacteria predominated and a small amount of denitrifying bacteria coexisted with them so as to improve the total nitrogen removal.

In this study, the magnetic porous chitosan hydrogel microsphere was fabricated by a combination of in situ-coprecipitation and sodium citrate crosslinking technique using chitosan as raw material. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were conducted for the characterization of this novel adsorbent. The hydrogel microsphere present a well developed porous inner structure and the Fe₃O₄nanoparticles with an average diameter of (4.79±1.09) nm dispersed uniformly. The functional group of chitosan, the hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, remained after the introduction of the Fe₃O₄, and the magnetic adsorbent could be separated by the addition of external magnetic field. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic study for the Pb (Ⅱ) removal from the aquatic environment indicating that the adsorption process was dominated by the chemical adsorption and the maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 178.25mg/g.

Ultrasonic technology for controlling cyanobacterial blooms has attracted much attention from the general public. In order to investigate the effects of ultrasonic treatment on water quality deterioration and the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus released from sediments or algal cells. In this study, samples were collected from Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake, and then, three experimental groups were designed:mixture of sediment and water (sediment system), suspension solution of Microcystis (algae system), and combination of sediment and algae suspension (sediment + algae system), so as to evaluate effects of low-frequency ultrasound (35kHz, 0.035W/mL). Results showed that marked release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments seldom occurred within 20min, while prolonged treatment (over 40min) would lead to largely nutrients release and algal cells rupture. Based on the data comparison among three experimental groups, the contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus released from sediments was much greater than that from algal cells. To a certain extent, COD_Mn and TN could be reduced by ultrasonic treatment. In sediment system and sediment + algae system, dissolved nitrogen mainly existed as ammonia and nitrate forms after treatment. For the sake of water quality safety, the intensity and duration of ultrasonic treatment should be optimized, which means low-intensity and short-time treatment is suggested, so as to avoid nutrients largely released from sediments and algal cells rupture.

The paper focuses on advanced oxidation process of Fe²⁺ activated persulfate (PS) coupled with activated carbon adsorption which was originally applied to treat bio-treated coking wastewater. The effects of PS dose, Fe²⁺ dose and initial pH in Fe²⁺/PS system on the treatment efficiency of bio-treated coking wastewater were investigated at the TOC concentration of 86.4mg/L and chroma of 338times in raw wastewaters. The results indicated that the removal rates of chroma and TOC were 87.17% and 68.16%, respectively, under the condition of 1.5mmol/L PS, 4mmol/L Fe²⁺, not adjusted pH value (pH=8) when reaction time was 60minutes. The advanced adsorption treatment on effluent of Fe²⁺/PS system was also carried out by two kinds of granular activated carbon A and B. The results showed that the activated carbon B had remarkable better adsorption performance, which could further eliminate residual persulfate by Fe²⁺/PS system. When the dose of activated carbon B was 15g/L, and reaction time was 120minutes, the effluent chroma and TOC concentration reached 14times and 11.86mg/L, respectively. After the treatment of Fe²⁺ activated persulfate oxidation coupled with activated carbon adsorption on biological treated coking wastewater, the total removal rates of chroma and TOC reached 95.86% and 86.27%, respectively. The results of three dimensional fluorescence spectra analysis for bio-treated coking wastewater, Fe²⁺/PS system effluent, and activated carbon adsorption effluent showed that Fe²⁺/PS system can decompose humic acid-like compounds in wastewater, and activated carbon adsorption may further remove residual humic acid-like compounds in wastewater.

In this study, a reducing agent, hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HAH), was applied in a Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS activated persulfate (PS) process, and the degradation performance of trichloroethylene (TCE) was investigated. The results indicated that TCE removal was significantly enhanced with the addition of HAH in the Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS/PS process, and TCE degradation efficiency was increased with increasing PS or HAH concentration, while an optimum concentration of PS or HAH was observed under the experimental conditions. The effects of initial solution pH (from pH 3~7), Cl^- (1~100mmol/L) and HCO₃^- (1~10mmol/L) on TCE degradation performance were negligible, whereas alkaline conditions (pH 8~11) and high HCO₃^- concentration (25~100mmol/L) had negative effects. The results of ROS test showed that SO₄^·-, ^·OH, and O₂^·- were all generated in the Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS/PS/HAH process, and SO₄^·- was the dominant radical responsible for TCE degradation.

Orthogonal experiment, single factor experiment (i.e. temperature), and standards, measurements, and testing (SMT) were used to explore changes of phosphorus forms in high-solid sewage sludge after high temperature thermal hydrolysis process (HTTHP). The experimental results showed that more than 14.80% of organic phosphorus (OP) was transformed into inorganic phosphorus (IP) in high-solid sewage sludge by the HTTHP at 120℃~160℃, and the order of influencing factors on IP/total phosphorus (TP) was as follows:temperature of HTTHP > time of HTTHP > oxidant content > pH. With the increase of temperature, IP/TP in high-solid sewage sludge increased from 79.13% to 95.87%. Further study indicated that under 160℃ and 40min of HTTHP conditions, the IP and the IP/TP increased respectively from 18.30mg/g to 20.49mg/g and 80.83% to 96.97%. These findings, however, established foundation to realize the phosphorus recovery, and also provided an important reference for the optimization of high-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge with HTTHP pretreatment.

High-dimensional landfill can resolve the conflict between increased amounts of sewage sludge and landfill land demand. However, slope stability of the sludge pile by high-dimensional landfill operation remains unclear. Dry sludge, which has a relatively low moisture content (60%), high compressive strengths and hear strength, was landfilled and simulated with the GEO-SLOPE software in our research. Results showed that a smaller landfill slope gradient enhanced the stability of sludge pile, and correspondingly led to a higher allowable landfill height and a larger increase of the capacity. The optimal slope gradient of Laogang simulated landfill unit may be 1:3.5, correspondingly the maximum allowable landfill height evaluated to be 28 m with an increase of the capacity of 4.472 million m³.

The evaluation for adsorption ability of landfill cover soil is significantly important to pollution control of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs). Adsorption characteristics of 8VCHs in landfill cover soil, such as dichloromethane (DCM), trichloromethane (TCM), 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA), carbon tetrachloride (CT), cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-1,2-DCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and chlorobenzene (CB), was completely investigated by static adsorption experiments in this work, respectively. The results demonstrated that adsorption isotherm of chlorinated alkanes and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in the landfill cover soil were both consistent with the Freundlich model (R²=0.81~0.87), and the adsorption isotherm of chloroalkene in the soil was consistent with the Langmuir model (R²=0.87~0.96). The adsorbing capacity of VCHs in cover soil predicted via fitting results were showed as follows. The adsorption rate of VCHs was increased with the increasing number of chlorine substitution; the absorption capacity of chlorinated alkanes was greater than chloroalkene and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in the same number of chlorine substitution. Consequently, the prior pollution control of chlorinated alkanes with higher concentration should be considered in the landfill operation management. Moreover, in this study, the 8VCHs adsorption equilibrium time were all about 20h, but the result of adsorption rate in the range of 26~250μg/(g_soil·h) was much higher than those reported by references. The bioaugmentation soil potential could effectively reduce the adverse effect of VCHs on the environment.

In the process of stabilized fly ash co-landfilled with municipal solid waste (MSW), the leaching risk of heavy metal from stabilized fly ash by landfill leachate might exist. Based on batch leaching experiments, the research investigated the leaching behavior of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni) in chelating agent-stabilized fly ash and phosphoric acid-stabilized fly ash with various liquid to solid (L/S) ratios (10:1, 20:1, 30:1, 50:1, 100:1, 150:1, 200:1) by using fresh and matured leachate as extracting agent. The results showed that the leaching trends of Cd, Cu and Zn were similar, which increased at first and then decreased with the increase of L/S ratio; and their respective maximum leaching concentrations were occurred at the same L/S ratio of 20:1. The leaching concentration of Pb increased slowly with the increase of L/S ratio. The change trend in the leaching of Cr and Ni varied little, indicating that the impact of L/S ratio on the leaching of Cr and Ni was not significant. Cd and Cu were more easily leaching out with fresh leachate compared with matured leachate; however, there was no significant difference in the leaching concentration of Zn, Pb, Cr, and Ni with fresh or matured leachate. Overall, the chelating agent-stabilized fly ash showed a better stability than the phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)-stabilized fly ash when leached with fresh and matured leachate.

The specific mixed bacteria were domesticated from the activated sludge of coking plant using double substrate domestication. The remediation capacity of the specific bacteria on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil was studied under the optimum environmental conditions. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Rhodanobacter sp. was the dominant bacterium, which accounted for 41%. The optimum degradation temperature and pH were 30~35℃ and 7~8, respectively. Tween 80can be utilized as carbon source to promote the growth of the specific bacteria and improve the degradation efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons. Moreover, Tween 80showed greater promotion on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in contaminated soil as compared to SDS. The greatest degradation efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons occurred at Tween 80concentration of 5CMC (i.e. 375mg/L). Furthermore, the degradation efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons after 80days reached 77% under the optimum environmental conditions, which evidenced the outstanding remediation performance of the specific bacteria on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil.

In this work, four different types of soils from Northwest of Sichuan were collected to study the influences of soil organic matter (SOM), depth of soil and the soil agglomerates structure on the sorption of biphenol A (BPA) on these materials which were peat soil (PS), non-sandified soil (ND), lightly sandified soil (LD), middle level sandified soil (MD) respectively. The study showed that the sorption kinetics of biphenol A on all four types of soils was fitted well with two-compartment first order kinetic model (R²≥0.98). And their sorption isotherms were fitted satisfactorily with both Freundlich and Langmuir models (R²≥0.98). The results revealed an obvious non-linearity sorption process (N, 0.52~0.70). When the soil was sandified, the degree of non-linear sorption increased, and the maximum sorption were dropped 3.5~5.7 times. The maximum sorption capacity (Q_m) of BPA on the four studied soils were 8901(PS), 7011(ND), 1506 (LD) and 1050 mg/kg (MD), respectively. The coefficient of correlation between Q_m and SOM in the soils samples was remarkably high (r > 0.999, P < 0.01). As the soil goes depth, the Q_m decreased remarkably in following order:MD > LD > ND > PS. With the increase of agglomeration of soil, the sorption capacity increased first, then decreased. The sandification made the sorption capacity remarkably different, therefore the contribution in sorption process varies greatly. The sorption contribution level of BPA was basically the same with five different sizes of agglomerates of non-sandified soil, whereas for the sandified soils LD and MD, the sorption of BPA was mainly contributed by the smaller agglomerates, with a 86%~88% contribution.

The study investigated the pollution characteristics of MCR-1and MCR-1hosting bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Nanjing, China. Their distribution and influence factors, as well as antibiotic resistance characteristics, were comprehensively assessed. The results indicated that the MCR-1abundance decreased obviously along with the treatment process, with the reduction efficiency of 83.6%. However, its relative abundance increased significantly in the treated effluent. High amount of MCR-1was detected in biosolids, with concentration of up to 2.88×10¹² copies/L. On the other hand, the concentration of colistin resistant bacteria also decreased gradually along with the treatment process. Their concentration decreased to 53 CFU/mL in the final effluent, with the reduction efficiency of 99.98%, but up to 2.04×10⁵ CFU/mL were detected in biosolids. According to the correlation analysis, MCR-1abundance positively correlated with ammonia concentration, while the relative abundance of MCR-1showed negative correlation with COD, TN and NO₃^--N concentration. The antibiotic resistance characteristics analysis indicated that MCR-1hosting bacteria in the activated sludge system (CAST and MSBR) and aeration biological fluid tank (ABFT) were tolerant to significantly higher colistin concentration relative to other sites. Additionally, the level of MCR-1hosting bacteria tolerant to colistin was enhanced by the treatment process, which implied that the wastewater treatment process could not completely reduce MCR-1 and MCR-1hosting bacteria, and even lead to the increase of their potential risks. The study will provide implications for assessing the environmental risks of MCR-1represented super antibiotic resistant genes.

Trans-membrane transport of ¹⁴C-fluoranthene by Rhodococcus sp. BAP-1 was investigated by using the isotope tracing technique. The results indicated that in the presence of ATP inhibitor such as NaN₃, there were no significant change on the content of ¹⁴C-fluoranthene in the cell pellet of Rhodococcus sp. BAP-1during the uptake process. Therefore, the results demonstrated that the biodegradation process would be strongly prevented if the fluoranthene could not travel across the cell membrane. Meanwhile, the results indicated that under different substrate concentrations, the transport process of ¹⁴C-fluoranthene was driven by a active transport mechanism following the intra/extra substrate concentration gradient. Also, the transport capacity of ¹⁴C-fluoranthene had no special relationship with the inoculum level. Michaelis-Menten equation was used to characterize the trans-membrane transport kinetics, according to the experimental results, pollutants might be growing as a confluent biofilm and the uptake system might have a high specific affinity, which would significantly promote the trans-membrane transport process.

It is of importance to evaluate potential ofsoil fertility and health status after vegetation restoration at southern Ningxia mountain, Chinese Loess Plateau. Therefore, three typical grasslands, including the Stipa bungeana Trin (SB) of natural grassland restoration, the Medicago sativa (MS) of artificial grassland reatoration and Caragana korshinskii Kom (CK) of artificial shrub restoration were selected as experimental sites. Fungi community composition and diversity of surface soil (0~20cm) were analyzed by using Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology. Response of soil fungi communities to environmental factors was assessed through redundancyanalysis (RDA). The identified taxa in various resolutions were:27 phyla, 44 classes, 70 orders and 91 families. The dominant phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with relative abundance of 71.8% and15.2%, respectively. The dominant classes were Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Agaricomycetes and Pezizomycetes. Gibberella, Colpoda, Hydropisphaera, Floricola, Funneliformis and Marcelleina were the dominant genera in this study. Abundance and diversity of soil fungi were highest in MS and lowest in CK. Abundance of Glomeromycota were were highest in SB (4.8%); abundance of Ascomycota were highest in MS (82.6%) lowest in CK (56.8%); abundance of Basidiomycota and Unclassified were highest in MS (25.3% and 7.9%, respectively) and lowest in MS (7.1% and 0.8%, respectively). Abundance of Pezizomycetes were highest in SB (17.8%) and had significant difference correlated to CK. Atthe site of SB, abundance of Agaricomycetes were highest and obviously higher than that of CK. Heatmap shows that although there were similarities of soil fungi communities between MS and SB. SB, MS and CK had the highest abundance of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soil pathogenic fungi and Colpoda (a kind of protozoan), respectively. In conclusion, compared to the restoration of natural grassland, restoration of artificial grassland and shrub had great influence on the community composition and diversity of soil fungi. RDA showed that soil water, total organic carbon and total nitrogen were the main soil parameters influencing fungal communities.

The biodegradation of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) using anaerobic co-metabolism was carried out and the mechanism was also explored deeply. When influent TBBPA concentration was 75μg/L, the excellent performance was obtained with TOC and TBBPA removal efficiencies of 88.6% and 81.7% respectively. The half-life of TBBPA was calculated to be 21.97h at TBBPA concentration of 25μg/L. For further study, the intermediary metabolism substances were analyzed, and methyl-3, 4-dimethoxybenzoate was detected and considered as the important single benzene ring metabolite of TBBPA, which meant the TBBPA was biodegraded deeply. Simultaneously, the microbial diversity analysis demonstrated Azoarcus and Trichococcus species were responsible for the biodegradation of TBBPA in anaerobic co-metabolism system.

Strain H degrading quizalofop-p-ethyl (QE) was isolated by using QE as sole carbon source from the soil contaminated by QE for a long time. Strain H was identified as Bacillus subtilis based on morphological properties, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene analysis. The degradation rate of 100mg/L QE was over 95% within 72h when strain H was cultured at temperature of 30~42℃ and pH 7~9. The degradation product of QE was identified as quizalofop acid(QA) by UPLC-MS. This is the first report of quizalofop-p-ethyl degrading by Bacillus subtilis.

A chlorimuron-ethyl-degrading strain (LCY-4), which was isolated from the sewage sludge of a sewage treatment tank in the Jiangsu Hormone Research Institute, was identified as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa based on morphological characteristics and 26S rDNA sequence analysis. The results of these studies showed that the strain exhibited a chlorimuron-ethyl degradation rate of 87.33% at the end of a 5-d incubation period in mineral salt medium with 100mg/L chlorimuron-ethyl under the optimal degradation conditions (2.5% inoculum size, 28℃ and pH 6.0). The optimal degradation conditions of strain LCY-4 in chlorimuron-ethyl-contaminated soil (containing 10mg/kg chlorimuron-ethyl) were a 2.5% inoculum size, 25℃, pH 6.0 and a 30% soil water content. In these experiments, a chlorimuron-ethyl degradation rate of 90.74% was observed at the end of a 30-d incubation period. Soil remediation experiments showed that the application of the chlorimuron-ethyl-degrading strain LCY-4 could alleviate the phytotoxicity of chlorimuron-ethyl on wheat seedlings. In chlorimuron-ethyl-contaminated soil with 10mg/kg chlorimuron-ethyl, the rate of seed emergence, plant height, root length and fresh weight in the treatment group with the addition of LCY-4 were higher than those in the control group without the addition of LCY-4 (P < 0.05).

In this study, we studied the bacterial community in 15 estuarine sediments of Poyang Lake using high throughput sequencing. The results showed that the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria (32.1%), Acidobacteria (16.6%), Chloroflexi (14.4%), Nitrospirae (8.8%) and Actinobacteria (6.0%). The dominant genera were norank_Acidobacteria (8.9%) and Nitrospira (8.4%). Based on the difference of the bacterial community structure in sampled estuarine sediments, the five main tributaries of Poyang Lake were divided into the Gan River-Rao River-Xin River group and the Fu River-Xiu River group:the former group had significantly higher abundance of Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, Gemmatimonadetes and Latescibacteria, while the latter group had significantly higher abundance of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Ignavibacteriae and Deltaproteobacteria. The bacterial community structure in sediment of the downstream channel of Poyang Lake had large difference with that in other estuarine sediments, and significantly higher abundance of Chloroflexi, Aminicenantes and Firmicutes was observed. The main environmental factors explaining the variations in phylum abundance were pH and organic carbon, and pH was the main environmental factor leading to the difference of bacterial community structures between Gan River-Rao River-Xin River group and the Fu River-Xiu River group. The above results can help to analyze the element and energy cycling in the estuarine ecosystem of Poyang Lake from the microbial perspective.

The distributions of three main volatile organic sulfur compounds (VSCs) including carbonyl sulfide (COS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) were investigated for the first time in the seawater and marine atmosphere of the East China Sea (ECS) during March-April 2017 to study the correlation between the three main VSCs and their sea-to-air fluxes. The results showed that the average concentrations of COS, DMS and CS₂ in the surface seawater were (1.0±0.4), (6.8±6.8) and (0.6±0.4) nmol/L, respectively. In general, the distributions of the three VSCs exhibited a decreasing trend from inshore to offshore sites. The concentration of DMS was significantly correlated with that of Chl-a, suggesting that phytoplankton biomass might play a crucial role in dominating the distribution of DMS in the study area. Moreover, a positive correlation between CS₂ and DMS was observed, indicating that they might have some similar production patterns. The average concentrations of COS, DMS and CS₂ in the atmosphere were (294.7±158.8), (22.7±18.0) and (108.8±88.1)×10^-12, respectively. The levels of VSCs in the coastal atmosphere were obviously higher than those over the open sea. The average sea-to-air fluxes of COS, DMS and CS₂ were estimated to be (4.0±3.4), (25.8±33.8) and (2.6±2.9) μmol/(m²⋅d) during this investigation, suggesting that the East China Sea acted as an important source for atmospheric VSCs in spring.

A modified sequential extraction (SEDEX) method was used for the determination of phosphorus in surface and columnar sediments of Haizhou Bay in October, 2016. The distribution characteristics of various phosphorus forms were studied and their bioavailability speciation and bioavailability of phosphorus in autumn sediments of Haizhou Bay analyzed. The results showed that the total phosphorus varied from 0.340mg/g to 0.445mg/g and inorganic phosphorus varied from 0.271mg/g to 0.350mg/g in surface sediments; the total phosphorus in columnar sediments varied from 0.367mg/g to 0.614mg/g and inorganic phosphorus varied from 0.302mg/g to 0.443mg/g. Inorganic phosphorus was the predominant form of total phosphorus and detrital phosphorus was the main form of inorganic phosphorus in both types of sediments. The concentration of different forms of phosphorous followed the following order:total phosphorus (TP) > inorganic phosphorus (IP) > detrital phosphorus (DAP) > authigenic calcium bound phosphorus (ACa-P) > organic phosphorus (OP) > unstable phosphorus and Fe-bound phosphorus (Fe-P). Through the study of the phosphorus bioavailability, the bioavailable phosphorus (BAP) in surface sediments of this investigated area varied from 0.069mg/g to 0.143mg/g (19.44%~32.66%), with an average of 0.092mg/g (24.17%).The BAP in columnar sediments varied from 0.062mg/g to 0.217mg/g (16.11%~43.54%), and the average was 0.143mg/g, or 30.77% of the total phosphorous, which illustrated that the release risk of phosphorus was less. The correlation between phosphorus content and grain size in sediments showed that Fe-P, OP and ACa-P were positively correlated with fine clay, coarse clay and fine silt, but negatively correlated with coarse sand, fine sand and medium sand in the columnar sediments. DAP showed a significant positive correlation with coarse sand, fine sand and medium sand, and showed a significant negative correlation with fine clay, coarse clay and fine silt. The correlation between BAP and particle size was weak, as indicated by the different particle size composition and plane distribution.

The influence of the calcium ion channel blocker (LaCl₃) or the SH-blocker (Nitrogen-ethylmaleimide, NEM) on the distribution and accumulation patterns of the Benzoapyrene (BaP) in the three subcellular fractions of earthworm Eisenia fetida (Fraction C:associated with the cytosol; Fractions D:associated with granules; and Fraction E:associated with tissue fragments and cell membranes) were explored under the condition of single BaP contamination and the combined contamination of the BaP and cadmium (Cd). The results showed that BaP was mainly accumulated in the Fraction E (about 55.42%~69.96% of the total content) the Fraction D (about 27.91%~32.90% of the total content) and Fraction C (about 2.13%~11.67% of the total content) no matter under single or combined pollution. Under the single pollution of BaP, the addition of LaCl₃and NEM could stimulate the BaP accumulation in three above subcellular fractions. While under the combined pollution, the effects were slightly different. LaCl₃ could stimulated the BaP accumulation in three above subcellular fractions, but NEM inhibited the BaP accumulation in the Fraction C (from 0.99mg/kg to 0.59mg/kg), and enhanced the BaP accumulation in the Fraction D and E. Therefore, calcium ion channel and the sulfhydryl protein took participate in the BaP distribution in earthworm, and Cd addition changed the BaP distribution compared with the single BaP contamination.

Considering the lag effects of various aquatic variables (nutrients, physical or chemical parameters) to proliferation of phytoplankton in algal blooms, time series analysis was applied in this study to analyze the influence and quantitative relation of aquatic variables to algal blooms by using monitoring data of Meiliang Bay in Taihu Lake (Ch:Taihu) from 2000 to 2012. The results showed that there was a long-run equilibrium relationship between concentration of Chl-a and total phosphorus (TP), N/P, water temperature (WT). The results of Granger causality models and vector autoregression model demonstrated that concentration of TP, N/P and WT were the Granger causes of Chl-a. The results also provided an accurate quantitative equation of these variables. Assuming that other variables remain constant, if concentration of TP, N/P and WT were increased by 1%, concentration of Chl-a would increase by 0.97%, 0.078% and 0.55% respectively. This study provided a new, alternative method to explore the influence of aquatic parameters to algal blooms and could advance the understanding of process of algal blooms by taking lagged variables of time series into account.

During cyanobacterial blooms, a portion of the biomass would sink to the sediment-water interface and suffer from the dark/anoxic condition. To investigate the survival of Microcystis and its secretion, a series of experiments were conducted with Microcystis in different growth period. The results suggested that Microcystis could survive for at least 6days under the dark/anoxic condition. Meanwhile, Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) secreted by Microcystis reached up to 1.86mg C mg/Chl a. The Microcystis in 55d group could survive longer than other groups, and 28d group had the maximum quantity of secreted DOC. Our study suggested that Microcystis could survive for several days under the dark/anoxic condition, and could secrete DOC during this period. These results were related to the growth period of Microcystis.

This thesis studied a gas station site that has been polluted by leaking petroleum contaminant. Samples of soil and groundwater at the site were collected and analyzed. The concentrations of lead, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene series, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) were analyzed, and their distribution and migration characteristics in soil and groundwater for different functional areas were discussed. The lithology of the aeration zone and aquifer were dominated by sandy silt, clayey silt, and silty clay. The main pollutants in the soils were TPH (C < 16) and benzene. Analyses in the vertical direction revealed very high concentrations of contaminants close to the groundwater table. In areas of perched groundwater, the main pollutants were TPH (C < 16) and benzene. For phreatic water the main pollutants were TPH (C < 16), benzene, and MTBE. The confined groundwater was uncontaminated. The study recommended that in situ restoration technologies should be applied to the soil and groundwater. This recommendation was based on an analysis of remediation carried out at other petroleum-contaminated sites, and the conditions at the study site.

A total of 216 daily PM_2.5 samples were collected in 2016 by a high-volume aerosol sampler in urban center of Beijing. Nine heavy metals, namely As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Then, cancer and non-cancer risks of the residents aging from 1 to 80 were assessed with Chinese exposure factors by using risk evaluation model provided by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United Stated (US. EPA). Results showed that Zn, Pb and Cu were the most abundant elements in PM_2.5, with concentrations of (291 ±553)ng/m³, (53.6 ±73.5)ng/m³ and (25.0 ±59.7)ng/m³ respectively. Among these metals, arsenic had the highest cancer risk contribution (62.5%); while Co had the highest non-cancer risk contribution (29.0%). Hazard index (HI) of these heavy metals was lower than 1 for different age and sex groups, which showed none non-cancer risk, moreover, HI in childhood was higher than that in adulthood. Total cancer risk of these heavy metals (CR) was in the range of 10^-6~10^-4 for different age and sexes groups and showed no obvious cancer risk, moreover, CR increased with age. In addition, cancer and non-cancer risks associated with female population were all lower than those of males.

9 typical sewage irrigation areas were selected at China and abroad as the research objects. Then, pollution of heavy metal in soils and crops were analyzed and adults' and children's health risks were evaluated. The results showed that, in general, the concentrations of heavy metal in wheat were higher than the concentrations in corns. The concentrations of Cd in corns and wheats were 1.62 and 7.5mg/kg, respectively, which were 8.1 and 37.5 times of WHO/FAO criterions. Moreover, this was related to the high concentration of Cd in soil. Ingestion of wheat was the exposure route that induced the maximum risk to humans, and the risks level ranged 10^-6 to 10^-4 a^-1. The human risks induced by wheat ingestion of Cd for adults and children accounted for 61.75%~99.93%, 60.78%~99.93% respectively of the total human health risks. The health risks induced by heavy metals for children were stronger than the risks for adults in all different ways of exposure. The human health risks induced by heavy metal in BL, HR, MQ and JP sewage irrigation areas for adults and children were 5.12×10^-5~7.53×10^-4、5.71×10^-5~8.37×10^-4,respectively, which exceeded the EPA and ICRP standards. And the most polluted area was BL.

Based on the emission data of SO₂, NO_x, soot and dust of industries in China, the hypothetical extraction method (HEM) and the input-output price model were used to calculate the demand emission, output emission and net transferred emissions (NTE). The impacts of the key industries on the industries' demand emission reduction were simulated under different scenarios, and the price coefficients from pollution reduction costs of the key industries were calculated. The results showed that the largest amount of air pollutants were transferred from the power and gas (POW), Nonmetal Products (NONP) and Metals Mining, Smelting and Pressing (METM) in 2014; under the scenarios of 15% reduction rates from the three key industries, the reductions of SO₂, NO_x, soot and dust emissions accounted for 62.12%, 72.65% and 67.11% of emission reduction targets of the 13th Five-Year Plan respectively. The power and gas (POW) had the greatest impact on emission reduction. If air pollution costs were internalized, the price of other industry would be influenced by POW price in varying degrees. To be specific, the Water Production (WAT), Metal Products (METP), Metals Mining, Smelting and Pressing (METM) and Nonmetal Products (NONP) were most strongly influenced and the total price transmission coefficient was 0.272, 0.151, 0.148 and 0.131 respectively. The government should establish a reasonable mechanism to allocate the costs of emission reduction. This mechanism can not only subsidize the reduction costs of major industries but also stimulate the other industries to improve technology in saving demand from those basic industrial products such as electricity.

Comparisons of life cycle pollution emission and energy efficiency among seven heating methods from the perspective of life cycle based on daily heat supply of 1m² housing area were made in this paper. The methods included scattered coal heating, and other clean ones, which were electric boiler heating, low temperature air source heat pump heating, wall-mounted gas boiler heating, cogeneration central heating, gas boiler central heating and clean briquette heating. The results showed that compared with scattered coal heating, clean heating method can efficiently reduce the air emissions, especially significant for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Among all these methods, gas boiler central heating and wall-mounted gas boiler heating with natural gas are the cleanest, which reduced SO₂ and NO_x by 85%, and reduced PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 by 99%, and clean briquette heating and electric boiler heating perform worst. Highest energy efficiency (over 80%) could be reached by low temperature air source heat pump heating and cogeneration central heating energy efficiency, and lowest energy efficiency (about 30%) is obtained by electric boiler heating. The results also showed that improving thermal insulation of building envelope is an effective way to keep warm and decrease pollution in rural area.

Based on the activity data collected from various types of agricultural ammonia emission sources, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region agricultural ammonia emission inventory in 2014 was compiled by using emission factor method. The results showed that the total ammonia emissions from agricultural sources in BTH region were 1750695t in 2014, The average agricultural ammonia emission intensity in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was 8.09t/km². Ammonia emissions in Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin were 159408t, 58822t and 97786t respectively. In the livestock and poultry industry, pigs and laying hens were the main sources of ammonia emissions, accounted for 31.29% and 26.07% respectively. The average annual concentration of PM_2.5 was decreased 12.04μg/m³ by agricultural ammonia emission reduction of the BTH region, the decline was about 18.36%. In April and July, agricultural ammonia emission reduction had a greater impact on PM_2.5, while in January the impact was minimal. The average annual concentration of inorganic salt (sulfate + ammonium salt + nitrate) was decreased 10.00μg/m³ by agricultural ammonia emission reduction, and the decline was about 18.36%. Agricultural ammonia emission reduction had the greatest impact on nitrate, followed by ammonium salt and sulfate minimum.

Aquatic ecosystem condition assessment is the fundamental for water environmental management and water environmental health assurance. Biological integrity is the main composition of ecological integrity, which is a key indicator for aquatic ecosystem condition. Aquatic assemblage attributes based multimetric (MMI) and River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS) type observed to expected taxa difference (O/E) index are two worldwide commonly used indices for health of aquatic ecosystem assessment. The USA and EU have established national and local policy and regulatory literatures for biological integrity assessments in stream ecosystems. The paper reviewed the basic concepts and development methods for MMI and O/E indices development, their comparisons, and summarized their shared same points, and pros and cons. The paper also discussed the achievements, gaps, perspectives, research efforts, and key research points in developing a national protocol of water quality bioassessment using MMI and O/E indices in China.