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  Current Issue
 
2020 Vol.40 Issue.12,Published 2020-12-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Environmental Microbiology
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Environmental Toxicology and Health
Air Pollution Control
5105 Hygroscopicity of bioaerosols
CHEN Lan-xia-di, LIN Qin-hao, PENG Chao, TANG Ming-jin, WANG Xin-ming, BI Xin-hui
This article introduces techniques used to investigate bioaerosol hygroscopicity, review hygroscopicity of bioaerosols reported in the last thirty years, and compares difference in hygroscopicity for various bioaerosols. Bioaerosols in general show moderate hygroscopicity:hygroscopic growth factors at 90% RH were found to vary between 1.04 for fungal spores and 1.22 for bacteria, and mass growth factors at 90% RH were found to be in the range of 1.30~1.55. Finally, we outline important questions which remained to be answered in this field and also propose some future research priorities.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5105-5114 [Abstract] ( 370 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 579KB] ( 1104 )
5115 Chemical composition characteristics of PM2.5 in Henan Province during the Spring Festival and COVID-19 outbreak
WANG Shen-bo, FAN Xiang-Ge, HE Bing, ZHANG Rui-qin, WANG Ling-ling
In January 2020, a new coronavirus epidemic broke out in China, when the emission characteristics of air pollution have changed significantly. To study the characteristics of PM2.5 components under this scenario, a series of online observation instruments were used in Zhengzhou, Anyang, and Xinxiang cities from January 1 to February 13, 2020. The study period is divided into pre-holiday (January 1 to 23), mid-holiday outbreak (January 24 to 31), and post-holiday outbreak (February 1 to 13) based on the Spring Festival holiday and the outbreak of the epidemic. Affected by the outbreak and favorable meteorological conditions, the concentrations of other pollutants except O3 in the three cities during the post-holiday outbreak were significantly lower than those during pre-holiday, especially NO2 decreased by 65%, 52%, and 72% and PM2.5 decreased by 51%, 55%, and 54%, respectively. Note that the pollutants remained high concentration, indicating that a large improvement in winter air quality in Henan Province will face great challenges in the future. Secondary inorganic aerosols and organic matter were the main components of PM2.5 during the observation periods. During the mid-holiday outbreak, the three cities were less affected by fireworks, and the contribution of nitrate and dust decreased slightly compared to before the pre-holiday. After the holiday, the proportions of nitrate decreased by 10.6%, 4.1%, and 4% in Zhengzhou, Anyang, and Xinxiang, respectively. In contrast, the proportions of sulfate and secondary organic carbon increased. Taking Zhengzhou City as an example to analyze the formation of nitrate, compared to pre-holiday, the proportions of nitrate under different pollution levels in the post-holiday outbreak have decreased, but nitrate was still the highest proportion of PM2.5 during the polluted period. The characteristics of diurnal variation indicate that the increase in O3 concentration and humidity in the atmosphere during the post-holiday outbreak may promote the conversion of NO2. Therefore, the next step should be to adopt the coordinated management and control of PM2.5 and O3 and pay attention to the coordinated reduction of NO2 and VOCs.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5115-5123 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 894KB] ( 963 )
5124 Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Shenzhen based on receptor model with SOA tracer
SU Cui-ping, SUN Yi-fei, CAO Li-ming, WANG Chuan, HUANG Xiao-feng, HE Ling-yan
In order to identify the contribution of all primary and secondary sources, including secondary organic aerosol (SOA), of PM2.5 in the urban area of Shenzhen, PM2.5 samples were collected continuously from 2nd September, 2017 to 29th August, 2018 at Shenzhen university town. The chemical components of PM2.5 and mass spectrometry of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) were measured, with 162 valid datasets obtained. During the observation period, the mean annual mass concentration of PM2.5 was 26 µg/m3. Based on the experience of traditional source apportionment of PM2.5, the carboxylic acid ion fragment (CO2+) was added to the PMF model as a tracer of SOA. The water-soluble organic oxygen (WSOO) was also added to the PMF model for the calculation of the O/C of each factor, which was used to verify the apportionment of organic matter. The results show that SOA could be resolved independently, and the O/C was significantly higher than that of the organic matters in primary sources. Vehicle emissions, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate and SOA were the four main sources, accounting 25%, 23%, 17% and 10% to the mass concentration of PM2.5, respectively. While ships emissions, fugitive dust, aged sea salt, building dust, biomass burning, coal combustion and industry emissions each contributed less than 5%. The variations of vehicle emissions, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate and SOA showed higher mass concentrations in winter and lower in summer, which was closely related to the pollution transport from inland under the winter monsoon. The contribution of secondary nitrate and SOA significantly increased during the polluted days, therefore, NOx and volatile organic compounds were the keys of emission reduction.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5124-5132 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 642KB] ( 1000 )
5133 Research on outdoor environmental performance evaluation of low-cost atmospheric particulate sensors
GUO Ying-zhe, GAO Jian, WANG Wen-xing, QIN Xiao-liang, REN Jian-ning, NI Deng-feng
In this paper, three types of sensors based on the light scattering method used in atmospheric environmental particulate matter monitoring are evaluated and researched, of which A and B are used for indoor environmental monitoring, and C is used for outdoor environmental monitoring. The three types of particulate matter sensors are compared with the standard instrument MATONE BAM-1020based on the β-ray method, and the variability of the sensor, the time series, the linear correlation between the sensor and the standard instrument, the influence of other factors, and the data quality are analyzed. The results show that there is a strong correlation between the various types of particulate matter sensors (R2 has reached 0.95 or more); the measurement results of the three particulate matter sensors and the standard instrument have a high degree of agreement, and R2 is 0.58, 0.80, 0.61, respectively, and during the entire test period, the sensor overestimated PM2.5 relative to the standard instrument; high relative humidity (RH>50%) and PM2.5/PM10 (ratio) will affect the sensor. The average absolute error (MAE) of the PM2.5 data of the three types of sensors of A, B, and C are 23.31, 10.14, 28.17μg/m3 respectively; the normalized root mean square error (RMSE) is 25.80, 14.01, 32.98μg/m3; the accuracy (A%) is 51.39%, 72.97%, 46.51%, respectively.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5133-5141 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1381KB] ( 665 )
5142 Source apportionment to dry deposition of sulfur and nitrogen in winter in the Pearl River Delta region
SHEN Ao, ZHOU Hui-xian, FAN Qi, TIAN Chun-yan, CHANG Ming, WANG Xue-mei
The WRF-CMAQ modelling system was used to simulate dry deposition of S and N in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in January 2015, and CMAQ Integrated Source Apportionment Method (CMAQ-ISAM) was utilized to investigate their source apportionment. The results indicated that the high levels of dry deposition of S and N were occurred mainly in the junction of Guangzhou and Foshan and Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Their daily variation trend was mainly affected by mass concentration, but it was also significantly affected by dry deposition velocity during certain periods. The contribution of local source to dry deposition of S in PRD was 36.2%, which was the same as mass concentration of S. The contribution of local source would increase with the increasing of SO2 dry deposition velocity and the weakening of background wind field. The contribution of local source to dry deposition of N in PRD was 32.4%, which was much less than that of mass concentration of S. The contributions of local source would increase with the reducing of mass concentration and dry deposition of HNO3. In Guangzhou, the contributions of local source to dry deposition of S and N were 27.7% and 14.2%, respectively. In Jiangmen, the contributions of local source to dry deposition of S and N were 9.6% and 8.8%, respectively. Guangzhou was mainly affected by local pollutants compared to Jiangmen, which was affected basically by pollutants transportation from Guangzhou and Foshan. When the background wind field was weakened, the contribution of local source in Jiangmen increased significantly.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5142-5151 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1802KB] ( 651 )
5152 Hydrochemical and stable isotope characteristics of precipitation in Beishan Area
LI Jie-biao, SU Rui, ZHOU Zhi-chao, GUO Yong-hai
For the purpose of reveal the chemical and isotope characteristics of atmospheric precipitation in Beishan Area, Gansu Province, 97 samples collected from 2012~2019 were analyzed. Correlation analysis, enrichment factors, backward trajectory analysis and other methods were used to in this paper. Based on these methods, the variation characteristics and influencing factors of stable isotope, the variation characteristics of main ion, different source contributions for ion concentration, and the sources of water vapor in precipitation were elaborated. The following knowledge and results were obtained. The slope and intercept of the local meteoric water line in Beishan area were higher than that in Zhangye basin. The stable isotope ratio of precipitation in this area was obviously affected by seasonal, temperature and elevation factors. In additional, the precipitation amount effect was not obvious at the annual scale. The deuterium excess (d-excess) in precipitation varied clearly, and the d-excess in rainy season is significantly smaller than that in dry season. The hydrochemical types of precipitation in Beishan area are mainly HCO3·SO4-Ca and HCO3-Ca. The ion concentration in precipitation varied obviously with seasonal, and the increase of precipitation amount has a slightly dilution effect on the ion concentration. Na+ is affected by both marine and soil sources. The majority of Ca2+, K+, HCO3-and some Mg2+ came from soil sources, and SO42- and NO3- mainly came from human activities. The sources of water vapor in winter and summer are nearly same, and the monsoon circulation source from the northwest is the most important. These values can be useful for the selection, safety assessment of the high-level radioactive waste repository and the construction of the final repository in the future. Furthermore, it also can enrich the hydrological cycle research in the arid area of Northwest China.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5152-5161 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2382KB] ( 470 )
5162 Retrieval of aerosol optical depth based on FY-4A satellite data and its analysis and application
XU Meng-jie, BAO Yan-song, XU Dan, LU Qi-feng, ZHANG Xing-ying
FY-4A is among the new generation of geostationary meteorological satellite in China. Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) is one of the main sensors boarding on FY-4A. In order to investigate the reliability of the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrieval using FY-4A measurements, the dark target algorithm was carried out to perform the AOD over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of Feb. 23~26 and Oct. 27~30, 2019. For further study, the inversions were validated with the AERONET ground-network observations. The results are indicated that:Based on the response function library of FY-4A, the dark target algorithm leads to a better understanding of the aerosol spatial distribution over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region; The maximum of AOD was mainly in the central and southern part of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and gradually decreases along the surrounding suburbs; By comparing the retrieval values with the ground-based AERONET observations during the same period, the correlation coefficient was 0.869 and the RMSE was 0.221. It is shown that the AOD retrieval values are in good agreement with the observed values, and the AOD retrieval of FY-4A satellite is reliable.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5162-5168 [Abstract] ( 411 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 874KB] ( 1573 )
5169 Vertical distribution of aerosol direct radiative forcing in dust events over north China
HOU Can, ZHANG Feng, HUANG Yong, WU Wen-yu, DENG Xue-liang, TAO Ming-hui
Using CALIOP data and SBDART (Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer) model, the vertical distribution of aerosols and their direct radiative forcing in 8 dusty days between 2013 and 2016 in north China were studied. The effects of vertical distribution and optical properties on aerosol direct radiative forcing were also analyzed. The results showed that, the aerosols are concentrated from the surface to 3km, in which the dust particles are in the upper layer, while polluted continental aerosols and smoke are in the lower layer. The daily mean of aerosol direct radiative forcing is in -38.41~-88.44 W/m2 at the top of the atmosphere, and -74.03~-225.86W/m2 at the surface and 9.06~137.42W/m2 in the atmosphere, respectively. The aerosol direct radiative forcing is negative at 0~8km, and the magnitude gradually decreases as altitude. Vertical distribution has little effect on the magnitude of direct aerosol radiative forcing, but exhibits great influence on its vertical characteristics. The maximum difference of aerosol direct radiative forcing at the same altitude caused by the difference of aerosol profile can reach 31.18W/m2. The influence of aerosol optical depth and single scattering albedo on aerosol direct radiative forcing is obvious. When the extinction ability is the same, the attenuation effect of absorbing aerosols or with large backscattering ratio on short-wave sunlight is greater than that of scattering aerosols or with small backscattering ratio.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5169-5181 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3735KB] ( 590 )
5182 Research on aircraft LTO pollutant emission factors and emission inventory in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China
HAN Bo, HE Zhen, ZHANG Duo, KONG Wei-kai, WANG Yu
For the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area airport group in the 2018~2019 shipping season, the aircraft main engine emission factor and the weighted airport emission factor in the region were obtained through the correction of the height of the mixed atmosphere to the climb/approach time and the actual taxi time. Meanwhile, considering the emissions of aircraft auxiliary power units, the inventory of aircraft Land take-off (LTO) pollution emissions was listed. The results showed that pollutant emission factors of airports in the region were significantly different, mainly due to the correction of actual operating time and the proportion of different aircraft types in each airport. The mean values of NOx, CO, HC, SO2 and PM weighted emission factors in the region were 17.58, 8.60, 0.79, 1.37 and 0.15kg respectively. The emissions were 15327.4, 8066.7, 728.4, 1186.1, and 121.9t respectively, most of which were from the main engine emissions of the aircraft. During the research, NOx emissions showed a high trend in summer and autumn and low in winter and spring, while changes of CO, HC, SO2 and PM emissions were relatively flat. The order of pollutant emissions from the airports in the area was relatively consistent, with Hong Kong and Guangzhou Baiyun ranking the top two. Among all models, NOx and SO2 mainly came from A320 emissions, accounting for 19.5% and 17.1% respectively; the models with the largest CO and HC emissions were A321, which were 25.4% and 27.2% respectively; the model with the largest proportion of PM emissions is B738, accounting for about 23.1%.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5182-5190 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1441KB] ( 963 )
5191 Comparative analysis of new observation methods for carbonaceous aerosol (OC/EC)
NI Deng-feng, LIN Jing-jing, GAO Jian, XIE Jing-fang, WANG Jie, GUO Ying-zhe, REN Jian-ning
Based on two protocol analysis methods, Thermo-light reflection method (IMPROVE A) and Thermo-optical transmission method (RT-Quartz), and the new OC/EC analysis method, comparative analysis of carbonaceous aerosol content in Jinan was held in this study. The results show that the protocol methods may lead to overestimation or underestimation of the carbonaceous aerosol mass concentration due to the analysis definition during OC/EC observation process, furthermore, the membrane sampling system made the offline OC about 1.65times online. Compared with the two protocol methods, the new OC/EC measurement method does eliminate the errors that may be caused by principle and environmental parameters (such as VOCs), and has certain advantages in the measurement of OC/EC/TC. With more accuracy, stability and practicality in practical operation, the new method will be more suitable for long-term commercial online measurement of OC/EC in particles.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5191-5197 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 432KB] ( 1671 )
5198 Relationship between particle size hygroscopic growth and scattering hygroscopic growth
ZHANG Zhi-cha, NI Chang-jian, ZHANG Cheng-yu, YANG Yin-shan, DENG Ye
By utilizing the ground-based monitored data at an hourly time step recorded by AURORA-3000 integrating nephelometer, AE-31 aethalometer and GRIMM180 environment particle monitor from October to December 2017 in Chengdu, as well as the coincidental environmental and meteorological data (including atmospheric visibility, relative humidity (RH) and NO2 mass concentration, respectively), researches in this paper were summarized as follows. Firstly, aerosols particle size hygroscopic growth factor Gf(RH) was retrieved by combining immune evolution algorithm with Mie scattering theory algorithm. Secondly, aerosols scattering hygroscopic growth factor f(RH) was measured with the aid of optical synthetic approach, and then, the relationship between Gf(RH) and f(RH) was further investigated. The results showed that both Gf(RH) and f(RH) grew mildly at RH<85%, while for RH>85%, the pattern changed to explosive growth. Sigmoid function f(RH)=17.34/(1+e-2.43·[Gf(RH)-2.15]) could well fit the variation of f(RH) with Gf(RH), and the determining coefficient (R2) and the mean relative error (MRE) between the fitted f(RH) and the measured values are 0.97and 4.01%, respectively. Subsequently, the aerosols scattering coefficient[bsp(RH)] and absorption coefficient[bap] during an evolution of haze were further simulated with Gf(RH) calculated by the sigmoid function, and the simulated values were in good agree with the measured values. The corresponding R2are respectively 0.99and 0.98, and the corresponding MRE are respectively 2.94% and 5.24%.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5198-5204 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 930KB] ( 783 )
5205 Forecasting of agricultural straw burning in the Northeastern China based on neural network
BAI Bing, ZHAO Hong-mei, ZHANG Su-mei, ZHANG Xue-lei, YANG Guang-yi
The open agricultural burning produces large amount of air pollutants which contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change. Having vast areas of farmland, the environment of Northeastern China is impacted by the agricultural burning every year, especially during the harvest season. In order to further understand the open field burning activities and improve the prediction ability of it, in this study, the artificial neural network was introduced to conduct the forecasting of crop straw open field burning in Northeastern China. The results showed that the neural network model has a good prediction stability and it successfully reproduced the crop straw burning occurred in the Songnen Plain during the period from October 25 to November 15 2015, with an accuracy of 67.1%. After a series of tests, the forecasting accuracy of the neural network model improved, and could reach up to 69.7% when the ratio of training set to validation set was 80:20. In addition, according to the results of different research time periods, this neural network showed higher performance on the long-term prediction. Furthermore, comparing to with wind speed, precipitation, temperature and pressure, the relative humidity is the most important meteorological factor that affects straw open field burning. This study could not only help to improve the fire emission data used for the air quality forecasting model, but also provided technical support for government departments in controlling the open agriculture burning.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5205-5212 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 554KB] ( 464 )
5213 Effects of ethanol-gasoline on the exhaust emissions from China-6 compliant GDI vehicles
YANG Zheng-jun, GE Yun-shan, WANG Xin, LIU Jun-nü
To determine the effects of ethanol and fuel components on the exhaust emissions, five China-6 compliant GDI vehicles fueled with three E10 ethanol-gasoline with different compositions and one non-oxygenated China-6 gasoline were tested over the WLTC. The results indicated that burning E10 reduced CO by 6%, THC by 7%, and PM by 14%, but caused a slight increase in PN with mostly equal NOx. When the contents of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons in E10 ethanol-gasoline increased, PN emissions increased markedly, PN emissions also showed a strong positive correlation with the PMI index.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5213-5220 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 469KB] ( 413 )
5221 Potential source analysis and health risk assessment of black carbon aerosol in Tianjin City
YAO Qing, HAO Tian-yi, CAI Zi-ying, WANG Xiao-jia, HAN Su-qin
Black carbon (BC) produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels has an important impact on human health and climate change. Based on the continuous online observation data of Tianjin from 2010 to 2013, the seasonal distribution, potential sources and health effects of BC in the atmosphere of Tianjin were analyzed. The average BC aerosol concentration was (4.49±3.26)μg/m3, which was the highest in autumn, the second in winter and summer, and the lowest in spring. The diurnal variation characteristics of BC concentration in different seasons were similar, showing a bimodal distribution in the morning and evening. The peak value in the morning was higher than in the evening. The concentration of BC in night was higher than that in day in each season. Mixed layer thickness (MLT) and near-surface wind affected the spatial and temporal distribution of BC under horizontal and vertical directions. Concentration weight trajectory (CWT) analysis showed that Hebei, Shandong and Henan were the main potential areas affecting BC in Tianjin. In addition, northwest regions such as Inner Mongolia and northern Shanxi affected Tianjin in autumn. The lifetime cancer risk (CR) of adults and children in Tianjin was higher than USAEPA given acceptable risk level (10-6), but the Hazard Quotien(HQ) was acceptable. Since the relative risk (RR) of respiratory mortality caused by high concentration of BC in autumn was 1.118, we need to pay close attention to the health risk of BC.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5221-5228 [Abstract] ( 199 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 980KB] ( 479 )
5229 Effects of water diversion from Yangtze River to Lake Taihu on N2O flux in Gonghu Bay, Lake Taihu
LIU Zhen-jing, XIAO Qi-tao, HU Zheng-hua, ZHANG Mi, WANG Wei, XIAO Wei
As the first station for monitoring the Yangtze River water diverted to Lake Taihu, Gonghu Bay was the best place to investigate the effects of water diversion on N2O flux. Monthly measurements were conducted in Gonghu Bay and in the central zone of Lake Taihu from November 2011 to August 2013. N2O flux in Gonghu Bay was significantly higher than that in central zone, with a mean value being 6.9 and 2.1μmol/(m2·d), respectively. However, the N2O flux showed insignificant differences between these two zones when no water was diverted. Seasonal variability of the N2O flux in these two zones were illustrated, which was negatively correlated with water temperature. Water diversion may complicate the effect of temperature on N2O flux at Gonghu Bay. Water diversion increased the lake N2O emission flux, while lake N2O flux is controlled by multiple and interconnected internal and external factors, further studies are needed to explore the underlying control mechanisms.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5229-5236 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 406KB] ( 547 )
5237 Influence of acid pretreatment on the performance of monolithic catalyst support
LIANG Wen-jun, LI Qing-lei, REN Si-da
In this study, different concentration and different types of acid solution was used for the cordierite pretreatment. The changes of basic performance before and after the pretreatment and the performance of the catalytic degradation of toluene were examined. The weightlessness rate, the rate of water absorption and upload rate of cordierite were also tested. XRF, BET, SEM characterization methods were used for the assessment of cordierite. The best cordierite carrier in our experiment could be obtained by heating with 20%HCl for 3h. The water absorption rate increased by more than 48.0% compared with that before treatment, the upload rate could reach 14.5%. A moderate positive correlation between water absorption and upload rate was assumed by the pearson test. The characterization results showed that the specific surface area could increase with more than 10times through acid treatment. The T10 and T90 of catalytic degradation of toluene were 143℃ and 200℃, respectively.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5237-5245 [Abstract] ( 229 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 837KB] ( 833 )
Water Pollution Control
5246 Synergistic effect of co-metabolism and nitration for the removal of EE2 by AOB
WANG Li-li, JIANG Xiao-man, Li An-jie
In this study, Nitrosomonas europaea, one type of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, was used to remove 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The role of ammonia nitrogen in EE2 degradation by AOB and the degradation mechanism of EE2 were investigated. The results showed that degradation of EE2 by N. europaea was a co-metabolic process, and ammonia nitrogen was necessary for co-metabolism of EE2. The NO2--N produced during the ammonia oxidation process could nitrate EE2 under acidic condition. The nitration of EE2 obeyed first-order reaction kinetics and the degradation rate constants were positively correlated with the concentration of nitrite, H+ and FNA. The biodegradation of EE2 by N. europaea was proved by suppressing nitration of EE2 through controlling pH higher than 7.5. The co-metabolism reaction fitted first-order kinetic model with the degradation rate constant of 0.0069h-1. Biodegradation and nitration of EE2 were synergistic for EE2 removal when pH was lower than 7.5 during ammonia oxidation process. And EE2 removal by synergistic function obeyed first-order reaction kinetics with the degradation rate constant of 0.0093h-1. In addition, unreported EE2 biodegradation product M613 was found in this study. Its estrogen effect and toxicity need to be further investigated.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5246-5252 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 409KB] ( 540 )
5253 Hydrophilic modification of nylon fabric mesh applied in Anammox-MBR
ZHOU Hui, SHI Qin, WANG Tian-bei, FAN Yu-fei, WANG Ya-yi
Nylon fabric mesh was modified via coating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The pristine and modified nylon fabric mesh was subjected to different characterizations, and the water permeability was investigated as well. Furthermore, the fouling resistance of nylon fabric mesh was discussed through BSA solution filtration tests. In addition, the leaching of soluble organic carbon (DOC) was evaluated during the application of the modified nylon fabric mesh. In this study, the PVA coating concentration of 3% and coating thickness of 250μm were preferred. After modification, the water flux increased by 85.0%, and the BSA retention rate increased from 6.0%±0.5% to 7.2%±0.7%. Besides, the flux recovery ratio increased from 90.0% to 96.1%. Meanwhile, the reversible fouling ratio and irreversible fouling ratio has risen and fallen respectively, and the main form of pollution was reversible pollution. It should be noted that in order to avoid the increase of DOC in the reaction caused by the leaching of the modified coating, which will cause irreversible harm to the activity of anammox bacteria, it is suggested that the prepared modified nylon fabric mesh should be soaked in water or treated in dynamic leaching for 3days or so before application.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5253-5259 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 616KB] ( 593 )
5260 Degradation of diclofenac in water by Cu2+ enhanced UV activation of peracetic acid
ZHANG Li, FU Yong-sheng, LIU Yi-qing
The degradation of diclofenac (DCF) by Cu2+ enhanced UV activation of peracetic acid (Cu2+/UV/PAA) was investigated. The effects of pH, PAA dose, Cu2+ dose, inorganic anions (such as Cl-, SO42-, NO3- and CO32-) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) on DCF removal by Cu2+/UV/PAA were also evaluated. The degradation products and transformation mechanism of DCF by Cu2+/UV/PAA were studied. Both UV and Cu2+ could activate PAA to produce active radicals, which could promote DCF removal. The degradation of DCF by Cu2+/UV/PAA followed the pseudo first-order kinetics and its degradation was probably attributed to direct photolysis, HO· oxidation and other radicals oxidation such as CH3COO· and CH3COOO·. In the pH range of 3-11, DCF had the best degradation efficiency at pH 8.5. When PAA dose increased, the degradation efficiency of DCF was enhanced gradually, but excessive PAA could compete with DCF for HO·. The increase of Cu2+ dose could also promote DCF removal, while excessive Cu2+ could form Cu(OH)2, which might lead to the reduction of its catalytic ability. Since NO3- can generate HO· under UV irradiation, its existence promoted the degradation of DCF, and the enhancement effect increased with the increase in its concentration. The presence of Cl-, SO42-, CO32- and DOM in different concentrations had little effect on DCF removal. Thirteen degradation products were detected in the degradation of DCF by Cu2+/UV/PAA. According to these degradation products, the probable transformation mechanism of DCF was proposed exhibiting eight reaction pathways.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5260-5269 [Abstract] ( 199 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 800KB] ( 557 )
5270 Principle and application of urea wastewater biological treatment technology
JIA Fang-xu, LIU Ying-jie, YU Xiao-hua, CAI Wei-wei, XING Wei, YAO Hong
The treatment of urea wastewater has become an urgent problem. Biological treatment is a popular method in dealing with urea wastewater due to the advantages of short process flow, low cost, anti-shock load and no secondary pollution etc. In this review, based on the principle of urea bio-hydrolysis, the development process, enzymatic structure and hydrolysis mechanism of urease were analyzed in depth from the mechanism, and the application of traditional biological urea denitrification method was systematically reviewed. In addition, in order to better understand the potential of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria to degrade urea and its application in practical engineering, this paper summarized the relevant research results from the perspectives of microbiology and engineering application. Finally, the Suggestions and prospects of the research on biological treatment of urea wastewater are put forward in order to provide a strong theoretical basis and technical support for practical engineering application.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5270-5279 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1504KB] ( 1193 )
5280 Removal mechanism of benzene and chlorobenzene in water by modified biochar activates persulfate
GUO Ming-shuai, WANG Fei, ZHANG Xue-liang, XU Jian
Iron salt-modified peanut shell biochar (Fe-BC) was synthesized by the traditional liquid-phase precipitation method and used as an activator for activating persulfate (PS) to promote the removal of benzene and chlorobenzene. The structure and morphology of the synthesized materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Boehm titration (1994) and BET measurement. The effects of pH and anions in water on the reaction system and the re-use properties of the materials were also studied. The results demonstrated that in the Fe-BC/PS system, the removal rates of benzene and chlorobenzene were as high as 100% after 3hours. The synergistic mechanism of Fe-BC/PS to remove benzene and chlorobenzene included BC adsorption and free radical oxidation. In addition, under neutral and acidic environment, the removal rates of benzene and chlorobenzene can be as high as 100%. Common anions in water inhibited the degradation of benzene and chlorobenzene in various degrees, and the inhibition intensity was in the order of HCO3-> HPO4-> Cl-> NO3-. To sum up, Fe-BC material has good recycling performance and was an efficient and cheap PS activator.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5280-5289 [Abstract] ( 288 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 765KB] ( 1013 )
5290 Effect of graphene/polyaniline composite modified cathode on performance of MFC with denitrification biocathode
ZHAO Ting, QIAN Zi-niu, YI Yue, XIE Bei-zhen, LIU Hong
In denitrifying microbial fuel cells (MFCs), the biocathode is the electron donor and nitrate is removed in autotrophic conditions. Reduced graphene oxide modified carbon cloth (rGO-CC), polyaniline modified CC (PANI-CC), and rGO/PANI composite modified CC (rGO/PANI-CC) were prepared, and the electricity and the denitrification performances of MFCs with modified CC as cathodes were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the carbon fibers of rGO-CC and PANI-CC were covered by lamellar rGO and reticular PANI, respectively, while PANI agglomerated on the rGO-covered carbon fibers for rGO/PANI-CC; both of which increased the specific surface area of CC. Cyclic voltammetry tests showed the rGO/PANI-CC had the highest electrochemical activity. The electricity performances of MFCs with rGO-CC, PANI-CC and rGO/PANI-CC as cathodes were improved by 82%, 24% and 41%, and the cathodic denitrification rates were enhanced by 23%, 9% and 13%, respectively. The 16S rDNA sequencing results demonstrated the α-diversity index of electrode-attached microorganisms on modified CC decreased, and the relative abundances of Stappia and Pacacoccus increased.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5290-5298 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2386KB] ( 606 )
5299 Study on the preparation of NGO/PDA-DAG modified membrane and its anti-fouling performance
LI Dong-mei, LI Shu-bin, LIN Xian-zeng, LIN Hong-yu, ZHANG Bo-wen, FENG Li
The NGO/PDA-DAG modified membrane was prepared with PVDF membrane as the raw material, the chemicals dopamine (DA), 1,3-diaminoguanidine hydrochloride (DAG) and aminated graphene oxide (NGO) as modifiers, the oxidative deposition method combined with surface grafting way as the modification technology. The preparation conditions of the modified membrane and its anti-fouling performance were investigated. The results were shown as below:①The optimal preparation conditions of the modified membrane were DA 1.5mg/mL, oxidation deposition time of DA 4hour, DAG 1wt%, NGO 2mg/mL and grafting time of NGO 1hour;②The hydrophilicity of the modified membrane were improved significantly. The modifiers introduced hydrophilic functional groups such as -NH2, C=N, -OH and C=O to the membrane surface, which reduced the static contact angle from 68.7° (the original membrane) to 38.7° (the modified one);③The modified membrane showed a higher mechanical strength than that of the original membrane. The modification layer improved the stress transferring dead zone on the surface of the original membrane, thus the surface roughness of the modified membrane dropped from 46.5nm to 18.3nm. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of the modified membrane were 22.83 and 376.25Mpa respectively, which were 39.72% and 13.57% higher than those of the original membrane;④The selective permeability and anti-organic fouling performance of the modified membrane were enhanced markedly. Compared with the original membrane, the modified membrane's interception rate of BSA and the pure water flux recovery rate increased by 18.64% and 34.08% separately, its total fouling rate decreased by 20.67% (where, reversible fouling rate increased by 13.41%, and irreversible fouling rate decreased by 34.08%);⑤The modified membrane has possessed strong antibacterial performance, and the antibacterial effect was stable and lasting. The antibacterial rate of the modified membrane under four consecutive antibacterial tests (contacting conditions:38℃, 2hour) was 92.3%, 88.5%, 87.9%, 85.6%, respectively, which can effectively prevent the modified membrane from biofilm fouling, and the original membrane did not have any antibacterial properties.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5299-5307 [Abstract] ( 145 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1150KB] ( 566 )
5308 Study on the performance of photosynthetic microbial fuel cell in the treatment of kitchen biogas slurry
WU Lü-zhou, YANG Min, CHEN Hong, ZHANG Bo-wu, CHEN Ping, LIU Chun-hua, KUANG Yin-jie, WANG Ai-jie
Chlorella was used as the cathode of the double-chamber photosynthetic algae microbial fuel cell (PAMFC) to provide electron acceptors, and thus to achieve the goal of sewage treatment and energy recovery. The effects of biocathode inoculation methods and light conditions on the bioelectricity generation performance and the treatment effect of kitchen biogas slurry wastewater were studied, and the polarization and electricity generation mechanism of PAMFC electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. The results showed that the microalgae biofilm cathode PAMFC had better pollutant removal and power generation performance than the control group, with COD, TN and TP removal ratio up to 82.4%, 54.5% and 82.3%, and open circuit voltage and maximum power density up to 603.0mV and 41.5mW/m2. While the pollutant removal mainly occurred at the anode, the cathode reduced and removed the ammonium ions from the anode, and the cathode reaction generated oxygen as the electron acceptor of the anode, which increased the system current and improved the anode treatment efficiency. Under continuous light condition, PAMFC's power generation performance and pollutant removal rate were slightly higher than that under intermittent light condition, but intermittent light avoided cathode light saturation and oxygen saturation when the anode substrate was insufficient, which was more in line with continuous operation requirements. The cyclic voltammetry curve of the PAMFC cathode showed that the experimental group with the microalgae cathode had higher output voltage, higher reduction peak, and stronger power density, but attention must be paid to that the thickening of the microalgae biofilm affected the oxygen mass transfer efficiency in long-term operation.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5308-5317 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 610KB] ( 551 )
5318 Start-up operation of anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating food wastewater under thermophilic condition
JIANG Meng-meng, LIN Min, ZHENG Xiao-yu, QIAO Wei, HOU Zhen, DONG Ren-jie
In this study, the actual food wastewater was used as raw material to do experiment with an immersed hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) under thermophilic condition (50±1)℃ for 50days until the membrane fouling occurred. The reactor was started with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20days, and operated at HRT 15days, the system stability and membrane filtration characteristics were studied. The experiment showed that under the above condition, the startup stage can be completed in one month. At HRT 15days, the methane production reached to 578L/kgVSin, the total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and volatile solid (VS) removal rates were both higher than 94%; no volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulated with a concentration of (103±77) mg/L of the permeate and dominant with acetate ((98±28) mg/L) showed a good stability of the system combined with a pH of 8.26. The membrane flux was set to 9L/(m2·h), membrane occurred parentally after 30days with the volatile suspended solids (VSS) concentration gradually increased from 8.1g/L to 18.0g/L. Research showed that the AnMBR can start in a short time during treating high concentration food wastewater, and run stable under high organic loading rate such as 8.5kgCOD/(m3·d). Long time filtration of the membrane leading to an increasing of VSS and soluble microbial products which may be the main reason causing membrane fouling.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5318-5324 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 742KB] ( 470 )
5325 Control of electrolysis time of ammonia nitrogen wastewater containing Cl- by H+ concentration change
MO Heng-liang, CHEN Yi-li, WEN Jian-ping, YU Kai-chang, WU Wen-hui, WAN Ping-yu, TANG Yang, LI Suo-ding
The indirect electrochemical oxidation method was used to treat high or medium concentration ammonia nitrogen wastewater containing Cl-. The change of H+ concentration of wastewater was used to control the electrolysis time of different concentration ammonia nitrogen wastewater. Based on theoretical calculation and electrolytic analysis of simulated and actual ammonia nitrogen wastewater, it was found that when the ammonia nitrogen in wastewater had not been completely degraded, one H+ would be generated in the degradation process of each NH4+, c(H+) would rise linearly with time; when the ammonia nitrogen just completely degraded, c(H+) would reach the maximum value; after that, when the electrolysis continued and the pH of wastewater was less than 7, the OH- formed in the electrolysis process would continue to consume H+, and c(H+) declined linearly with time. Using pH meter to monitor the pH of waste water in real time, and through the program-controlled signal converter, the pH value signal was converted into c(H+) signal, which could improve the accuracy and sensitivity of decision-making.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5325-5330 [Abstract] ( 164 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 582KB] ( 453 )
5331 Deposition process of coexistent humic acid and calcium ion on ZVI interface
CHEN Zan, MA Xiao-ming, LUO Lu-na, HE Di
In order to gain more insight into deposition behaviors of environmental matrixes on zero-valent iron (ZVI) interfaces as well as the properties of deposited layers, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCMD) equipped with ZVI-coated sensor prepared by spraying ZVI suspension was applied to investigate the deposition processes of co-present humic acid (HA) and calcium ion (Ca(Ⅱ)) on ZVI interface, including dosing sequence of HA and Ca(Ⅱ), and the effects of Ca(Ⅱ) concentrations. A more stable layer with larger mass was deposited on ZVI surface when HA was initially introduced into the reaction system than that formed when Ca(Ⅱ) was first injected. The deposition of Ca(Ⅱ) was promoted after HA deposition, whereas HA deposition was less significant after Ca(Ⅱ) deposition, which could be attributed to the difference in the structure composition of outer deposition layer. In addition, it was found that both of the deposition rate and layer mass were increased with the increasing Ca(Ⅱ) concentration from 10 to 200mg/L. In particular, the value of change in dissipation (ΔD) gradually decreased when Ca(Ⅱ) concentration increased from 10 to 100mg/L, indicating the more rigid layer formed. However, if continually increasing Ca(Ⅱ) concentration to 200mg/L, ΔD presented an increasing tendency, with an indication of a more loose and softer conformation of the deposition layer. To sum up, it was found that the dynamic and in-situ process of ZVI passivation layer formation could be monitored via QCMD technique, and the characteristics of ZVI adsorption layer could also be provided.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5331-5336 [Abstract] ( 454 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 396KB] ( 526 )
5337 Hydrogen peroxide photoproduction by humic substances and their model compounds
LI Jian-hua, ZHANG Ya, WU Xin-an, WANG Meng-jie, SHI Qin-ren, PENG Jian-biao, GAO Shi-xiang
The present study systematically investigated H2O2 generation kinetics and potential mechanism from irradiated humic substances (HS) and their model compounds under simulated sunlight. Our results indicated that all the selected HS with different sources or forms can produce H2O2 under irradiation, and no significant difference was observed between them, with the generation rate ranging from 6.379 to 15.784nmol/(L·min). The H2O2 generation rate from humic acid (HA) was slightly faster than that from fulvic acid (FA). In the case of humus model compounds, 7compounds including veratryl alcohol, p-aminobenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, phenol, benzoic acid and aniline could produce detectable H2O2, while other compounds including catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, quinone, o-anisidine, p-anisidine, salicylic acid and 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone can't. Nevertheless, the H2O2 generation rate from the model compounds varies from each other, with one or two orders of magnitude. Among them, 2,5-dihydroxyl-1,4-benquione and DHBA exhibited the highest H2O2 yields, while phenol, benzoic and p-aminobenzoic acid showed a relative low H2O2 generation potential. Based on the generation mechanism of H2O2 from HS, a possible H2O2 formation mechanism from a typical model compound, i.e. DHBA, was proposed. DHBA was believed to excite to a singlet state, after an intramolecular electron transfer process, giving a reducing intermediate. The intermediate could further react with O2 to form O2·- and subsequently generate H2O2.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5337-5342 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 399KB] ( 616 )
5343 Influence of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances on the water quality in water supply distribution system
SUN Feng, YU Hong-fei, XU Chen-hui, YU Peng, ZHANG Han-yuan
Aiming at the characteristics of free cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that are difficult to be removed in conventional water treatment processes, and the residual cyanobacterial EPS are easy to enter the water supply distribution system, the influence of cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the water quality and biological stability of water supply distribution system was studied in this paper. The influence of cyanobacterial EPS on the variation of water quality indices, such as residual chlorine, turbidity, biological stability, organic components, and so on, were mainly analyzed under the different membrane attachment internal pipe condition caused by the service time. Results showed that the cyanobacterial EPS accelerated the decay rate of residual chlorine in the pipeline, led to the turbidity exceeding the upper limit of drinking water standard after 12~24h, reduced the biological stability of the pipeline water, increased BDOC by 37.2~39.5%, increased AOC by 365~393%, and increased the total viable bacteria by 18~20 times in 72 hours. It was clarified that the residual cyanobacterial EPS in the effluent of drinking water treatment plant could still serve as a microbial nutrient substrate and metabolic energy under the premise of residual chlorine in the pipe network during cyanobacteria bloom period, and this promoted the growth and reproduction of bacteria within pipeline, increased the metabolic activity of microorganisms, and stimulated the secretion and release of extracellular organic components of microorganisms, resulting in secondary pollution of the water quality.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5343-5351 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1163KB] ( 496 )
5352 Particle sizes distribution of typical inorganic nitrogen from rainwater pipeline sediments during dry periods
SUO Peng-cheng, WANG Bang-guo, CHEN Chun-wei, ZUO Xiao-jun, XU Qiang-qiang, SUN Wen-long, Chen Bin
Separate rainwater pipeline sediments from Jiangbei New District, Nanjing, were selected as research objects, in order to the distribution characteristics for both NH3-N and NO3--N attached in sediments with different particle sizes during dry periods, the change of the mentioned distribution with the length of dry periods, and the effect of physicochemical properties and microbial flora structure. The results showed that NH3-N contents accounted for the highest proportion in sediments with particle size≤0.075mm (traffic area 30.8%, commercial area 36.7%). The proportion of NO3--N in sediments with particle size≤0.075mm in the traffic area was the largest (33.0%), while there was the highest (34.4%) in sediments with particle size of 0.075~0.15mm in commercial area. The length of dry periods had the most significant correlation with NO3--N content in sediments with particle size 0.075~0.15mm in traffic area, as well as NH3-N content in sediments with particle size≥0.3mm in commercial area. The distribution of NH3-N and NO3--N in rainwater pipeline sediments during dry periods had a certain degree relation with the functional groups (O-H and N-H), surface polarity, hydrophilicity, and micro-morphology. The dominant denitrification bacteria (the total relative abundance was 20.15%) in rainwater pipeline sediments from the traffic area, like Gemmobacter, had the relatively obvious influence on the distribution of NO3--N during dry periods.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5352-5360 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1007KB] ( 383 )
Solid Waste
5361 The effect of chlorination agents on the co-generation characteristics between ultrafine particulates and heavy metals
FANG Zhen-quan, LIU Fei-fei, MAN Jia-qi, LI Yan-long, LI Run-dong
In this paper, a circulating fluidized bed reactor was selected as the experimental platform, the effects of additives (NH4Cl and KCl) on the co-generation characteristics between ultrafine particulates and heavy metals were investigated when the temperature was 850℃. Results showed that the number concentration of ultrafine particulates was reduced when NH4Cl or KCl existence, however, the effect of KCl was more obvious, playing a stepped or synergistic role. Cr, Mn, and Ni entering the ultrafine particulates mainly by entrainment, while Pb, Cu, and Zn were accumulated mainly via evaporation, condensation, and adsorption. Inorganic chlorine could act as a good binder and promote the growth and agglomeration between ultrafine particulates and promote the growth and independence of its surface morphology. Besides, it has been found that K could promote the agglomeration growth of fine-mode particulates, increasing the peak value, however, NH4+ will reduce the peak value of coarse-mode particulates. This study could provide a reference for the co-ordinated control of ultrafine particulates and heavy metals in the thermal treatment of sludge and other wastes.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5361-5368 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 852KB] ( 452 )
Environmental Microbiology
5369 Analysis of microbial communities and environmental factors in sewer sediments
HUANG Shuai-chen, ZUO Jian-e, CHEN Lei, SHENG Zi-qiong, LI Yu-qing, ZHANGA Yu, WANG Mo-ran, LIU Yan-chen
Sewer sediments were sampled in a district of Beijing and analyzed using high-throughput sequencing, it was found that Proteobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla, and Deltaproteobacteria, Methanomicrobia, Clostridia, Bacteroidia were the dominant classes of all samples. The functional microorganisms Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) and Methanogenic Archaea (MA) were prevalent in sewer sediments at the genus level. Among the six sewer pipes sampled, the relative abundances of MA were 20.6% and 40.8% in the sewer pipes S3 and S4, higher than other sewer pipes, which implied higher the methane production potential. Thus there was a risk of combustible gas accumulation in S3 and S4. The relative abundances of SRB were 9.14% and 8.19% in the sewer pipes S5 and S6, higher than other sewer pipes, which implied that the potential of sulfate reduced to sulfide was greater. Thus there was a risk of sewer corrosion in S5 and S6. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) denoted that the dissolved oxygen, temperature, sulfate, total nitrogen of sewage had correlation with the microbial communities in the sewer pipe sediments.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5369-5374 [Abstract] ( 366 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 757KB] ( 978 )
5375 Composition of microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes in vermicomposts revealed by metagenomic analysis
LI Jian-hui, ZHANG Ying-ying, HUANG Kui, XIA Hui
This study aimed to explore the potential of vermicomposts used as microbial fertilizer by analyzing their microbial communities using metagenomics. For this, the metagenomic sequences of 16S rDNA from three common vermicomposts of dewatered sludge, cow dung, and vegetable waste were annotated to distinguish bacterial species and function. The scaftigs of 117505, 81182, and 81104 were obtained in the vermicomposts of sludge, cow dung and vegetable waste, respectively. The dominant bacterial phyla in three vermicomposts were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verruca, and Actinobacteria. The analysis of the metabolism pathway for nitrogen and phosphorus showed that Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Bradyrizobium, and Azospirillum were dominated as nitrogen fixing bacteria and Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, Nitrosoccus, and Nitrospira were predominated as nitrifying bacteria in the vermicomposts. Moreover, phosphate solubilizing bacteria were dominated by Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, and Streptomyces. In contrast, the vermicompost of vegetable waste exhibited a higher potential as a microbial fertilizer. Compared with vegetable waste vermicompost (371Unigenes), the greater numbers of human pathogenic bacteria were detected in vermicomposts of sludge (2461Unigenes) and cow dung (965Unigenes). In addition, the relative abundances of antibiotic resistance genes from sludge, cow dung, and vegetable wastes were 0.93×10-3, 0.32×10-3, and 0.32×10-3, respectively, with the main types of antibiotic resistance belonging to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and tetracyclines. This study suggests that a great number of beneficial and harmful microorganisms are simultaneously inhabited in the vermicomposts, and thus the environmental risks of their biological pollutants deserve attention.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5375-5382 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1224KB] ( 864 )
Environmental Ecology
5383 Impact of temporal rainfall resolution on SWAT hydrological simulation
LU Yang, TU Jun, GAO Zheng-guo, LI Xiao-gang, YANG Shuai, YANG Xiao-ying
Respectively based on the daily and hourly rainfall of 13rainfall stations, this paper has independently established, calibrated, and validated SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) models in the Shuaishui river basin. On the basis of this, the impact of temporal rainfall resolution on SWAT simulation performance in the Shuaishui river basin has been analyzed. Results have shown that the temporal resolution of rainfall input has a significant impact on the hydrological simulation performance of SWAT in the Shuaishui river basin. The Nash coefficient (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) of the SWAT model based on hourly rainfall are respectively 0.89and 0.90during calibration, and 0.86and 0.88during validation, which are all considerably higher than the corresponding model evaluation statistics of the SWAT model based on daily rainfall. This is mainly due to the significantly better performance of the SWAT model with hourly rainfall input in simulating peak flow than the SWAT model with daily rainfall input. It is suggested that similar study of the impact of temporal rainfall resolution on the simulation performance of hydrological models should be systematically carried out in watersheds with different climatic and environmental conditions.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5383-5390 [Abstract] ( 310 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 915KB] ( 1355 )
5391 Ecosystem structure and function of the main channel of the middle route of south-north water diversion project
TANG Jian-feng, XIAO Xin-zong, WANG Ying-cai, HU Sheng, WANG Yuan
A mass-balance food web model was constructed with Ecopath with Ecosim 6.6according to the field data collected in the main channel of the middle route of south-to-north water diversion project (MSNWDP) from 2015 to 2019. Generally, 18 functional groups were consisted in the Ecopath model which includes primary producers, primary consumers, main species of fishes as well as organic detritus. The results showed that the total system throughput, total production and total consumption of the ecosystem is 19186.330, 8947.857 and 1106.002 (t/(km2·a)) respectively, the food web is mainly composed of four integrated trophic level (1.00~3.71) with the yellowcheek carp (Elopichthys bambusa) occupied the highest trophic level (3.71). Two pathways of energy flow were found including grazing pathway and detrital pathway. Despite the same amount of energy flow through these two pathways, the efficiency of grazing pathway is nearly twice as high as that of detrital pathway. The analysis of mixed trophic impacts (MIT) showed negative effects of predators on prey groups in the ecosystem, positive effects of the increasing detrital biomass on most functional groups, and negative effects of the small pelagic fishes on the biomass of zooplankton. With regard to the niche overlap between functional groups, the niche overlap of predators is not that common with moderate overlap index, the niche overlap index of some carnivorous fishes is approaching 1. The comprehensive analysis of multiple indices, including total primary production/total respiration (P/R), total gross primary production/total biomass (P/B), Finn's cycling index (FCI) and Finn's mean path length (FML), showed that the ecosystem is in its juvenile stage, with poor ability to resist external disturbance. Moreover, the utilization rate of primary productivity of the ecosystem is quite low, and large amount of nutrients do not flow into the higher trophic level for circulation which will slow down the system energy flow. Therefore, based on the theory of bio-manipulation, optimization of the fish community structure was thus suggested to enhance the utilization efficiency of the system's primary productivity, to promote material circulation and energy flow, as well as to maintain the stability of the ecosystem.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5391-5402 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 881KB] ( 688 )
5403 Reconstruction of trophic state changes in a karst water-supply reservoir
SHENG En-guo, LIU Bin, ZHANG Zhong-yi, PENG Hai-jun, ZHAO Jing-jing, LAN Jiang-hu
Based on 210Pb-137Cs dating and historical flood event records, we established an accurate chronology of a lake sediment core taken from the center of South Lake, the south part of Lake Hongfeng. On the basis of this chronology, the variations in the trophic status of Lake Hongfeng from 1960 to 2016AD were reconstructed by a comprehensive analysis of geochemical measurements (e.g. loss on ignition (LOI), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, stable carbon isotope of organic material (δ13Corg), and biological silicon (BSi)), water quality parameters, and reference data. During the analyzed period, several significant changes in primary productivity and trophic status were identified. From 1991 to 1999, the trophic status had gradually evolved to eutrophication and primary productivity had been increasing consistently, this was caused by enhanced anthropogenic nutrients inputs, especially cage fish culture, which might have played an important role in this eutrophication. From 2000 to 2003, due to the implementation of a series of protection and regulation policies, the trophic status had gradually changed to mesotrophic and primary productivity was decreasing gradually. From 2004 to 2008, the trophic status reversed to eutrophication, which corresponds to the increasing of exogenous nutrients input and re-emission of deposited nutrients. Since 2009, Lake Hongfeng had been mesotropher after much stricter water quality control policies had been implemented. Though water quality had been improved significantly, the nutrients content was still on a relatively high level due to the consistent re-emission, which demonstrated that future treatment should not only focus on the reduction of exogenous pollutants, but also the containment of the endogenous sediments.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5403-5412 [Abstract] ( 208 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 725KB] ( 483 )
5413 Identifying important areas for soil and water conservation in China based on ecological donor-receptor theory
WANG Li-xia, GAO Ji-xi, SHEN Wen-ming, SHI Yuan-li, ZHANG Hong-wei
Scientific assessment of soil conservation function is the basis for determining the red line of ecological protection. Inspired by ecological donor-receptor theory, this paper analyzed the importance of soil conservation function from three aspects:the donor (soil erosion amount), the receptor (population density) and the radiation transmission (distance from body of water). The potential erosion amount in China is 577.34×1010t/a. Soil erosion increases with increasing slope and precipitation. The most important area of soil conservation function covers an area of 98.98×104km2, which is mainly distributed across Mt. Wuliang and Mt. Ailao in the southwest, the Loess Plateau in the northwest, the Zhejiang-Fujian hills in the southeast, the mountainous areas in the middle east of Shandong Province and the Liaodong Peninsula. Soil and water loss is very serious in the high mountains, deep valleys and steep slopes, which are susceptible to rapid runoff and poor topographic stability. It is also very important to maintain soil conservation function in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China, which is characterized by loose soil and severe soil erosion due to heavy rainfall. Compared with previously common ecological protection functional models, the supply-receptor model highlights the impact of human activities, while still considering natural factors. Thus the model is much more objective in its assessment of the ecological protection function and the ecological risk of soil conservation. This soil conservation model based on the donor-receptor theory is highly suitable for the assessment of soil conservation function and potential soil erosion risk. It can be used as an important basis for the assessment of ecosystem security and for delineating important ecological protection boundaries.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5413-5421 [Abstract] ( 175 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6217KB] ( 604 )
5422 A “turn-on” fluorescent probe for Al3+ and its biological detection in vivo
YU Yan-chao, FENG Jun-kai, LIU Bo, YOU Jun, WU Wen-ju, JING Jun-kai
A novel bisalicylaldehyde schiff base was designed and synthesized, and its structure was confirmed by NMR and MS. It was found to be highly selective for Al3+ in methanol as a "turn-on" fluorescent probe in fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence intensity enhanced 110-fold after the probe recognized Al3+. Fluorescence titration experiments showed that the probe have an excellent linear relationship with Al3+ concentration range 25~55μmol/L, and the detection limit was calculated to be as low as 5.4×10-9mol/L, which was far below the drinking water restriction of Al3+ by WHO (7.4×10-6 mol/L). HRMS analysis showed the binding stoichiometry between probe and Al3+ was to be 2:1. Moreover, the probe was applied for biological detection in vivo of Al3+ ions, which presented excellent biocompatibility, and could be applied to the detection of Al3+ in water body and organisms.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5422-5427 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 437KB] ( 398 )
5428 Spatial-temporal patterns and driving factors of aeolian desertification in northwest Shanxi Province
XUE Zhan-jin, QIN Zuo-dong, CHENG Fang-Qin
The remote sensing images (acquired in 1975, 1991, 2000, 2015, and 2019), transfer matrix, spatial center migration and principal components analysis were applied to study the spatial-temporal dynamics and driving factors (mechanisms) of aeolian desertification in northwest Shanxi. Results showed that the area of aeolian desertified land (ADL) increased first and then decreased and 1495.10km2 ADL was increased during 1975 to 1991 while 1506.12km2 of non-ADL was transferred into light ADL. Moreover, 689.09km2 ADL was increased from 1991 to 2000 and as large as 11098.72km2 of light ADL was transferred into moderate ADL. During 2000~2015, ADL had decreased by 2365.85km2, and 10569.56km2 of moderate ADL was transferred into light ADL. In 2015~2019, ADL had decreased by 1931.39km2, and 1909.93km2 of light ADL transferred into non-ADL. The trend of the ADL migration firstly migrated to southward until 2000 and moved northward/westward in 2000~2019. The migration distance of severe ADL was the largest which was 19.26km in 1975~1991 and 20.06km in 1991~2000, respectively. During 2000~2019, the largest migration distance of light ADL was 30.29km which migrated to the northwest. From 1975 to 2019, the coupling of natural and human factors was the dominant factor affecting ADL dynamics. However, the population and livestock were the main human factors and the gale days was the main natural factors.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5428-5435 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1026KB] ( 2196 )
Environmental Toxicology and Health
5436 Study on the acute toxicity of degradation products by p-xylene to marine bivalves
LI Hai-ping, MENG Fan-ping, LI Da-wei, PENG Li-hong, ZHENG Yang, LIN Yu-fei
To evaluate the application safety of microalgae for p-xylene (PX) biodegradation in seawater, the acute toxicity of three degradative intermediates of PX (p-toluic acid, p-tolyl alcohol and p-cresol) was testified to two species of marine bivalves (Ruditapes philippinarum and Meretrix meretrix), based on which the corresponding safety concentrations (SCs) were calculated. Referring to the revised Hazard Evaluation Procedure for Chemical Substances established by the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) in International Maritime Organization (IMO), p-toluic acid was "practically non-toxic" on both species with the 96h LC50 values above 340mg/L, as well as p-tolyl alcohol with the 96h LC50 values of 305.67, 560.34mg/L for both species, respectively. While p-cresol was slightly toxic and non-toxic to R. philippinarum (96h LC50=77.95mg/L) and M. meretrix (96h LC50=1271.74mg/L), respectively. It is supposed that a stronger accumulation of p-cresol in R. philippinarum would be related to the higher toxicity compared to M. meretrix. In general, these degradation products showed lower toxicities to bivalves compared with the parent compound, except for p-cresol with a slightly higher toxicity than PX. The application of microalgae for PX degradation is still safe for bivalves because the p-cresol only existed in a short period after PX biodegradation for 2~4 days. The SCs of p-tolyl alcohol and p-cresol to marine bivalves were 70.42, 12.10mg/L, respectively. However, it is not need to propose a limit value of SC for p-toluic acid because the zero mortality of two species occurred when exposed to this compound for 96h at a concentration equal to its solubility in seawater. Further study on the toxicity of these degradative intermediates to marine fishes and crustaceans is needed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the marine biosafety of PX degradation by microalgae.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5436-5443 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 498KB] ( 623 )
5444 Effects of biochar application on the bioavailability of microcystins in soils
CAO Qing, LIU Wei-jing, GU Yu-rong, XIE Li-qiang, YOU Ben-sheng, JIANG Wei-li, YANG Liu-yan
Three kinds of biochars, rice straw biochar (RSB), maize straw biochar (MSB), and chicken manure biochar (CMB), were added to the soil in order to reduce microcystin-LR (MC-LR) bioaccumulation in lettuce. Results showed that addition of 2% RSB, MSB and CMB decreased the content of MC-LR in the lettuce leaves by 58.0%, 49.5% and 52.3%, respectively, and the estimated daily intake values were much lower than the tolerable daily intake limit proposed by the WHO. All the biochars have no significant impact on soil total MC-LR concentration except CMB, which significantly decreased soil total MC-LR concentration. Bioavailable MC-LR concentrations were significantly decreased by all three biochars. The correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the bioavailable MC-LR concentrations in the soil and the MC-LR content in lettuce roots, as well as the leaves. Application of biochars had no negative impact on lettuce growth.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5444-5450 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 374KB] ( 485 )
5451 Influence of PM2.5 pollution on public health based on urban panel data
RUAN Fang-fang, ZENG Xian-gang, DUAN Cun-ru
Based on the Grossman health production function and panel data of 280cities in China from 2008 to 2017, this paper took PM2.5 as the proxy of air pollution to explore the dynamic relationship between air pollution and public health in China. Considering the spatial effect of public health, the spatial econometric models were used for empirical research. The results showed that, without considering the spatial effects, a 1% increment on PM2.5 concentration could generate about 0.040% increase of the total mortality of population; after considering the spatial effects, for every 1% increase in PM2.5 concentration, the total mortality of population would increase by 0.0606%. PM2.5 pollution had a significant negative impact on public health. Due to the spatial spillover effect, the impact of PM2.5 pollution on the level of urban public health has increased, this showed that ignoring the existence of spatial correlation would result in underestimating the impact of PM2.5 pollution on public health; and the improvement of economic development and the adjustment of industrial structure had a strong role in improving public health.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5451-5458 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 650KB] ( 495 )
5459 Analysis of health effects under the control of PM2.5 pollution in Baoding
GUO Yun, LI Rui-juan, HUANG Bing-zhao, JIANG Yu-dan, WEI Zheng-zheng
Different target scenarios of atmospheric PM2.5 concentrations in 2020, 2025 and 2030 were set in Baoding, and IER model was applied to assess premature deaths under low, medium and high target scenario for each district and county, taking into account population development trend. Results showed that premature deaths that could be avoided was as high as 1582 to 3840, 5244 to 7902, and 12602 to 23558 in 2020, 2025 and 2030, respectively, which were mainly distributed in downtown (Lianchi District, Jingxiu District and Qingyuan District) and the southeast region, taking PM2.5 concentration in 2017 as the baseline and following the three target scenarios. As the problem of aging becomes more serious, the health benefits from improved environmental quality become more prominent, cardiovascular disease (stroke and ischemic heart disease) account for more deaths than respiratory disease (lung cancer, copd, and acute lower respiratory infections). The number of deaths attributable to stroke was highest when PM2.5 concentration was higher than 20μg/m3. The number of deaths attributable to ischemic heart disease was highest when PM2.5 concentration was lower than 10μg/m3. It is suggested that Baoding should pay more attention to densely populated downtown and southeast region when establishing PM2.5 pollution prevention and control policies, and take into account the types of premature death caused by air pollution at different stages to carry out targeted education and prevention and control.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5459-5467 [Abstract] ( 145 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1537KB] ( 537 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
5468 Research on regional comprehensive environmental risk assessment method system
HUANG Lei, HUANG Yu-jia, LIU Peng-hui, WANG Gang, BI Jun
In this research we aim to identify the diffusion patterns of environment related risk factors for accidents and the leading environmental risk factors. The system layer is combined with three main parts of environmental risks, the source, media and receptor. Together with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Time Ordered Weighted Averaging (TOWA) operator, we establish a dynamic model to calculate contribution rate of indexes for the standard level. The index level is determined in follow based on spatial geographic characteristics. Individual risks generated from the index level are weighted to calculate the final regional comprehensive environmental risk. Here Nanjing was chosen for synthesized Environmental risk assessment. Our results showed that Nanjing was at moderate risk level while high value areas were mainly distributed in the central area of Jiangbei New District and the downtown near Yangtze River. The established assessment method ensures the evaluation completeness for index system. It also refines the regional environmental risk management as well as realizes the visualization of assessment results by introducing spatiotemporal characteristics of the studied region.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5468-5474 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 664KB] ( 559 )
5475 Assessment of the environment-friendliness of PLA express packaging using LCA methodology
SHI Yu, XU Ling, CHEN Yu, Hou Hao-chen
In this paper, the life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare the environmental impact of raw materials extraction, production, use and five disposal scenarios of polylactic acid (PLA) express packaging, and the cumulative energy demand (CED) method was used to analyze energy consumption. The environmental impact potential of the raw materials extraction, production, and use of express bags were 1.09×10-9, 5.64×10-10 and 1.24×10-10, respectively for per functional unit—consisting of 1000PLA express bags with the size of 25×35cm and the weight of 918 kg.Marine aquatic ecotoxicity was the main environmental impact in the life cycle of PLA, accounting for 77%, followed by abiotic depletion and human toxicity, accounting for 9% and 6% respectively. The main energy consumption was non-renewable energy, which accounted for 89% of the total energy consumption. Across all the stages considered, the use stage showed the dominant influence on non-renewable energy consumption with the contribution of 91%. Disposal scenario V (incineration 47%, landfill 13%, recycling 40%) was the most environmentally friendly among the five disposal scenarios, indicating that the increase in the proportion of incineration and recycling and decrease in the proportion of landfill showed a more positive impact on the environment.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5475-5483 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 828KB] ( 1042 )
5484 Evolutionary game of government and enterprise pollution discharge behavior under combined measures
GAO Xu-kuo, XI Zi-yun
In order to study the behavior strategies of sewage enterprises when they are facing the different punishment and subsidy combination measures, the Evolutionary Game Theory and system dynamic method were combined to construct an evolutionary game model which took both government and sewage enterprises into account. The model took the interests of both government and sewage enterprises as the core, and was used to evaluate the behavior strategies of sewage enterprises and evolutionary stability under the different punishments and subsidy measures. The results indicated that the strategic behavior of the government and enterprises cannot reach the point of evolutionary stability under the static punishments and subsidy measures, and the legal discharge of enterprises was not promoted by the static government policies. In contrast, the legal discharge by the sewage enterprises was more efficiently promoted under a dynamic regulation of punishment and subsidy. Hence, the bilateral dynamic policy could be formulated by the government in accordance with the behavior of sewage enterprises.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5484-5492 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1107KB] ( 590 )
5493 Noise reduction performance of highway sonic crystals noise barrier
QIN Xiao-chun, NI An-chen, HAN Ying, CAO Lin-hua, HUANG Zhi-hua
Three types of air-solid sonic crystals noise barriers were established for the tyre-road noise which is the main noise of highway by using recycled columns of the fence. Comsol Multiphysics was used to calculate the corresponding band structure and explore the influencing factors of band gaps. The results showed that the three forms can generate corresponding band gaps; the wall thickness had little effect on the band gap width, but the hollow scatterers could generate a complete band gap at low frequencies; opening treatment of the scatterers could effectively increase the low band gap width; after the lattice filling rate reached 0.5, complete band gaps were generated in order from high to low frequencies, and as the filling rate increased, the band gap overall width increased. The noise reduction characteristics of the barrier were verified through a combination of simulation and indoor experiments, the sonic crystals noise barrier had good noise reduction performance in the band gap range, compared with the aluminum alloy composite board noise barrier with the same specifications. The low-frequency noise reduction effect was increased by 1~16dB, and the high-frequency noise reduction effect was increased by 1~2dB; however, after 1600Hz, the noise reduction effect of the sonic crystals noise barrier did not outperform the composite board barrier, and the noise reduction effect was greatly affected by the number of cycles. The sonic crystal noise barrier is a promising combination of new noise reduction concepts and green environmental protection.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5493-5501 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2023KB] ( 3680 )
5502 Environmental safety assessment of the recycled wood-plastic products with the non-metallic materials from waste printed circuit board
LIANG Yang-yang, SONG Qing-bin, DONG Qing-yin, LI Jin-hui
To evaluate the environmental safety issues in the use of non-metallic recycled products from waste circuit boards, an environmental safety assessment model of recycled wood-plastic products was constructed with reference to the characteristics of recycled wood-plastic products, the environmental hazard evaluation methods, and human health risk evaluation. Also, two kinds of recycled products were collected for the evaluation test, using the model to evaluate whether there were potential risks and hazards to the environment and human health. The results showed that both the two types of recycled products might cause extreme or severe pollution to the surface water of class I. For other types of surface water, the environmental risk is low, and the recycled products should be avoided when used in the primary area of the source water. For groundwater, the pollution index of product B is greater than 1, which has a certain environmental risk; When considering dilution effects (5% of the original concentration), the pollution indexes of two recycled products for groundwater are less than 1. The hazard indexes of two kinds of recycled products are 0.03 and 0.41respectively, both of which are less than 1, with no obvious harm to human health. The evaluation model provides evaluation criteria and references for large-scale production and promotion of non-metallic material recycling. Further, it promotes the development of waste electrical and electronic products recycling and harmless technology.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5502-5510 [Abstract] ( 165 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1043KB] ( 479 )
5511 Life cycle environmental risk characteristics of reuse of decommissioned industrial solid waste landfill sites
NAI Chang-xin, TANG Mei-qin, XU Ya, DONG Lu, LIU Yu-qiang, LIU Jing-cai, YANG jian, LIU fan, HE Ya-nan
This study studied the health risks and long-term evolution of the typical in-situ development of the decommissioned industrial solid waste landfill (DISWL) under in-situ development conditions through on-site sampling and process model simulation. The results demonstrated that 86% of the waste leaching concentration was harmful and 70% of the waste was not suitable for the direct use of construction land soil after nearly 20 years of leaching and degradation. Under the condition of direct use as construction land, the leakage risk of harmful components increased due to the degradation of DISWL performance, which result in the gradual process of the probability of groundwater quality exceeding the standard from none (short-term) to yes (medium-term, individual substances such as total cyanide T- CN and free cyanide F-CN), and then to a higher probability of exceeding the standard (T-CN and F-CN). Meanwhile, the health risks of the site utilization process also gradually increased, the carcinogenic risk from arsenic (As) and non carcinogenic risk from T-CN were 81~179 times and 55.32~224.3 times higher than the acceptable risk level, respectively. The above results suggest that the risk assessment and management strategy of DISWL site development and reuse should focus on long-term risks. For sites with unacceptable long-term risks, acceptable long-term risks can be achieved by reducing the leaching concentration of toxic substances in the waste, and proposes a calculation framework and method for the corresponding leaching concentration limits.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5511-5519 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 654KB] ( 526 )
5520 The effect of public attitude and institute supervision on atmospheric pollution
YU Kang-kang, SU Jing, ZHAO Hua, GAO Jian
Although some studies about Kuznets curve have investigated the formal institutional factors such as government institute supervision, they have not considered the informal institutional factors. Thus, this study focused on the effects of two kinds of institutions:the formal institutional context formed by government institute supervision on macro level as well as the informal institutional context formed by public environmental attitudes on the micro level. This study was based on the database of CGSS 2010~2013 and CGSS 2015, extracted the questions about environmental attitudes from the database, calculated its standard deviation which was included in the new environmental equation. Through collecting the other data, we finally got the valid data of 26provinces from 2010 to 2014. Using fixed effect model and random effect model, we found that the interaction between institutional supervision and economic development has effects on the emission of NOx, dust and SO2, but the interaction between public environmental attitude and economic development only has an effect on the emission of dust, which explores EKC in different institutional contexts.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5520-5530 [Abstract] ( 188 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 636KB] ( 567 )
5531 Factor decomposition and decoupling effect of Chinese tourism-derived carbon emissions
SUN Yu-huan, YANG Guang-chun
In this study, the Generalized Divisia Index Method (GDIM) was used to decompose the factors influencing China's tourism-derived carbon emissions from 2000 to 2017. On this basis, the Tapio decoupling causal chain model was used to analyze the decoupling effect of tourism-derived carbon emissions. The results show that the added value of tourism, energy consumption of tourism, and number of passengers are factors leading to the increase of tourism-derived carbon emissions. The added value energy intensity and per capita tourism added value are factors leading to the decrease of tourism-derived carbon emissions. The effects of added value carbon intensity, energy consumption carbon intensity, and per capita tourism-derived carbon emissions on tourism-derived carbon emissions are continuously changing. The cumulative increasing effect of energy consumption of tourism is the largest, which is 20.3013million tons, whereas the cumulative decreasing effect of added value energy intensity is the largest, which is 1.0329million tons. The decoupling of tourism-derived carbon emissions is poor, but it has improved in recent years. What's more, the per capita decoupling elasticity fluctuates violently, and the change of energy saving elasticity is the main reason for its fluctuation.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5531-5539 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 635KB] ( 766 )
5540 Research on the carbon transfer and carbon equity at provincial level of China based on MRIO model of 31 provinces
CHEN hui, WEN Jing, PANG Jun, CHEN Zheng, WEI Yu-shan
The 2012 multi-regional input-output table with 31 provincial regions and 16 industries of China in the paper has been developed based on the MRIO model. Meanwhile, the carbon emissions of 31 provinces in China from the perspective of producer and consumer responsibility and the carbon transfer embodied in inter-provincial trade have been calculated in this paper. On this basis, the inter-provincial carbon equity was analyzed by the relationship between the embodied net transfer of carbon emissions and GDP, the pollution terms of trade and the carbon Gini coefficient respectively. The results showed that the provincial carbon emissions from the perspective of producer and consumer responsibility vary significantly because of the differences of economic development level, resource endowment, industrial structure, energy structure, etc. In addition to this, a tendency of carbon emissions' net transfer has been showed from the western or less developed provinces to those with high economic development level. Carbon inequality between China's 31 provinces in inter-provincial trade was obvious. Some developed provinces not only let other provinces bear part of their own carbon emissions, but also obtain net GDP input from other provinces and their terms of trade of pollution is less than 1, which means they are in a more dominant position in the carbon emission space allocation and economic benefits than those western provinces which not only undertake part of carbon emissions for other provinces, but also lose their GDP and their terms of trade of pollution are more than 1. From the perspective of consumer responsibility, the 31 provinces of China's carbon Gini was 0.24 in 2012, and reaches 0.31 from the perspective of producer responsibility. It was indicated that the inequality of spatial distribution of carbon emissions among provinces in China has been enhanced under the perspective of producer responsibility.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5540-5550 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 732KB] ( 2766 )
5551 Research on the redistribution of carbon emission quotas in China based on the importance of indicators to carbon emissions
ZHOU Di, WANG Wen-jie, CHEN Zi-jia
This paper puts forward the idea of using the "synchronous trend of change" in carbon emissions to measure the importance of quota indicators that distributes carbon emission quotas in various provinces of China. Firstly, based on the principles of fairness and efficiency, the influence factors of carbon emissions are selected as allocation indicators. Secondly, the grey correlation method is adopted to calculate the "synchronous trend" of each indicator and carbon emissions in each region, so as to obtain the weight of each indicator in quota allocation. Finally, the carbon emission quota and emission space of 29provinces from 2020 to 2030 are calculated. The results show that indicators such as population and economic are strongly correlated with local carbon emissions. Therefore, they should be attached more importance to. Guangdong, Beijing, Jiangsu, Shandong and Shanghai have the largest quotas, while Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Jilin and Xinjiang have the fewest ones. According to our analysis, Beijing has surplus carbon emission space; the space for Zhejiang and other four provinces is quite saturated.; and the situation faced by Shandong and other three provinces and regions is more severe because of spillover, where the pressure to reduce emissions will be extremely heavy in the next decade.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5551-5560 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 749KB] ( 626 )
5561 Emission reduction mechanism of environmental regulation from a perspective of whole-process prevention: Evidences from the Yangtze River Economic Belt
SHEN Xiao-mei, YU Xin-xin, JIANG Ming-dong, WANG Lei
Based on the panel data of 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2007 to 2017, we used mediation effect model to explore emission reduction mechanisms of the government-led and market-incentive environmental regulations from the perspective of whole-process prevention. Both the government-led and the market-incentive environmental regulations, with impact coefficients of -0.154 and -0.209, respectively, significantly suppressed SO2 emissions. The government-led environmental regulation had played a significant role in reducing emissions during the process of source prevention, process control and end treatment, while the market-incentive environmental regulation only acted on emission reduction in the process of end treatment. Therefore, although market-incentive environmental regulation is low-cost and high-efficiency, since played by the source prevention and process control plays a fundamental role in eco-environmental protection, it is still necessary for less developed areas and industries to pay attention to government-led environmental regulation, i.e., to implement regional-specific and scientific environmental regulation tools, to local conditions to control the pollution throughout the process.
2020 Vol. 40 (12): 5561-5568 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 446KB] ( 591 )
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