Based on the observational atmospheric data, the PM_2.5 data, the GDAS data and the reanalysis data from NCEP, this study investigated a severe air pollution event happening in the Yangtze River Delta during the period from December 17 to December 28 in 2015. It was found that the low pressure at the earth surface provides favorable environment for the occurrence and development of this air pollution event, whereas the strong wind and temperature fall brought by the cold air caused the rapid decrease in the concentration of PM_2.5. Moreover, the roles of thermal and mechanical factors in this pollution were analyzed. In terms of the thermal factors, the strong mid-to-low level stratification stability, together with intense ground (isothermal) inversion, was conducive to the accumulation of PM_2.5 and abundant water vapor. As for the mechanical factors, weak ventilation rate and shallow boundary layer were unfavorable to the pollutant dispersion, leading to the rise in the concentration of PM_2.5. In comparison, the thermal factors played a more important role in the increase in PM_2.5 than the mechanical factors did. With the aids of the backward trajectory and the distributions of the pollutant emission sources, it was found that the continental air mass from the northwest, which accounted for 46% of all the air masses, had a major influence on this event. As the air mass passes the emission sources in its path, it carried the pollutants from upstream to the Yangtze River Delta. Finally, using PSCF and CWT the main sources of the pollution were found to be concentrated in Anhui, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong, as well as the Yangtze River Delta. That is to say, the air pollution in the Yangtze River Delta was contributed by long-distance transports and the local processes.

A high sensitivity and global coverage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) observation are expected to be designed as the next generation measurement by space-borne integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar. Strict spatial CO₂ data, such as 1×10^-6 or better accuracy, are needed to solve the most scientific problems of carbon cycle. Spectral purity, that is, the ratio of effective absorption energy to total transmission energy, is one of the most important parameters of IPDA lidar. It directly affects the accuracy of CO₂ measurements. Due to the comparison of the average dry air mixing ratio from the two echo pulse signals, the laser output usually accompanied by an unexpected spectral broadband background radiation will produce significant systematic errors. In this study, the shape of the spectral energy density line and the shape of the spectral impurity line are modeled as the shape of the Lorenz line for simulation, and the off-line is assumed to be a CO₂ reference that is not absorbed. Based on the IPDA detection theory, the error equations for calculating the systematic errors caused by spectral impurities are derived. For spectral purity of 99%, the induction error can reach 8.97×10^-6. A narrow band filter can be used to achieve significant relaxation. The narrow band filter blocks a large amount of impurity radiation transmitted outside a certain spectral interval, ensures that the return radiation focuses on the target operating wave number and reduces the error caused by the inadequately caused. The experimental results show that for a given spectral purity, the error can be suppressed by smaller FWHM of spectral impurity and bandwidth of narrow-band filter. The results reveal that an error of 0.084×10^-6 of the retrieved CO₂ column ratio is derived from the influence of spectral impurity with the spectral purity of 99.9% and spectral impurity of 9GHz in conjunction with a narrow-band spectral filter of 1GHz FWHM and transmittance of 0.86. In addition, random error less than 0.02×10^-6 is caused by the attenuation of narrow-band filter with the laser energy of 100mJ.

In this study, a combined system of particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS)-Nebulizer-aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) was applied in the on-line measurement of water-soluble components in PM_2.5 in winter in Shenzhen. High temporal resolution concentrations of WSOM, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and chloride and their mass spectra were simultaneously obtained. The mass concentration of the water-soluble species in PM_2.5 ranged from 4.0~117μg/m³, with an average of 20.1μg/m³, and sulfate and WSOM were the most abundant components. The characteristics of the mass spectrum of WSOM was similar to that of oxygenated organic aerosols, and the average O/C was 0.60±0.09. We found that WSOM strongly correlated with secondary inorganic ions (SO₄^2-+NO₃^-) and potassium (K), while the correlation with black carbon (BC) weakened. All evidence showed that the contribution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and biomass burning to WSOM was much greater than local primary emission in winter of Shenzhen.

Online measurements of typical ambient oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and other non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were conducted in different seasons (dry and wet seasons) of 2017 in Shenzhen University Town utilized a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). We explored their composition characteristics and diurnal variations, and then quantified different sources of typical OVOCs based on the photochemical age-based parameterization method. Results showed that the mean concentrations of methanol were the highest both in dry and wet seasons (up to 10×10^-9~12×10^-9) among the measured OVOC species, followed by acetic acid, acetone and acetaldehyde (approximately 2×10^-9~5×10^-9), while those of formic acid and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were always the lowest (approximately 1×10^-9~2×10^-9). The peak concentrations of measured OVOCs in wet seasons were found significantly earlier than that in dry seasons, and the diurnal variation in the concentration of acetaldehyde was quite similar to that of ozone (O₃), suggesting that the elevated concentration throughout the daytime may originated from secondary oxidation. While the peak concentrations of methanol and MEK were found much earlier than that of O₃, indicating that they may have prominent contributions from primary emission. According to the OVOCs source apportionments, anthropogenic primary sources played the key roles for methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone and MEK in dry seasons, while formic acid and acetic acid were dominated by anthropogenic secondary sources. Besides, biogenic sources were the dominant source of acetaldehyde, acetone, MEK, formic acid and acetic acid in wet seasons.

Firstly, meteorological types of heating period and non-heating period were classified using the method of regression tree classification, and meteorological types which are likely to cause severe pollution were identified. Secondly, the daily mean value prediction model of PM_2.5 concentration of different meteorological types was established using the combination of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model and Support Vector Machine (ARIMA+SVM), which takes the emission of pollution sources as independent variables. In this paper daily mean PM_2.5 concentration of 9environmental monitoring points with continuous data in Shenyang during Jan 2013 to June 2017 was analysed. The results show that, compared with ordinary machine learning model without weather classification, the prediction of daily mean PM_2.5 concentration using ARIMA+SVM combined model based on meteorological classification has a better agreement with actual value, and its ability to identify the peak and valley values is much stronger. In heating and non-heating period, this combined model has the advantages of lower average error and higher prediction accuracy.

Indoor microbial aerosols come from various sources and are affected by many environmental factors. Statistical methods could be used to predict the indoor microbial pollution levels in real time. The methods of establishing prediction models were firstly presented. Then, the relationship between indoor microbial aerosol concentration and environmental parameters (air exchange rate, temperature, relative humidity, number of people, particulate matter and air distribution, CO₂) was introduced. The prediction model of indoor microbial pollution level was summarized, and the future development direction was provided.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on particle size distribution, microscopic morphology, compositional elements, and oxidation characteristics of particles from coal liquefied fuel engine. Particles from the engine fueled with coal liquefied fuel were collected under different EGR ratio (0% EGR, 15% EGR) and exhaust gas composition (15% N₂, 15% CO₂ and 30% CO₂). The micro structure and oxidation characteristics of the particles were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analyzer. The results showed that when the EGR rate is less than 15%, the particle size shows a single peak normal distribution. The peak diameters of particle size distribution were 60.4, 60.4, 69.8 and 52.3 nm in the condition of different EGR ratio of 0% and 15%,different composition of 15% N₂ and 15% CO₂ respectively. When 30% CO₂ was introduced, the particle size showed a bimodal normal distribution with particle sizes of 14.3 nm and 52.3 nm respectively. After the introduction of EGR and N2, the particle group becomes compact and was not easily oxidized. After the introduction of CO₂, the particle group became loose and easily oxidized. Without EGR, the particle structure was mainly chain-like, and introducing 15% EGR and 15% N₂, the particle structure was mainly clustered.

This study investigated diclofenac (DFC) removal in a vertical flow constructed wetland, in which manganese ores were used as substrates, and dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria (Geobactermetallireducens, GS-15) were added as inoculum. The results indicated that maximum average removal of DFC was 23.56% in this wetland. After analyzing the manganese ores by XRD and XRF before and after the experiments, Mn was identified as the key element participating DFC removal. The main DFC removal pathway in the wetland is the dissimilatory Mn(IV) reduction. In this process, DFC was degraded by GS-15using manganese ores as the electron acceptor. In addition, LC-MS/MS analysis was used to identify the degradation intermediates of DCF. Three intermediates are identified, namely 5-hydroxydiclofenac (5-OH-DCF), diclofenac-2, 5-iminoquinone (DCF-2, 5-IQ), and 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB). The results of this research provide new insight and theoretical guidance on the advanced technologies for pharmaceutical treatment in wastewater.

The occurrence of dissolved nitrogenous organic compounds represented by amino acids (AAs) is ubiquitous in aqueous system, especially in water source. AAs were reported to be the precursors of disinfection by-products during water production processes. In this paper, tryptophan (Try) was selected as a model nitrogenous precursor to investigate the generating pathway and influencing factors of the regulated disinfection by-products trichloromethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during chlorination process. The results showed that Trp can generate HAAs and THMs through a series reactions including substitution, decarboxylation and hydrolysis. The formation of THMs and HAAs increased gradually as chlorination time and chlorine dosage increased; With the increase of temperature, the amount of HAAs increased first and then decreased; Alkaline promoted the production of THMs and HAAs; Chloramine and shading condition remarkably inhabited the production of general disinfectionby-products.

It is essential to determine the biodegradation capacity when monitoring or enhancing natural attenuation of petroleum in contaminated aquifers. Here, the concentrations of typical electron donorcontaminants (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, and chemical oxygen demand) and electron acceptors and byproducts (dissolved oxygen, NO₃^-, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, SO₄^2- and HCO₃^-) in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer were determined. The background electron acceptor/byproduct concentrations were determined from the electron donor concentrations, and the acceptor/byproduct distributions were characterized. The biodegradation capacity at each well was estimated using a general geochemical evaluation method. The cumulative probability curve method was used withthe general method to evaluate the biodegradation capacities in the aquifer. The biodegradation rates were determined from the biodegradation capacities and groundwater renewal rates, and different biodegradation zones were identified from the biodegradation rates. The biodegradation capacities of the wells were 36.49~70.05mg/L, and the biodegradation capacity cumulative probability curve for each well fitted the exponential equation F(x)=0.008e^0.07x. The whole-aquifer biodegradation capacity (determined using the probabilities for the different aquifer parts) was 57.83mg/L and the whole-aquifer biodegradation rate (calculated defining the groundwater renewal rate as the groundwater runoff rate, 132m³/d) was 2790kg/a. The downstream source zone was found to have a strong biodegradation capacity. It was concluded that petroleumcontaminants were mainly degraded by the electron acceptors SO₄^2- and NO₃^- reduction. Enhancing SO₄^2- and NO₃^- reduction may be a promising way of managing and remediating the study site.

In this study, 3D-printed GDE (3D-GDE) with a high H₂O₂ generation rate was designed using a three-dimensional printing approach and its application in electro-Fenton for coking wastewater treatment. Results showed that H₂O₂ reached 16.1mg H₂O₂/cm², which was superior to the conventional gas diffusion electrode in the absence of the 3D-printedstructure with 7.16mg H₂O₂/cm² H₂O₂ capacity under the same conditions. Moreover, it showed acid condition was favorable for the H₂O₂ production, and H₂O₂ generation rose from 250mg/L to 450mg/L as current increased from 200mA to 250mA. However, a further enhancement in current failed to improve H₂O₂ generation capacity. The proposed system was used for coking wastewater treatment following the optimization of the operating factors. Mineralization rate of coking wastewater could reach as high as 80% in 4h electrolysis by the 3D-GDE electro-Fenton process. Moreover, three-dimensional fluorescence method confirmed the effectiveness of the process in a direct approach. Microtox toxicity results revealed that the 3D-GDE electro-Fenton process was effective for coking wastewater detoxification and the lowest energy consumption for coking wastewater was calculated as 0.9kW·h/g TOC.

The partial denitrification (NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N), a promising way for nitrate wastewater treatment, could combine with ANAMMOX technology to achieve nitrogen removal with low concentration of carbon source and poor energy. Three different domestication pattern, R1 (SBR under anoxic condition), R2 (SBR under anoxia-aerobic alternating condition) and R3 (SBR under anoxic condition with low-intensity aeration), were conducted using glucose as electron donor to find out the rule of nitrite accumulation in denitrification process. These three reactors achieved steady nitrite accumulation after 120-days run, and the sludge were taken, respectively, to explore the denitrification pattern of these three acclimatizing ways. The findings revealed that, compared with R1, the R2 and R3 sludge could better achieve partial denitrification due to the involving of dissolved oxygen. And R3 was the best way. The microbial community structure of R1, R2 and R3 sludges on the 109th day were analyzed and compared by high throughput sequencing. The results showed that the dominant bacteria were Candidatus Saccharibacteria in both R2 and R3 reactor, which were with the participation of dissolved oxygen, and the relative abundance was 45.44% and 34.96%, respectively. This was the first time that the Candidatus Saccharibacteria was reported as the dominant bacteria in the denitrifying sludge. Besides, the microbial diversity of R1reactor was much larger than that of R2 and R3, which indicated that the denitrifying bacteria in R2 and R3 reactors were more exclusive. The batch experiments showed that the initial pH had a significant effect on the accumulation of nitrite. The higher the pH indicated the higher accumulation rate of nitrite.

This paper studied the transformation regularities of key evaluation indicators, such as carbon, nitrogen and humic acid during ultra-high temperature aerobic composting process. The results showed that SCOD increased from 23.18mg/g to 47.49mg/g and then decreased to 30.67mg/g. TOC and TN respectively decreased from 207.45mg/g and 45.40mg/g to 157.86mg/g and 38.23mg/g in the previous seven days and almost remains constant after 35days. In addition, the content of NH₄⁺-N incrased from 9.89mg/g to 14.04mg/g, but the sum of NO₂^--N and NO₃^--N (about 0.07mg/g) was less than 2% of TN. The loss of TN was as high as 82.87%, and it mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization. Humic acid increased from 115.12mg/g to 214.11mg/g in previous seven days and alomost remains 154.47mg/g after 21days. Although E4/E6value ranged between 3.49 and 4.23, it showed an increasing trend in total. Hence, it is not suitable for maturity evaluation.

The current biological process for coking wastewater treatment requires the combination of several units with different methods. In addition, the mechanism of how the pollutants would be degraded along the whole plant is still not yet defined. All these consequently prevent targeted optimization to be conducted. To tackle these problems, a membrane-less air-cathode microbial fuel cell was constructed in this paper. Cyclic voltammetry and polarization were carried out to characterize the electrochemical performance of MFCs, while infrared spectroscopy, colorimetric methods and pyrosequencing were applied to trace the changes of chemicals and microbial communities in the reactor during the batch. The results revealed that sulfur-containing inorganic compounds in coking wastewater were degraded at the first, followed by the degradation of phenols. After that, nitrogen-containing pollutants were then removed through a combined pathway of aerobic nitrification and anaerobic denitrification. The degradation of long chain alkanes happened at the later phase of the batch. In addition, it was found that the microbial community structure was highly dependent on the available nutrients presented in the liquid phase. Desulfurella and Flavobacterium were dominant in the community in the early stage to perform aerobic decomposition of sulfurous and phenol pollutants, which would be latterly taken over by Nitrospitrae, Alcaligenes and Thiobacillus for nitrification and denitrification. The maximum power density of the MFC achieved was 12.5mW/cm², of which the cell voltage was 470.9mV. The total removal efficiencies of COD, T_Phenols, T_sulfur, TN and NH₄⁺-N were 85.8%, 83.3%, 87.5%, 43.8% and 89.9%, respectively. All these data demonstrated the feasibility of a one-step process for coking wastewater treatment using microbial fuel cell.

At pH 7.0, batch adsorption methods were employed to reveal the adsorption/desorption behaviors of phthalic acid (PA) and benzoic acid (BA) on three functionalized carbon nanotubes (H-CNTs, C-CNTs and G-CNTs), and further to explore the impact of co-existing BA on PA adsorption by CNTs. The results showed both of Langmuir and Freundlich models could well fit with all experimental data, and Freundlich model was better (Adj r² > 0.88). The adsorption affinities of PA and BA on three CNTs were in order C-CNTs > H-CNTs > G-CNTs. In this study, obvious adsorption/desorption hysteresis was observed for both PA and BA on C-CNTs and H-CNTs, but not for G-CNTs. It was indicated that the adsorption of BA and PA on C-CNTs and H-CNTs had a relatively intensified chemical interaction, but due to lacking of surface oxygen functional group, desorption hysteresis was not observed on G-CNTs. For the co-existing system, PA was selected as main adsorbate and BA was selected as competitive adsobate to investigate competitive adsorption between two different ionizable compounds. The results indicated that on H-CNTs and C-CNTs, coexisting BA played a competitive role in PA, while on G-CNTs, coexisting BA had a synergistic adsorption effect on PA.

The single factor and orthogonal experiments were carried out to enhance coagulation pretreatment of simulation of rural domestic sewage used by Poly Dimethyl Diallyl Propy Ammoniuml Chloride (HCA) as a coagulant,meanwhile the removal sequence of HCA and main factors were also analyzed on the removal effect of SS,TP and organic matter by HCA. Meanwhile the coagulation mechanism of HCA was analyzed through the Zeta potential and fractal dimension. The results showed that the influence factors of HCA treatment effect was in as a order of the initial pH value > HCA dosage > flocculation stirring time > mixed speed gradient > blend stirring time > flocculation stirring speed gradient, and under the optimized conditions, SS, TP and COD removal rates were up to 94.1%, 74.9% and 61.1%, respectively; when the dosage of HCA was 15mg/L, Zeta potential and the fractal dimension of flocs was -2.03mv and 1.0149, respectively. The analysis of the experimental results showed that the HCA of sewage treatment had obvious effect and its mechanism was mainly charge neutralization.

In order to study the influence of carbon material conditioning on sludge electrical dewatering performance and combustibility of sludge cake, sludge was pre-conditioned by using activated carbon and graphite, and analyzed the characteristics of sludge and dissolved organic matter (DOM) at both electrodes. The results showed that the electro-dewatering rate at cathode was increased after treated with carbon materials, and the promoted effect of graphite was more than the other three carbon materials. The average dehydration rate of the cathode increased from 0.074g/L to 0.095g/L when graphite was added in a small dosage of 5%TSS. Carbon materials could enhanced the conductivity of sludge system and electrophoretic mobility of sludge floc, which result in the porosity of sludge cake at cathode was increased. The pore volume of cathode mud cake was 0.1147cm³/g when the dosage of carbon materials was 0%TSS,but the pore volume of cathode mud cake were was 0.119、0.122、0.146、0.157cm³/g when the amount of AC-0、AC-1、AC-5、graphite was 20% TSS. In addition, the DOM concentration and protein substances in filtrate of both electrodes were decreased after treated with carbon materials, it can relieve the block of filter cloth; the energy consumption per mass of water removed can be reduced after being treated with carbon materials, The energy consumption required to remove water per mass of water was 6.75kW·h/kg, when activated carbon was not added separately, and when the dosage of AC-0、AC-1、AC-5、graphite were 20% TSS, the energy consumption decreased to 5.64、5.22、5.20、5.11kW·h/kg, and the water content of mud cake decreased from 58% to 45%, the calorific value and sustainable combustion time of sludge cake treated with carbon materials were enhanced, when the amount of graphite was 20%TSS, the calorific value of sludge cake increased by 17%. which can beneficial to the subsequent utilization of incineration.

A large number of refractory organics residual in semi-aerobic aged refuse biofilter (SAARB) leachate, ozone/manganese-dioxide (O₃/MnO₂) process was used to catalytically decompose organics from SAARB treated landfill leachate. Effects of ozone dosage, MnO₂ dosage and initial pH on the removal of organic substances and reaction kinetics were investigated. UV-Vis and 3D-EEM tests were applied to investigate the transformation mechanism of recalcitrant organics in O₃/MnO₂ process. In addition, the phase change of MnO₂ before and after reaction and its catalytic mechanism were investigated by SEM, EDS, XRD and XPS. Results showed that when the ozone dosage of 18.92mg/min, initial pH of 3 and reaction time of 20min, compared to the ozone alone treatment, the O₃/MnO₂ peroxide treatment was significantly improved with 2mg/L MnO₂ addition. The removal efficiencies of COD, UV₂₅₄, and CN by 24.66%, 4.95%, and 12.57%, respectively, and the chromophore was most easily attacked by ozone. UV-Vis spectra and 3D-EEM spectrum were both illustrated that O₃/MnO₂ process can significantly decrease the aromaticity degree, molecular weight and condensation degree of organic substances in wastewater, which degradation efficiency of benzene ring compounds was improved significantly and also greatly proved biodegradability of leachate effluent. Meanwhile, After O₃/MnO₂ process, MnO₂ has not shown the change of the peak value of the new valence state, and Mn(Ⅳ) played a dominate role in the catalytic process. In order to promote the selectivity of hydroxyl radical and the catalytic performance, indicating that the mechanism of O₃/MnO₂ process was MnO₂ catalyzed O₃ to generate hydroxyl radicals and transformed into hydrated manganese dioxide, which changed the physicochemical properties of the catalyst surface.

According to statistics of the past 40years, average fertilizer use efficiency is only about 50%. The low fertilizer efficiency not only causes energy loss but also causes environmental pollution and ground and surface water contamination. A new fertilizer using biochar as carrier has a great potential to solve this issue. In this research, the biochars made from rice husk, cassava straw and corn stover were obtained by a horizontal fixed bed quartz tube pyrolysis reactor with varied temperatures (350, 450, 500, 550, and 600℃). The RGB values and corresponding gray value of these biochars were analyzed by image recognition technology. The relationship between pH and gray value and the relationship between adsorption capacities of N and K cations (NH₄⁺-N and K⁺-K,) and gray value were studied. In general, the pH value of biochar increased as gray value increased with R² of 0.9766, 0.9592, and 0.9219, respectively, and the trend fitted well with the DoseResp model. NH₄⁺-N and K⁺-K adsorption capacity of those three biochars followed the one-dimensional high-order nonlinear models with R² ranged from 0.8595 to 0.9999, except the negative linear correlation between K⁺-K adsorption capacity and gray value for corn stover. This study provides theoretical basis for development of rapid method to predict pH and cation adsorption properties of biochar, and also has a potential to develop portable equipment for online testing.

In this paper, the influence of temperature on residual sludge properties and solubility was studied during the process of sludge dewatering with 2450MHz electromagnetic wave. Results showed that sludge volume index (SVI) decreased from 130.73mL/g to 95.25mL/g at 80℃, which improved the sludge settlement performance. At the same time, the centrifugal water content of the sludge achieved the lowest of 93.52% at 80℃ and the capillary suction time (CST) of the sludge decreased to 23.2s at 60℃. The value of the specific resistance to filtration (SRF), however, was always higher than the initial value of the raw sludge. Therefore, electromagnetic wave treatment of sludge could improve the dewaterability of centrifugal and plate frame filter press of residual sludge, while deteriorated the dewaterability of vacuum filtration. According to the analysis of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the supernatant, higher temperature was beneficial for the solubilization of sludge. The SCOD raised from the initial value of 124.1mg/L to 883.4mg/L at 80℃. The disruption of microbial cell in sludge was more obvious, when the sludge temperature was higher than 60℃. The EPS in the sludge was closely related to the change of dewaterability of the sludge.

A novel heterotrophic combining sulfur-based autotrophic ABR reactor was constructed to treatthe high concentration of perchlorate (ClO₄^-) wastewater.The ClO₄^- removal, the sulfate (SO₄^2-) production, the biomass and EPS changes under different ClO₄^- concentrationswereexplored. The results showed that the ClO₄^- removalefficiency reached to 99.60% at HRT of 12h and the influent ClO₄^- concentration of 300mg/L, the effluent SO₄^2- concentration was approximately stabilized at 150mg/L.The influent pH was approximately 7.8~8.0. With ClO₄^- concentration increasing, the effluent pH of the heterotrophic unit was increased to 8.0~8.3, while the effluent pH of the autotrophic unit was decreased to 6.6~6.9.Therefore, the combined heterotrophic and sulfur-based autotrophic process can achieve an acid-base balance.Moreover, the more EPScontent wasproduced by microorganism when influent perchlorate concentration increased gradually in the process.And the contentof EPS in the first compartment of the heterotrophic unit was maximum, which reachedto 102.46mg/(g·vss). The secretion of EPS can not only form a protective layer to resist external pressure, but also play a role in the reserve of carbon sources and energy.

Acetone and chloride ion (Cl^-) were used to synergistically activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to decolorize the azo dye, acid orange 7 (AO7). It was found that the first-order rate constant increased from 0.0767 to 0.1725min^-1 when acetone was added in Cl^-/PMS systemIn the acetone/Cl^-/PMS system, effect of various factors were explored, including initial pH, Cl^- concentration, PMS and acetone dosage. The results indicated that the degradation of AO7 increased with the increase of Cl^-、PMS、acetone concentration under alkaline conditions. The degradation mechanism of AO7 in acetone/Cl^-/PMS system showed that neither sulfate radical(SO-4·) nor hydroxyl(HO·) was produced therein. Instead, the HOCl concentration was proved to be increased during the reaction. Hence, acetone could promote the reaction between PMS and Cl^- to generate more HOCl. From the analysis of UV-vis spectra, the azo bond and naphthalene ring in AO7 was found being destructed.

Persulfate (PS) oxidative degradation of phenol in an aqueous solution was studied in the presence of sorghum-straw biochar (S-BC). The effects of critical parameters, including sodium persulfate (PS) concentration, dose of catalyst, and the initial pH, were investigated. The results show that the ratio of phenol degradation in S-BC/PS system is obviously better than those of single S-BC and PS. The maximum removal efficiency of phenol reached 99.7% with PS/phenol molar ratio of 50:1, S-BC dosage of 1.5g/L, initial pH of 11and reaction time of 15h. Radical mechanism was studied and two radical scavengers (methanol (MA), tert-butanol (TBA)) were used to determine the kind of major active species taking part in the degradation of phenol. Finally, the recovery performance of S-BC was studied through the S-BC reuse experiments. In summary, the method of activating PS with S-BC may offer great benefits in remediation of phenol-contaminated water.

As the franchise mode of municipal solid waste disposal industry (MSWDI) was institutionalized in China, MSWDI has developed rapidly. Based on the analysis of industry policy, investment, capacity building and treatment technology, the development process of MSWDI in China was divided into five stages. During the identification of the five stages, the roles of pre-subsidy and post-subsidy in the development of the MSWDI were analyzed. Compared to the pre-subsidy which is used for the fixed assets construction, the post-subsidy which is used for the purchase of services and recycled products played a more important role. The post-subsidy mechanism is the direct driving force for the rapid development of MSWDI.Except the MSWDI, kitchen waste and construction waste disposal industries are the major vein industries in Chinese cities, but lag behind. The post-subsidy mechanism should be applied to speed up the development of kitchen waste and construction waste disposal industries. The sale system of recycled products from kitchen waste, such as biodiesel and methane gas, should be established, and the reusing of construction waste recycled products in construction and production should be subsidized.

Biomass solid waste quantity was large and widely available, with dual characters of pollution and resource. Anaerobic fermentation could promote its pollution control and some part of components involved were converted into humus (HS) under the action of microorganisms. By analyzing the relationship between HS conversion, HS structural characteristics and redox performance, humic reducing bacteria and methanogen activity, and CH₄ production efficiency in anaerobic fermentation, the regulation principle of HS to CH₄ in biomass dry anaerobic fermentation system was illustrated, which provided theoretical support for reducing the inhibition of HS on the CH₄ production pathway and improving fermentation efficiency in anaerobic fermentation system.

In order to have a comprehensive acknowledgement of rural solid waste (RSW), including its characteristics, disposal modes and treatments in China recent years. This paper summarizes the characteristics of RSW generation in China, its components, and analyzes influencing factors in detail. Also the treatment of RSW was introduced, including its collection, transfer, disposal, and management. RSW in Qingdao City was taken as an example, giving a degree of influences effecting RSW generation and making a prediction of RSW there. Lastly, suggestions regarding the issues towards the treatment of RSW were proposed.

After mixing municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) with silica fume and a certain proportion of deionized water, natural curing, steam curing and thermal treatment were performed respectively to stabilize heavy metals. The effects of additive amounts of silica fume on the leaching of critical heavy metals in MSWIFA with natural curing and steam curing were studied. Specification distribution of heavy metals, crystal structures and microstructures of steam curing samples and thermal treatment samples were also investigated. The results showed that the leaching concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu gradually decreased with the addition of silica fume from 0% to 10% while using natural curing and steam curing. When adding 10% silica fume, the leaching concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu for natural curing samples were slightly higher than that for steam curing samples, in which specification distribution of heavy metals did not show significant change as compared with that in raw fly ash. Highly effective heavy metal stabilization of thermal treatment for Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn could be achieved, proven by leaching test results and specification distribution of heavy metals. The ratios of residue state of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in fly ash after thermal treatments increased from 37.12%, 11.82%, 44.30% and 51.94% to 84.75%, 75.49%, 77.20% and 67.40%, respectively, while the ratios of acid soluble state decreased from 3.99%, 54.92%, 6.56% and 10.49% to 0.44%, 9.37%, 2.72% and 3.59%, respectively.

Considering the bottom-up strategy, the magnetic carbonaceous solid acid catalyst was prepared by walnut green peel which was deemed to be an agricultural waste, meanwhile it was analyzed by BET, XRD, SEM, IR and TGA. The obtained results showed that synthesized magnetic solid acid catalyst has fluffy structure, high specific surface area and favorable thermal-stability. The catalyst of MPCs-0.2-SO₃H has played an important role in the synthesis of biodiesel. In a situation where the molar ratio of ethanol to oleic acid is 30, the dosage of magnetic solid acid catalyst is 7% oleic acid weight, the esterification rate can reach 74.2% after 8 h reaction at 80℃,which is superior to commercial Amberlyst-15of nearly 20%. Moreover, it still has high esterification rate after repeated use 3times, high water resistance of 4% weight of oleic acid. Therefore, walnut peel had been reused and synthesized magnetic catalyst, which was easy to be separated and demonstrated a prominent application potential in the preparation of biodiesel.

With sodium sulfide as the vulcanizing agent, the lead in the fluorescent tube core glass was rapidly transformed to lead sulfide by mechanochemical sulfidation. The different conditions of mechanochemical sulfidation, that is, milling time, milling speed and ball-to-material ratio were investigated by single factor experiment. And the structural properties of samples after mechanochemical sulfidation were characterized by SEM, XRD and particle size. The results showed that the sulfidation rate increased with the increase of milling time and milling speed, increased first and then decreased with the increase of ball-to-material ratio. When the milling speed was 750r/min, the milling time was 120min and the ball-to-material ratio was 50:1g/g, the lead sulfidation rate in the fluorescent tube core glass was 96.18%. The mechanochemical sulfidation product of lead in fluorescent lamp tube core glass was PbS. The particle size of fluorescent lamp core glass powder decreased with the increase of milling speed and milling time.

This study employed natural flow rinsing conducted in soil columns and morphological analyses to examine the characteristics of chemical fractions and the removal effect on soil heavy metals induced by different eluents, and to explore the regulation approaches of heavy metals passivation and total abatement. Effects of three different concentrations of the eluents (citric acid, EDTA and straw powder) on the total amount, morphology fractions and removal of Cd, Pb and Cr were investigated. The results showed that, under the saline and sodic soil condition, the leaching rate of soil Cd, Pb and Cr was below 1% using citric acid and straw powder, while the leaching rates of soil Pb and Cd leached by EDTA eluent were 24.62% and 80.56%, respectively. Results of morphological fractions analyses indicated that the influencing extent on chemical fractions of soil Cd, Pb and Cr was ranked as straw powder > EDTA > citric acid, and that EDTA and citric acid could facilitate heavy metal elution by increasing the quantity of acid-soluble and reducible fractions. Meanwhile, EDTA and citric acid also increased available heavy metal content and ecological risk. Straw powder had significant influence on the passivation of Cd and Pb, and facilitated the conversion from other forms to residual form. However, the impact of straw powder on the morphological fraction of soil Cr was not significant.

Based on methods for screening priority pollutants available in China and other countries, this paper comprehensively reviews pollutants lists and relevant literature, establishes the procedures and principles for screening priority pollutants based on the soil environmental criteria of China and makes a list of the priority pollutants identified through these procedures. The results indicate the following priority pollutants based on the soil environmental criteria of China:DDT, cadmium, benzo[a]pyrene, lead, polychlorinated biphenyl, arsenic and chromium mercury. It is recommended that the future soil environmental criteria of China should be developed on the basis of priority pollutants, and that well-targeted research should be conducted with an overall consideration of the protected objects of soil environmental criteria, demands of social development, and technological development level.

Microbial source tracking (MST) is a method for distinguishing fecal contamination from different animals by identifying specific fecal microbes. Bacteroidales is widely used in MST because of its high abundance in feces, non-reproduction in vitro, and host specificity. Given that Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene is a common biomarker for MST, this paper reviewed the decay of Bacteroidales and its biomarkers, the sensitivity and specificity of the 16S rRNA gene primers for Bacteroidales, and the application of molecular techniques in MST. It will provide the appropriate scientific reference for the source apportionment of feces.

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated in this study to investigate the inhibitory kinetics of free nitrous acid (FNA) on Nitrobacter. At the beginning of the experiment, FNA concentration in influent was changed to enrich Nitrobacter. Then, the sludge of enrichment Nitrobacter was employed to study the variation law of the specific nitrite oxidation rate (SNiOR) during nitrite oxidation process of batch tests. Meanwhile, metagenomic species annotation and abundance analysis showed that Nitrobacter accounted for 40.3% of the total bacterial population. Furthermore, kinetic model of FNA inhibition on Nitrobacter activity was fitted for statistical analysis. The results showed that the SNiOR increased rapidly with the increase of FNA concentration when ≤0.1·mg/L while decreased with the increase of FNA concentration as FNA>0.1mg/L. In particular, the SNiOR was maintained at 0gN/(gVSS·d) when FNA concentration was higher than 0.7mg/L, implying that Nitrobacter activity was completely inhibited. Statistical analysis results showed that compared to Haldane, Aiba, Edwards-1#, Edwards-2# and Luong inhibition kinetics models, Han-Levenspiel model was the most suitable one for describing the inhibitory effect of FNA on Nitrobacter activity. The statistical constants, e.g., residual square sum (RSS) correlation coefficient (R²), F value of the analysis of variance and confidence degree (P) was 0.02, 0.90, 78.1and 3.29×10^-12, respectively. The dynamic constant values, e.g., maximum specific nitrite oxidation rate (r_max), half saturation constant (K_S) and critical inhibition constant (S_m) was 1.57gN/(gVSS·d), 0.01mg/L and 0.66mg/L, respectively.

In order to reduce the environmental pollution caused by acid mine drainage,and provide potential microbiology resources for mine drainage treatment, an acid tolerant sulfate educing bacteria strain SRB1was isolated from soil,and its characterization of reducing sulfate and cadmium removal were discussed. The results showed that the strain had high desulfurization and cadmium removal potential, and its lowest tolerant pH value, optimum temperature and maximum Cd²⁺ concentration were 3.7, 35℃ and 40mg/L, respectively. Under the condition of COD/SO₄^2- ≥ 2, Cd²⁺ concentration ≤ 30mg/L, the cadmium removal rate can reach more than 99%. In the high concentration of Cd²⁺ and SO₄^2- system, the strain had strong adsorption on Cd²⁺, Cd²⁺ can be decreased from 50mg/L to 15.5mg/L, the adsorption rate reached 58%. Using secondary culturing SO₄^2- might be reduced from 1.5g/L to 0.04g/L, the desulfurization rate reached 97.3%, and the Cd²⁺ concentration almost decreased to 0. TEM, FTIR, SEM characterization showed that the cell morphology of the strain was changed under cadmium stress, the infrared absorption peak was changed obviously before and after adsorption, and the precipitated particles contained crystalline CdS.

In order to investigate the effect of the temperature on microbial community of uranium removal consortium, the microbial composition and abundance of the anaerobic bacteria in the samples under 15, 25 and 35℃ were detected using high-throughput sequencing technique. After exposed in initial 7.2mg/L uranium for 48h, a removal efficiency of 99.1%±0.3% was obtained for the sample under 35℃, which is much higher than that in 15 and 25℃. A majority of common bacterial genera were found in three samples under different temperatures (43 genera). At the phylum level, Firmicutes predominated in the 15℃ and 25℃ samples, with the proportions of 61.7% and 63.3%, respectively. While Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the 35℃ sample whose proportion was as high as 68.0%. At the genus level, the first major genus in samples of both 15℃ and 25℃ was Trichococcus. However, for 35℃ sample, it contained Klebsiella with the highest relative abundance as 52%, and other dominant microorganisms including Proteiniclasticum (11%), Clostridium (8%), Acinetobacter (6%), Enterobacteriaceae (5%), Citrobacter (4%), Sedimentibacter (4%), Desulfovibrio (3%). Therefore, the composition and abundance of anaerobic consortium for uranium removal significantly varied with temperature. A positive correlation between temperature and the microbial community of 35℃ sample was observed by RDA analysis. The increase of temperature significantly promoted the abundance of Klebsiella (positive correlation), but dramatically reduced that of Trichococcus (negative correlation).

An algicidal bacteria strain with a strong algicidal effect to M.aeruginosa was isolated from the eutrophic water. Then, the algicidal bacteria was identified as WJ6 by analyzing it's morphological features, physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. The algae-lysing means of WJ6 and the effects of different culture periods, concentrations of bacterium and environmental factors on the algae-lysing action were investigated to analyze the algicidal characteristics and possible algae-lysing mechanism of the strain WJ6. And the results showed that WJ6 was identified as Serratia sp.(Accession No.KY462187). The algicidal mechanism of WJ6 is indirectively, which disolves the algae mainly by an extracellular products. At logarithmic growth phase, the strain WJ6 can dissolve M. aeruginosa with a removal rate of 87.50%. The bacteria WJ6with on centration more than 1.4×10⁹CFU/mL can give the highest removal rate of 95.69%. Under the condition of 30℃ and pH8, the removal rate is 90.00%. The effect of modified basic mediumon the algae-lysing effect of WJ6 is the most obvious with the higests removal rate of 98.50%. Furthermore, the removal rate of the algicidal bacterium is 98.33% when the ammonium ion concentration in the mediumis above 2mol/L. The removal rate is 92.77% when the salinity is 0.5%. All the results stated above indicate that the algicidal bacteria strain WJ6 have a strong algicidal effect to M. aeruginosa and prospective application in the control of M. aeruginosa in eutrophic water.

In order to investigate the variation of antibiotic resistance genes during the antibiotic mycelia dregs composting process, five antibiotic resistance genes (lnuA-01, sul1, ermA, ermB, ermC) and one horizontal gene transfer (intI1) were detected from the compost by quantitative PCR technique. The results showed that 99% lincomycin was degraded after composting. For both the lincomycin mycelia dreg compost and sewage sludge compost, the absolute total of ARGs was all increased. By contrast, the relative total of ARGs were all decreased by 5% and 22% respectively. IntI1 was enriched in lincomycin mycelia dreg compost indicating the potential ecological risk. The redundancy analysis revealed that the antibiotic resistance genes were greatly influenced by the environmental factors and the order was pH > licomycin residue > temperature > C/N.

To explore the differences in microbial community distribution and the influences of water quality on the correlation of microbial community diversity distribution, the biofilms and bulk water in 10 typical corrosive segments in actual gravity flow drainage pipes were sampled as the research objects. The diversities of microbial communities in corroded areas were presented by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed the microbial community structures in these 10typical corrosive parts were basically similar. Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria in phylum level, followed by Actinobacteria. Alpha-proteobacteria and Beta-proteobacteria account for 43.56% in class level. In genus level, Sulfate reducing bacterium caused severe localized corrosion in pipes, including Desulforhabdus, Desulfuromonas and Desulfobacter. RDA Environmental impact factor analysis pointed out there was certain correlation between sulfuretted hydrogen, dissolve oxygen and microbial community in phylum level. Besides, ammonium ion, pH and COD are the main chemical factors in class level which have correlations with microbial communities.

In order to study the characteristics of the water chemistry of the Yarlung Tsangpo River and its control factors, 212 water samples from the mainstream of the Yarlung Tsangpo River and its tributaries were collected in the three water periods in 2016. The mathematical statistics, Piper three-line map, Gibbs model, and ion ratio were analyzed. The hydrochemical characteristics of rivers in the whole basin, and the evolution of water chemistry in the basin. The results showed that the cations in the river water were dominated by Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺; the anions were dominated by HCO₃^- and SO₄^2-; the average value of TDS was 204.51mg/L, the degree of salinity is relatively low; the type of water chemistry is dominated by HCO₃·SO₄ (SO₄·HCO₃)-Ca·Mg (Mg·Ca) type water; The main ion concentration changes in the main stream of Yarlung Tsangpo fluctuated, and the seasonal changes were significant. Spatially, most ions in the river follow the trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The chemical samples of water are distributed in the middle left part of the Gibbs model, indicating that the chemical composition of the watershed in the basin is controlled by rock weathering. Principal component analysis and related analysis show that the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin The chemical composition of water is controlled by human influence, and weathering of calcite, dolomite and dissolution of sulfuric acid also play a very important role. The vast majority of heavy metals in the three watersheds of the basin meet the requirements of Class I water bodies in surface waters.

The levels and compositions of 17 Perfluoroalkyls Substances (PFASs) were determined by UltiMate 3000DGLC-MS/MS for the first time in river water, wastewater of Lhasa, one of the highest plateau city (average elevation 3700m), during wet and dry season in 2016. Lhasa was commonly contaminated by PFASs. The average Σ₁₃ PFASs concentration of surface water of Lhasa River was 322pg/L, ranged from 60 to 1724pg/L. The predominant PFASs were short-chain pefluorobutanoate (PFBA) (25%), perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA) (22%), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (14%), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) (14%) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) (13%). The spatial distribution of PFASs in Lhasa River revealed that the wastewater not totally assimilated into wastewater treatment plant, and Lhasa River basin was mainly polluted by point sources emission. There was a limited transform of production and use from PFOA and PFOS in Tibet. Seasonal variation of profiles and levels of PFASs in both wet and dry seasons suggested that the use and discharge schema of PFASs in Lhasa were influenced by season. The annual discharge load of PFASs from WWTP to Lhasa River was estimated to be 37mg/a, input amount of PFASs from The Lhasa River basin into YarlungZangbo River were estimated to be 292t/a. In the future, all the wastewater should be strictly incorporated into WWTP and PFASs-based product should be restrained.

Algaecide treatment is a management strategy to control cyanobacterial blooms. This study assessed three oxidizers such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) and sodium percarbonate (Na₂CO₄), on mitigating cell numbers and inhibiting the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria colonies collected from natural lake. Addition of those three algaecides could disrupt cyanobacteria cells and inhibit the maximum (F_v/F_m) and actual (F_v'/F_m') quantum yield of cyanobacteria, and the inhibitory effect was enhanced when the concentration of algaecides increased. Cyanobacteria cells tended to be more sensitive to H₂O₂, in comparison with other two algaecides. In addition, H₂O₂ decomposed more rapidly, and mitigating efficiency as well as the inhibitory effect of photosynthetic activity declined when cyanobacteria biomass increased. When the initial cell density was 10and 100μg/L, the inhibition rate of 5mg/L H₂O₂ on the maximum quantum yield of cyanobacteria was 10% and 1%, while the degradation rate was 64.9% and 97.5%, respectively. These results indicated that using H₂O₂ for cyanobacterial bloom control should be exerted when cyanobacteria biomass is relatively low, since the low dosage could function well at the early stage of cyanobacterial bloom.

A spatial database of wetland landscape was constructed by using Landsat images from 1973 to 2016 to reveal the evolution of the wetland landscape in the Yellow River Delta. In this study, the composition,spatial and temporal variations in wetland landscapes were analyzed. Besides, the evolution trend of wetland landscape pattern was also discussed based on landscape pattern index. Moreover, combining with the centroid model, the spatial location variations in wetland landscapes were analyzed. The results showed that salt marshes in the Yellow River Delta are mostly located around the coastal belts, and the freshwater wetlands are mainly distributed on both banks of the Yellow River, while the artificial wetlands are mostly distributed around the coastal areas within 15km away from the coastline and the Yellow River banks. Over the whole study period, the total area of wetlands in the Yellow River Delta showed a descending tendency. Because large area of natural wetlands which were dominantly covered by reed, suaeda heteroptera-Ttamarisk and reed-Ttamarisk, were converted into artificial wetlands and non-wetlands. The wetland landscapes of the Yellow River Delta showed a trend of area shrinking and fragmentation. The spatial configuration of wetland landscapes was fragmented, diversified, and shape was simplified, which was characterized of artificial wetland landscapes. As affected by the Yellow River changing from Diaokou to Qingshuigou, and its sufficient water supply, wetlands in the Yellow River Delta mainly expanded to the northeast direction which was dominated by freshwater wetlands during the period from 1973~1985. After 1985, the Yellow River changed from Qingshuigou to Qingbacha, besides, the runoff of the Yellow River was cut down. The wetland degradation occurred in the southeast of the Yellow River Delta. That spatial location variations in the Yellow River Delta was mostly controlled by the salt marshes in the whole period.

An experiment with split-plot design which is water treatment as (3 levels:natural rainfall, increasing 30% of rainfall, and decreasing 30% of rainfall) main treatment and nitrogen treatments(4 nitrogen levels:0(N0), 30(N30), 50(N50) and 100(N100)kg/(hm²·a) as sub-region in Stipa breviflora desert steppe, was conducted to understand the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition and rainfall changes on soil meso- and micro-fauna communities. Our results showed that soil fauna individual density in the surface soil was increased at first and then was decreased with nitrogen concentration increase in same water treatment.Soil meso- and micro-fauna communities individual density in W-N30 treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments (P<0.05), and group number decreased with nitrogen concentration. Rainfall reduction and excessive nitrogen application decreased the individual density of soil meso- and micro-fauna communities in the surface soil. Soil meso- and micro-fauna individual of the surface in Stipa breviflora desert steppe was significantly higher than that of subsurface soil. In addition, redundant analysis (RDA) showed the most obvious responsive to environmental factors soil fauna was the dominant and common groups in the study area.Soil meso- and micro-fauna communities individual density, rather than group number, was greatly influenced by soil pH, temperature, water content, organic matter and total C, total N and C/N ratio in short period. Soil fauna individual density in surface soil increased with nitrogen deposition increased under future projected climate change. However, soil fauna communities in surface soil were restricted when nitrogen reached threshold under different conditions.

To explore environmental impacts such as the meteorological and air pollution factors on respiratory diseases and to provide scientific basis for the prevention of these diseases in Zunyi City, distributed lag non-linear model together with generalized linear and additive models are applied to analyse the exposure-response relationship between environmental factors and respiratory diseases from 2012 to 2016 in Zunyi City. Results show that the changes in respiratory diseases are mainly consistent with the local long-term climatic conditions, and the impact of climate change is dominant. Winter and spring are the peak periods with high respiratory diseases number, and during the Start of Autumn and Stopping the heat periods, the respiratory diseases number is the lowest, indicating that local climatic conditions have positive climatic effects on patients with respiratory diseases during this time period. The impact of temperature on respiratory disease is mainly low-temperature lagged effect with the patients increasing by 31.6% (95%CI:4.4%~65.8%) if the temperature changes by 1℃.The pressure mainly has the high-pressure lagged effect on respiratory diseases, while the relative humidity has both immediate and lagged effects in lower humidity. The number of respiratory diseases is significantly higher under cold and hot uncomfortable levels than that of comfort levels. PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂ mainly show immediate effects on respiratory diseases, while the CO had the highest risk if lagged for four days. The exposure-response relationship between respiratory diseases and PM_2.5 shows an monotonously linear distribution, while that of SO₂, NO₂, and CO are J-type distribution, and the synergistic effects between low temperature and high concentration NO₂ or low humidity and high concentration SO₂ both have significant impact on respiratory diseases. The accuracy of annual and seasonal regression equations is over 75% (except for summer equation), and the seasonal equations' prediction effect is better than that of the annual equation.

The residues of various heavy metals and pesticideshave been frequently detected in water environments, however, theirjoint toxicity is different from individual single toxicity. We evaluated the effects of single and co-exposure of organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos and heavy metal Cu on acute toxicity, cellular permeability and anti-oxidative stress of freshwater green algae. The 72h-EC₅₀ for single exposure of Cu and chlorpyrifos to chlorella were 0.68 and 12.71μmol/L, respectively. The chlorophyll content of algal cells was decreased accordingly with the increasing concentration of Cu and chlorpyrifos, however, the cell permeability was increased with the higher concentrationof Cu and chlorpyrifos. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymes were significantly induced in algae cells. As revealed by the additive index method, the joint effec of Cu and chlorpyrifos on acute toxicity wasin antagonistic mode, in consistent with the ROS production and antioxidant enzyme in chlorella vulgaris.

The present study aimed to investigate the distribution and components of plastic litter along Wenzhou coastal for revealing the discharging characteristics of beach trash, including marine fishing aquaculture regions, shipping ports regions, tourism regions, and catering regions; then, the amounts of trash discharged from different human activities regions were estimated. The preliminary results showed that the plastic litters were the main components in Bifengtang fishing port region (S4), accounting for 91.68%, and these plastic litter was made of polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene mainly; while the polystyrene foam was dominated in Dongsha fishing port (S2, 26.75%) and Xiaguan aquaculture regions (S6, 23.66%). However, the percentage of plastic litter was the lowest (33.13%) in catering region with various types. And these plastic trash included plastic bags, bottles, containers, straws, and fragments. Lastly, a total of 1.21×10⁴t/year of plastic litter was estimated to be discarded from marine fishery and tourism activities into marine environment. Thus, it is urgent to take effective actions to control the discharging sources of plastic litter, such as the marine fishing activities, to prevent the marine plastic litter and microplastics pollution further.

Pollution fromlivestock breeding is a key emphasis of pollution control ofChina. Ecological compensation policy has great significance both in encouraging farmers to change traditional breeding mode andin reducing pollutant emissions.Using Jiuzhou River Basin as a case study, this paper set up a space optimization model for ecological compensation of pig-breedingbasedon large-scale survey data and related documents. The modeltook minimum amount of ecological compensationasthe objective, constrained by the capacity of water environmental capacity and cultivated landcarryingvapacity, at the same time ensuring nodeclinein the economic incomefrompig-breeding. The results showed that the minimum amount of ecological compensation in Jiuzhou River Basin is 583 million yuan, of which 292 million yuan is used for prohibitingthebreedingofabout 554 thousandpig-breeding, 194 million yuan is used to build environmentally-friendly breedinghouses insuitable area whichcanaccommodate the breeding of 479 thousand pigs, 97 million yuanis used for the transformation of breeding mode which about 185 thousands. After the optimization, the reduction of COD, TN and TP in the Jiuzhou River Basin would be 13980 t, 2545 t and 995 t.The total scale of livestock cultivation in the whole basin would be 1.2 million, with no traditionallivestock breeding modeand 81.19% using an environmentally-friendly model. There is a significant difference between the 10 towns both in compensation amount and pollutant reduction.Those towns with high compensation amounts are Wendi, Liangtian and Gucheng, accounting for 56.78% of the total compensation funds, and the COD reduction accounts for 55.35% of the total reduction. Through the optimized compensation plan, both environmental benefits and economic benefits can be achieved at the same time.

Based on the carbon emission coefficient method, this paper estimated the direct carbon emissions caused by the residential living consumption of urban, rural and overall (including urban and rural) in China from 1997 to 2015. Further, the Dagum Gini coefficient and Kernel density function estimation method were used to test the regional disparities and distribution dynamics of residential living consumption carbon emissions in urban and rural China. At the same time, the Multiplicative Logarithmic Mean Divisia Decomposition Index (M-LMDI) method was used to analyze the effects of direct energy consumption intensity, per capita consumption level and unit energy carbon emission intensity on the changes of residential living consumption carbon emissions, and further we examined the urban-rural differences in the impact of relevant variables on residential living consumption carbon emissions in each province. The results suggested that:(1) the residential per living consumption carbon emissions in urban and rural China both showed an increasing trend year by year, and there were significant non-equilibrium characteristics in space. (2) The total regional disparities of residential per living consumption carbon emissions showed a downward trend from 0.379 in 1997 to 0.244 in 2015. The inter-group gap between urban and rural residents' consumption carbon emissions was the main source of urban-rural disparity from 1997 to 1999, and its contribution rate exceeded 50%. The intra-group gap became the main source of urban-rural disparity after 2000, and its contribution rate was greater than 40% that exceeded the inter-group gap. (3) The residential per living consumption carbon emissions of urban and rural both increased and the reginal differences enlarged as well. (4) The province that contributed the most to the changes in residential per living consumption carbon emissions in China was Inner Mongolia, with a cumulative contribution value of 0.1005. The province with the smallest contribution was Yunnan, with a cumulative contribution of 0.0125. (5) The contribution of rural energy consumption intensity and per capita consumption level were greater than the urban areas during the study period, and the contribution level of unit energy carbon emission intensity in in rural and urban showed volatility.

The total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) of the Belt and Road (B&R) key regions in China are the research objectives. The research scheme consists:measurement, decomposition and influence factors analysis. Three kinds of undesirableoutputs of air and water pollution is considered Firstly, a super-efficiency SBM model was used to measure the TFEE of the key regions during 2005~2015. Then, a Malmquist index was applied to analyze the TFEE changes. Finally, a Tobit model was applied to analyze10 influence factors. The results showed that, during 2005~2015, no significant progress is found in the TFEE of key regions; and there existed difference in the TFEE with different economic belts:"the road" key regions had the highest TFEE, followed by the whole key regions, and "the belt" key regions had the lowest TFEE. The TFEE of them are stabled at 0.96, 0.82 and 0.76 level. The Malmquist index of most of the key regions is larger than 1, indicating that the productivity has improved but there may be the rebound effect. In addition, we found that, economic development, industrial structure, opening-up and energy price were the major positive influence factors of TFEE; while research and development, government intervention, productive factor proportion and industrial pollution were the major negative influence factors of TFEE.

Due to the widespread use and persistent contamination of synthetic polymers, microplastic (<5mm) has been got more and more attention in recent years as a new type of pollutants. The discharge of sewage was one of the main sources of microplastic in freshwater and marine environment, so the sewage treatment plants also became an important path for microplastic to enter into fresh water and marine environment. The source of microplastic was investigated systematically, the research progress in the transport and pollution characteristics of microplastic in wastewater treatment plants was reviewed,and the differences of microplastic pollution in wastewater treatment plants at home and abroad in recent years were compared. It would provide reference for the research and supervision of microplastic pollution in domestic sewage treatment plants and look forward to the future development and improvement direction of wastewater treatment process.