To investigate the spatiotemporal patterns law of PM_2.5 pollution in China, statistical methods and GIS technology were used to analyze the ground-level PM_2.5 monitoring results in 2014 from 161 cities at or above prefectural level in national air quality monitoring network. The results showed that only 8.1% cities met Grade II standard of ambient air quality standards (GB 3095~2012), and about 26.6% days failed to meet Grade II air quality standards. Diurnal PM_2.5 pollution was least in summer, late spring and early autumn, and was heavy in winter. Daily PM_2.5 concentration followed an indistinctive bimodal curve with minimum value around 16:00 and maximum value around 10:00. The pollution levels were relatively high from midnight to dawn. PM_2.5 pollution was serious in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding area, as well as Hubei, Hunan and Anhui. PM_2.5 pollution was least in southeast coast and Yunnan, Tibet. The spatial distribution of PM_2.5 was significantly correlated with spatial distributions of wind speed, relative humidity, and land use. The average ratio of PM_2.5 in PM₁₀ (PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio) was 0.591, which has spatial pattern of gradually increasing from northwest to southeast, and was higher in south region than in north region. Monthly average PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio was basically stable ranged in 0.55~0.6, excluding higher in January, February, and lower in May. The results could benefit to further understanding on the spatiotemporal patterns of PM_2.5 pollution in China macroscopically, and promote to environmental pollution prevention and control measures accordingly.

Single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was used to analyze the single particle characteristics of aerosols in Heshan, in December 2012. Two typical pollution processes were captured during the sampling period. The fine particles were dominated by elemental carbon (EC), which accounted for 56.8% of total particles. Organic carbon (OC) and heavy metal (HM) accounted for 12.7% and 10.1% of sampled particles, respectively. Different particle types showed different temporal profiles during the two pollution processes, indicating the characteristics of the two processes were different. The source apportionment results showed that the most important PM_2.5 sources in this region were vehicle emission and coal combustion, accounting for 24.8% and 22% of PM_2.5, respectively. Industry emission and biomass burning were also important, contributing 16.4% and 10.3% to total PM_2.5 particles, respectively. During the first pollution process, industry emission was the most important source, and the contribution of coal combustion and secondary inorganic aerosol were found to be increasing with PM_2.5 concentration, implying that primary emission as well as enhanced secondary photochemical reaction played important roles in the increasing of PM_2.5 concentration. However, vehicle emission was the most important source during the secondary pollution process, and the proportion of each source was stable during the whole pollution process, indicating this process was induced by the accumulation of pollutants under unfavorable meteorological conditions.

Based on the meteorological data from 28 observation stations in winter 2013 and 2014, NCEP FNL reanalysis data and ground PM_2.5 observations, the characteristic of visibility and its relationship with air pollutants and meteorological conditions in the Yangtze River Delta in winter were analyzed. In winter 2013, the frequency of haze day was 53.4%. 81.6% of the visibility change can be explained by PM_2.5 concentration, 10m wind speed, wind shear (500~850hPa), relative humidity, temperature difference (925~1000hPa), potential pseudo-equivalent temperature difference (850~925hPa). The effects of meteorological conditions and air pollutants on visibility were comparable, and the contribution of thermal factor was almost twice that of dynamical factor. The RH impact on visibility was stronger at lower PM_2.5 concentration and higher RH (>70%). The visibility in winter 2014 was well reproduced by the nonlinear regression equation.

Single-particle chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols were studied by a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) at the Heshan atmospheric supersite of Guangdong in the dry season (November 4 to December 30) in 2013. Over 1.6 × 10⁶ fine particles were characterized by the SPAMS with the ART-2a neural network algorithms. All the particles were classified into 9 main categories: elemental carbon (EC)-Fresh, EC-Nitrate/Sulfate, K-EC, Ca-EC, internally mixed elemental-organic carbon (ECOC), organic carbon (OC)-Levoglucosan, OC-Nitrate/Sulfate, K-Nitrate/Sulfate and Metal-rich particles. Results showed that those particles rich in secondary water soluble ions, like EC-Nitrate/Sulfate, K-Nitrate/Sulfate particles, were enhanced in hazy days at Heshan supersite during the measurement campaign. Furthermore, secondary organic components more favored partitioning to particle phase in sunny days. In rainy days, however, there were more EC-fresh particles and K-EC particles which likely were influenced by local emissions. Finally, EC-Nitrate/Sulfate particles may have a vital role on the formation of haze as they had a good correlation with visibility.

In order to study the characteristics and formation mechanism during a heavy air pollution episode in Beijing during 9~15January in 2013, the weather conditions, chemical characteristics of particulate matter and atmospheric environmental background were analyzed. The results showed that the average daily mass concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were 347.7μg/m³and 222.4μg/m³, respectively, exceeding the corresponding ambient air quality standards (GB3095-2012) of China. During the pollution episode, NH₄⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2- made a combined contribution of 44.0% to PM_2.5 concentration. The average ratios of OC/EC were 5.44. This indicates a large contribution from secondary ions and organic matters to PM_2.5. The atmosphere was relatively stable during the study period in Beijing because of the stable atmosphere circulation, the adverse near-ground meteorological conditions of high humidity and low wind speed as well as the lower and deeper inversion layer. The stable atmospheric condition and the land structure surrounded by mountains on three sides in Beijing restrained the dispersion of pollutants, and these were the main causes of this heavy pollution process.

A discrete stochastic model was developed to simulate deposition of aerosol particles onto horizontal solid surfaces. Lattice walk method was employed to solve particle-transport-equation, which allowed obtaining the trajectory of particle motion by combination of migration by external field and diffusion in the calculation domain. The local structures of deposited particles forming dust layer, the relationship between structure of dust layer and mechanisms of particle transport, and the number of the particles attached to a horizontal surface were investigated. The results showed that for low values of Peclet number, when diffusion was a controlling mechanism of aerosol transport, dust layers might exhibit more open and looser structures, while the layer structures were dense and tight at high values of Peclet number. Differences of aerosol deposition morphology between different transport mechanisms were caused by different random intensities of particle motion. Additionally, there was an upper limit of the maximum number of particles attached to the surface, and it strongly depended on particle transport mechanisms and size distributions.

Equipment leakage is an important fugitive source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in petroleum refined industry. A novel blow-through sampling technique together with a preconcentrator-GC/MS equipment were employed to investigated emission of VOCs from equipment leakage of cracking apparatus (including compressed system, separation system) and aromatic extraction apparatus in an ethylene process unit in south China. The VOCs emitted from the process were mainly composed of alkanes (49.7%~82.4%), alkenes (3.2%~35.7%) and aromatics (5.5%~14.4%). 2-methylpentane, methylcyclopentane, 3-methylhexane and 2,3-dimethylbutane were abundant in the process. Ethylene and trans-2-Butene were discovered to be special species for cracking apparatus, while benzene and methylbenzene were the important ones for aromatic extraction apparatus. Further analysis indicated that alkenes contributed the most to ozone formation potential (OFP), among which ethylene accounted for 47.0%~73.0% to the OFP. According to US EPA Method-21, the leak rate of the light liquid valves was estimated, and the unit-specific correlation between leak rate and concentration was established as y=3×10^-7x^0.993(R²=0.788).

The modified semi-coke (ZSC) was obtained by the pyrolysis of ZnCl₂-impregnated lignite at 700℃. N₂ adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the surface physical and chemical properties of original and modified semi-coke, and the gaseous elemental mercury (Hg⁰) removal performance of two kinds of semi-coke has been investigated in a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor. The experimental results showed that ZSC had more developed hole structure, large specific surface area and abundant C—Cl groups. The mercury removal efficiency of ZSC decreased as the adsorption temperature was raised in the temperature range of 100℃ to 360℃. Generally, the ZSC exhibited good mercury removal performance at elevated temperatures. During the chemisorption process, the Hg⁰ was partly oxidized to HgCl or HgCl₂ by C—Cl groups, and the others reacted with oxygen contained functional groups on the surface of semi-coke to generate HgO simultaneously. Finally, the Hg⁰ was captured in the form of HgCl₂ or HgO on the surface of semi-coke.

By using numerical simulation and field test method, air movement, temperature distribution and pollutant dispersion were investigated, when air was supplied through slot air curtain into the residential kitchen. The influence of jet velocity from air curtain on pollutant dispersion inside the kitchen was analyzed, where the range of jet velocity was from 0to 5m/s. Results show that oil fume generated by cooking cannot be effectively exhausted out of the kitchen by using the range hood alone. With the application of air curtain, the air temperature can be reduced to improve human thermal comfort, and the pollutant concentration can be decreased with the improved air distribution. However, with the given exhaust air volume, there was an optimal designed air supply velocity for the air curtain, since the capture efficiency of the range hood was not proportional to the air supply velocity. The optimal air velocity of the air curtain was 0.6m/s when the exhaust rate was 5m/s. Air velocity from air curtain should be correspondingly adjusted with the exhaust air rate, so that the capture efficiency of the range hood can be improved accordingly.

Aluminum foil erosion was used to measure the distribution of the ultrasonic field in both bath and probe sonoreactors under varied sonication conditions, to explore the ultrasonic cavitation mechanism and to clarify the impact of sonication conditions on cavitation effect. Two-dimension ultrasonic cavitation field was visualized based on Matlab software. Then it was analyzed and verified through ultrasonic experimental. The distribution of ultrasonic cavitation field in bath sonoreactor was uneven. In addition, the erosion areas decreased with the increasing of ultrasonic frequency, accompanying a worse cavitation effect. The strongest cavitation effect occurred at the antinode, which responded to the largest effective areas. As to the probe sonoreactor, the effective areas were mainly distributed in the vicinity of the axis of the probe. The cavitation effect gradually became weakened while the inefficient areas increased when the distance between aluminum foil and probe became further. The increasing of ultrasonic density contributed to a stronger cavitation effect, the erosion areas could reach up to 80% at 5W/mL. It was also indicated that under the same conditions, ultrasonic cavitation effect in bath sonoreactor was stronger compared to the probe one. The increase of ultrasonic density led to the enhancement of the concentration of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), indicating well sludge disintegration effect. The disintegration of sludge and cavitation effect decreased as the ultrasonic frequency increased.

Mesoporous magnetic ion exchange resin (m-MIER) was synthesized using methyl acrylic glycidyl ester as monomer with the method of monomer polymerization. Its removal performance on the typical dissolved algal organic nitrogen was studied subsequent to some preliminary characterization. Magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX^®) was studied as a comparison simultaneously. The results showed that the lab synthetic m-MIER was mesoporous with the main pore diameter was from 2nm to 60nm, chloride was identified as the exchange group. Compared with MIEX^®, m-MIER owned similar wet density, particle size, more abundant pore structure and greater exchange capacity (1.15g/cm³, 150~200μm, 0.1852cm³/g, 3.16mmol/g vs, 1.20g/cm³, 150~180μm, 0.0184cm³/g, 2.23mmol/g). The results of XPS indicated that the major component of the core was Fe₃O₄, and the m-MIER was quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin. The m-MIER exhibited better removal effects on the typical dissolved nitrogen derived algae cells compared with MIEX^® and the removal rate was highly relevant with the categories of the dissolved organic nitrogen.

Graphitic carbon nitride/reduced graphene oxide (g-C₃N₄/rGO) composite was synthesized by grinding and calcination process. Then it was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence spectra (PL). The photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄/rGO was evaluated by degrading rhodamine B (RhB) under simulated solar light irradiation. The results of PL analysis demonstrated that the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes was inhibited compared with pure g-C₃N₄. The results of photocatalytic degradation of RhB showed that the removal efficiency of RhB with g-C₃N₄/rGO(2%) composite in 180min was improved by 43.2% compared with pure g-C₃N₄, which was attributed to the facilitated electrons transfer in g-C₃N₄/rGO composite. The main oxidative species was also detected by addition of TBA and TEOA in the photocatalytic process. The result suggested that holes were mainly responsible for the degradation of RhB in g-C₃N₄/rGO photocatalytic system.

In order to explore the characteristics and mechanisms of ammonia adsorption by ANAMMOX granular sludge, the ammonia adsorption characteristics by ANAMMOX granular sludge in different initial ammonia concentrations and sludge concentrations, as well as the influences of temperature, pH, salinity and metal cations on the ammonia absorption were studied respectively; moreover, the adsorption isotherms, kinetics models and thermodynamics analysis were employed to investigate the adsorption process. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved in about 20minutes; the ammonia adsorption capacity was increased with the increasement of the initial ammonia concentration, however, showed a decline trend with the increasement of ANAMMOX granular sludge concentration; low temperature was in favor of ammonia adsorption; the optimal pH was 7.0. Salinity and metal cations had an obvious affect on the ammonia adsorption: when the concentration of NaCl was 5g/L, the ammonia adsorption process was inhibited completely almost; under the same mass concentration, Fe³⁺ showed the strongest inhibition effect, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ took the second place and Cu²⁺ was the weakest relatively. The ammonia adsorption process by ANAMMOX granular sludge was fitted to the Freundlich isotherm, and the adsorption process was in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, moreover, was the combined results of surface diffusion and internal diffusion. Thermodynamic studies demonstrated that the adsorption process was a spontaneous exothermic process.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and intracellular polymeric substances (IPS) of activated sludge feeding with tetracycline were divided into four parts, soluble extracellular polymeric substances (slime), loosely bound EPS (LB), tightly bound EPS (TB), intracellular polymeric substances (IPS) after extractionby centrifuge and ultrasonic process. Protein and polysaccharide were detected with BCA and anthrone-sulfuric acid method. At the same time, 3Dexcitation-emission spectral scan (EEM) and synchronous fluorescence spectrum scan (SFS) were applied to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze DOM in EPS and IPS. The results showed that the content of protein and polysaccharide in EPS was higher than that in IPS, and the content of protein was higher than that of polysaccharide. In slime and IPS, the content of protein and polysaccharide was higher than that in LB and TB. Tryptophan-like with low and high excitation wavelength was the main component of EPS and IPS. The content of microbial byproducts and aromatic proteins increased gradually in slime, LB, TB and IPS, while the refractory organic humic-like decreased. Influent tetracycline concentration has good correlation with DOM of EPS and IPS from activated sludge. And the DOM detected by EEM had good correlation with protein detected by chemical test.

An anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was operated to investigate the effect of COD/NH₄⁺-N on carbon and nitrogen removal via anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification by gradually increasing influent ammonia concentration. The results showed that when COD and NO₂^--N were 300 and 145mg/L, respectively, COD/NH₄⁺-N was the main factor affecting the nitrogen removal contribution by anammox process. However, the ratio of COD/NH₄⁺-N had no significant effect on nitrite remove. When COD/NH₄⁺-N was 1~3.25, the nitrogen removal contribution rate made by anammox process was 73.03%. When COD/NH₄⁺-N was 3.75, it declined from 71.76% to 55%. When COD/NH₄⁺-N was 4.25~5.25, anammox and denitrification played equal role in nitrogen removal. When COD/NH₄⁺-N was 6.5~12.5, the nitrogen removal contribution rate made by denitrification process increased from 51.69% to 79.62%. Anammox granulation became stronger and stronger in the reactor, and the granular diameter was mainly between 0.6~1.5mm. The settling performance of sludge was good.

In this study, the organic mercapto polymer chelating agent (DDTC), Na₂S and NaOH were selected as the capturing agent and used to remove complex Ni deeply from the electroplating plant wastewater. It paid the key focus on the study of reaction pH, pharmaceutical dosage, reaction time and other factors that could influence the removal of Ni. Besides, the mechanisms of Ni²⁺ removing by Na₂S-DDTC was also discussed. The results showed that Na₂S-DDTC had a high efficiency under the following conditions: ρ(Ni)=300mg/L of initial nickel concentration, pH 9.0, Na₂S and DDTC dosing ratio was ρ(Na₂S)/ρ(DDTC)=10, where ρ(Na₂S)=600mg/L, ρ(DDTC)=60mg/L, the reaction time t=6.0min, the dosage of PAM was 1.0mg/L, leading to 0.064mg/L of residual Ni²⁺ concentration, which meeting the nickel special emission limit of the emission standard of pollutants for electroplating (<0.1mg/L). Furthermore, precipitation dissolution test about Na₂S-DDTC mixed with Ni showed that, the hybrid sediment had a high sability under the state of nature, and did not cause secondary pollution. The particle size distribution was studied and a SEM method was used to observe the precipitation surface, the results indicated Na₂S-DDTC had a certain synergy of flocculation and coprecipitation. Through this study, it could provide theoretical support for process design to deal with wastewater containing high complex Ni concentration using Na₂S-DDTC.

Pristine montmorillonite (Mont) samples were used as raw materials to prepare hydroxyl-Fe-pillared Mont (xOH/Fe-Mont, x: molar ratio of OH/Fe), hydroxyl-Al-pillared Mont (OH/Al-Mont) and hydroxyl-Fe-Al-pillared Mont (yFe/Al-Mont, y: molar ratio of Fe/Al) composites for the adsorption of gentamicin (Gen). These composites were comprehensively characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to reveal the adsorption behavior of pristine and modified Mont for Gen. The adsorption capacity of the Mont composites was significantly enhanced after modification, with the adsorption order of pristine Mont (42.83mg/g) << OH/Al-Mont (63.50mg/g) < 1.5OH/Fe-Mont (70.50mg/g) << 0.025Fe/Al-Mont (87.20mg/g). Specifically, the Mont composites showed the maximum adsorption capacity at pH 9. Furthermore, Freundlich adsorption isotherm model could well fit the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model could sufficiently describe the kinetics of Gen adsorption, showing that over 80% of the equilibrium adsorption capacity of Gen can be obtained in 3h. XRD analysis demonstrates that the interlayer expansion in hydroxyl-Fe and hydroxyl-Al dominant (y≤0.5) pillared montmorillonite was the dominant reason for the enhancement of adsorption capacity of Gen. However, this is not a crucial indication for the enhancent in adsorption capacity of hydroxyl-Fe-Al-pillared Mont (y≥1.0). Through the FT-IR analysis, cationic exchange was the dominant mechanism for entering of both Gen and and hydroxyl-Al into the interlayer of hydroxyl-Al Mont.

Residual water from heavy metals contaminated sediment dredging had high concentrations of heavy metals, fluctuant water-quality and poor sedimentation. Electro-coagulation-flotation with aluminium anode (Al-ECF) was applied to treat residual water. First, pH and turbidity were selected as monitoring factors of real-time control. Then, a real-time control response model of ratio current and residual cadmium (Cd) was established by the tools of precipitation simulation and data fitting. Experiment results showed that Al-ECF could neutralize pH and improve separation performance and lead (Pb), Cd and zinc (Zn) of effluent met the discharge standards. Additionally, the real-time control strategy could save 35.8% of anode material and 43.4% of electricity power and reduce 47.9% of sludge production.

Bagaxue wetland is one of an important natural wetland in the Lhasa River basin. We investigated the colority, turbidity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and 15metal elements in water samples from Bagaxue wetland in the present study. The pH and DO value of water samples collected from Bagaxue wetland were 7.68and 7.01mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of metals were relatively low, Hg and Sn were not detected in all samples. The concentrations of rest 13metal elements followed the order of Fe >Cr >V >Ni >Mn >As >Sb >Mo> Pb >Zn >Cu >Co >Cd. The concentrations of metals in all water samples were under the criterion suggested by GB 3838-2002(The quality I of environmental quality standards for surface water). Compared with the influent of the water of wetland, the colority and turbidity were significantly decreased in effluent water of the wetland. The removal rates of colority and turbidity reached 51.73%、94.8%, respectively. Moreover, the removal rates of individual metal elements were different, the removal rates of V, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, and Mo were 67%, 64.2%, 40.7%, 36.9%, 31.9% and 28.2%, respectively.

The waterlogged incubation method was used to test the content of the released nitrogen (EN), the potential released nitrogen (MN) and the steady nitrogen (FN) of the Dianchi Lake 20cm sediment, and the analysis of its spatial distribution, combined with the sediment dating data to calculate the amount of the different burial nitrogen forms. The nitrogen pollution of the sediment in Dianchi Lake was zoned based on the sediment-water interface nitrogen fluxes, and the amount of the burial EN and MN. The nitrogen release risk of the different regions of Dianchi Lake sediments was also evaluated, and their pollution control measures for different zones were also proposed. The results show,the risk order of nitrogen release of the different zones of Dianchi Lake sediments was South of Waihai >northern of Waihai >central of Waihai >Caohai, and the potential risk order was South of Waihai >central of Waihai >Caohai >northern of Waihai; there is a tendency of the nitrogen pollution of the Dianchi Lake sediment to transfer from north to south; the amounts of the 20cm sediment accumulation were TN 5757.90t, EN 637.72t, MN 1320.76t and FN 3799.42t for the whole lake. The nitrogen pollution of Dianchi sediment can be divided into four levels of high pollution area; medium pollution area, low pollution area and safety zone, which were 13.51%, 15.02%, 46.06%, and 25.42% of the whole lake, respectively. High pollution areas were mainly distributed in Caohai and Northern near Panlong river; medium pollution area were mainly distributed in high pollution below from Baoxiang river to Guanyin mountain region and a small area of Dianchi Lake outlet Haikou; low pollution area were mainly distributed in medium pollution below from Guangpudagou river to all of the southern of Waihai region. The sediment in high pollution area should be taken the environmental dredged and restoration technology; the medium pollution area should be take the safety and the high-level in situ control technology; for the low pollution area, the natural cover and aquatic plant restoration technology should be used.

Forms and occurrence characteristics of organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus in surface sediments of Danjiangkou Reservoir were studied by sequential extraction method, and the bio-availability and release risk of phosphorus in various forms were also discussed combining with the spatial distribution characteristics of dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) in interstitial water. Contents of phosphorus with different forms were higher in rivers than that in reservoir area. TP of sampling sites ranged from 203.08 to 1625.61mg/kg, with the mean value of 642.51mg/kg. IP was the main phosphorus form, and IP took 52.9% of TP. Average value of Ca-Pi was 642.51mg/kg, taking 57.8% of IP. Ca-P_i was the main fraction for IP. NA-P_o dominated organic phosphorus (OP) in sediments, and the mean value was 180.83mg/kg, taking 59.7% of OP. WA-P_i、PA-P_i、Fe/Al-P_i、WA-P_o、PA-P_o had significant positive correlations with DTP in pore water, but not significant positive correlation between Ca-P_i, MA-P_o, NA-Po and DTP. Both contents of bio-available phosphorus and release flux of sediments from rivers were higher than that of reservoir area, and the release risk for phosphorus was higher.

Based on a thorough study of factors influencing the processes of methane oxidation and emission, the research progress of landfill models for the methane oxidation, transportation and emission is comprehensively reviewed, where the main defects affecting the accuracy and reliability of models were pointed out. In addition, through the synthetic analysis on the possible impacts of vegetation on methane transportation and emission, the importance of considering the effects of vegetation in landfill methane emission model is illustrated.

A series of batch experiments were performed to characterize the composition change of tars generated from pyrolysis of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) at the final pyrolysis temperatures of 600, 700 and 800℃, respectively. The carbon content in the tars increased from 74.49% to 83.42% with the pyrolysis temperature increased from 600 to 800℃. Although the aromaticity of tars was higher than OFMSW and lower than chars, the polarity of tars was lower than both OFMSW and chars. Decreases in H/C and O/C ratios in tars were observed with the increase in final pyrolysis temperature. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the dominant components of tars, increased from 54.06% to 83.45% when the pyrolysis temperature rose from 600 to 800°C. Naphthalene and its derivatives were main components of PAHs, and they accounted for 50.72%, 46.80% and 39.26% of total PAHs in tars that were obtained at 600, 700, 800℃, respectively. The pyrolysis tars generated from OFMSW could be utilized as carbon based matrix composites and the raw materials for the production of dyes, resins, solvents, and insect repellents, etc.

Batch tests were operated to investigate effects of initial pH (3,5,7,9,11) on anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge under 0.6V direct electrical stimulation. Initial pH had a great influence on biogas production and VS removal efficiency. At the optimal initial pH of 9, maximum methane yield of 224mLCH₄/g VS and VS removal efficiency of 38.1% were achieved after 32days digestion. Initial pH could accelerate hydrolysis and acidification process of waste activated sludge. Alkaline environment (pH 9, 11) enhanced SCOD and VFAs concentrations in suspensions, especially at pH 11. Acetic acid and butyric acid were dominant at pH 3and 11while acetic acid and propionic acid were main products at pH 5, 7 and 9. Initial pH facilitates release of ammonium from waste activated sludge and in acidic environment ammonium was released in excess.

As the research object to phosphate waste rocks deposited within Xiangxi River watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir, Deionized water and artificial acid rain (pH=4.5) were selected as percolation solution of dynamic column leaching experiments. The phosphorus leaching characteristics under natural and acidic leaching conditions were compared and analysed. The results showed that the leachate pH of phosphate waste rock would maintain weak alkalinity (pH=7.0~9.0), while under the acidic condition the leachate pH would change from weak alkalinity (pH=8.0~9.0) to weak acidity (pH=6.0~7.0) when Liquid-to-Solid ratio (L/S) reached 0.5mL/g. The total phosphorus (TP) concentration of leachate was mainly dominated by pH of leaching environment, which increased with decrease of liquid pH. And the increase of leaching time won't dilution effect on the formation of TP concentration in the leaching liquid. The phosphate waste rocks would release phosphorus with a constant rate when the pH of leaching environment remained stable, while the accelerated released period would be formed during the pH of leaching environment changed from acidity to alkalinity. The leachate TP concentration would exceed the TP emission limit of the III type water area which stipulated by GB 8978~1996. The phosphate waste rocks deposited within Xiangxi River watershed should be managed as the II type industry solid waste in order to reduce the phosphorus pollution risk of Xiangxi Bay

Build-up of leachate upon liner system due to failure of LCDS (leachate collectionand drainage system) often lead to various environmental accidents in hazardouswaste landfill. It is therefore significant to explore the mechanism and mainfactors of LCDS clogging in hazardous waste landfill. This study uses the original leachate from the hazardous waste landfill as drainage fluid, gravel as the drainage material, and selects vertical Column device to simulate the clogging role of drainage in actual hazardous waste landfill. The test study on non-clogging filtration layer of the device showed that: from the aspect of time, there are three distinct phases in terms of the development of drainage layer clogging, which are the beginning period of stable condition, and the metaphase of slowly clogging, and the final phase of sharp decline in porosity.From the aspect of space, the clogging were most serious at the inlet position, and it then decreased with the distance from inlet. In addition, the clogging extent is different among different height, and the difference become even more obvious as time. The experiment also indicates that the filter layer play a positive role to control the production of clogging, but a negative role to maintain its drainage capacity. With the presence of geotextile filter layer, the drainage flow are merely half of the flow without any filter layer. It is therefore suggested that filter layer should be installed above the drainage before careful consideration.

An acid sulfate Cu polluted soil with low-organic matter content was employed for the goal of understanding the effects of AVS on migration and transformation of Cu. Provided with artificial carbon source, the generation of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) in each column layer, the distribution of total Cu and porewater Cu in vertical profile and the speciation transformation of Cu were investigated under flooding condition. During the flooding period, considerable AVS was generated due to the reduction of sulfate, which could promote transformation of free Cu into inert sulfide phase and residual phase. The generation of AVS in different column layer differed greatly, with the most abundance in the top layer, and decreased sharply with the depth. The difference of AVS content in each layer resulted in a vertical gradient difference of free Cu content in porewater, which would drive the mobile Cu migration from deeper layer to upper layer, and transformed into copper sulfide phase. The inert and total Cu in top layer increased in the processes, combined with the decreased mobile and total Cu in deeper layer, which may greatly lower the potential ecological risk and bioavailability of Cu in acid sulfate soil

In the present study, bacterial concentration and FCM characteristics of LNA and HNA were analyzed in seven different terrestrial environments. Results showed clear separation between LNA and HNA bacteria in both aquatic and soil environments. The LNA abundance in soil (10⁷~10⁸cells/g) was higher than that of freshwater (10⁵~10⁶cells/mL) while the proportion of LNA in soil (29.80%~33.94%) was lower than that of freshwater (42.25%~65.92%), but not underground water (21.60%). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the flow cytometric characteristics of LNA and HNA had distinct differences between freshwater and soil. Correlation analysis further revealed that both green fluorescence (FL1) and side scatter (SSC) signals between LNA and HNA bacteria had a significant correlation (FL1:R²=0.711, P<0.01; SSC:R²=0.762, P<0.01), i.e. co-variation between LNA and HNA. The variance of SSC was higher than that of FL1 in different ecosystems. The results demonstrated that LNA and HNA bacteria were neither physiologically related nor completely independent communities, but rather have a close co-variation.

In order to understand the purification processes of bacteria communities in reclaimed water replenishment constructed wetlands, this study employed 16S rDNA clone library technique to analyze the community diversity of endophytic bacteria in roots of typha, which growed in Baihe constructed wetland in Miyun. We further investigated the relationship between endophytic bacteria communities and water quality factors. The results of 16S rDNA clone library showed that community included four major groups: the most dominant phylum was Proteobacteria (92.85%), including Gammaproteobacteria (63.04%), Betaproteobacteria (26.09%), Epsilonproteobacteria (2.48%) and Alphaproteobacteria (1.24%); The second group was Firmicutes (1.24%); the third phylum was Verrucomicrobia (0.62%); the fourth phylum was Bacteroidetes (0.31%). Additionally, 4.65% bacteria was unclassified. Stepwise discriminant analysis suggested that endophytic bacteria in roots of typha were significantly important in the geochemical cycle in reclaimed water replenishment wetlands. Specificially, 41.60% clones involved in the nitrogen cycle in wetlands, 12.42% clones involved in the phosphorus cycle in wetland, 14.92% of clones involved in the carbon cycle in wetland, 26.08% of clones involved in the metabolism of organic matter, 11.8% of the clones absorption of heavy metal matter. Thus, endophytic bacteria in plants may play a major role in the process of removal of nitrogen, nitrification and denitrification except for phosphorus removal. As our results concluded through single sampling, more evidences should be abtained by multi temporal sampling.

A bacterium ZB612 with heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification was isolated from soil sample around leachate regulating pool of Hangzhou Tianziling waste landfill. The strain ZB612 was preliminary identified as Rhizobium sp. by morphology and 16S rDNA homology analysis. We subsequently studied its denitrification ability, the results showed that the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency reached 90% in the heterotrophic nitrification medium with initial ammonia nitrogen concentration of 100mg/L. Meanwhile, the obvious accumulation of nitrate-N and nitrite-N did not appeared, which is the characteristics of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). In nitrates denitrification system,the nitrate nitrogen removal efficiency could reach 60%. In addition, we investigated the effect of four factors (including temperature, pH, carbon nitrogen ratio and carbon source) on denitrification efficiency of the strain ZB612, respectively. The optimum denitrification conditions were found to be as follows: temperature of 30℃, the initial pH of 7, C/N ratio of 8, where the optimal carbon resource was glucose.

Water area dynamic change of the Hulun lake was analyzed from 2000 to 2013 using long time-series MODIS data and water index dynamic analysis method. The driving force of the change was also analyzed by combining meteorological data. The preliminary results showed that the water area of the lake decreased from 2286km² in 2000 to 1773km²in 2012 and the decreasing rate was 22.4%. The drastic changes mostly happened in the northeast and south of the lake. Due to the great increase of precipitation in 2013, the water area restored to 1883km² and the main growth happened in the south of the lake. The driving force analysis showed the variation of water area correlated negatively with an average annual temperature and positively with the annual total precipitation. However, the level of significance was for the precipitation higher than temperature.

The phytoplankton-derived particulate organic matter was taken in Lake Taihu as the breakthrough point.We studied the changing process of the C, N & P elements in the degradation process of the phytoplankton-derived particulate organic matter under the different environmental conditions (light or dark), and analyzed the role of phytoplankton-derived particulate organic matter in the nutrient water cycling and the growth of phytoplankton. During the cyanobacteria blooms, the contents of C, N & P in the phytoplankton-derived particulate organic matter can account for 81.51%, 94.60% and 97.47% of the total content in the water respectively at most, and they were the important parts of the nutrient elements in the water. The APA under the light condition was significantly higher than that in the dark, which showed that the rate of degradation and transformation of P in the particulate organic matter under the light condition is significantly higher than that in the dark. However, the concentration of SRP under the light condition was less than that in the dark and the concentration of Chl-a was higher. The algae grew along with the degradation of the particulate organic matter under the light condition, absorbing the SRP in the water and converted to biomass. The light had a significant impact on the degradation of the C, N & P, for the degradation rates of the C, N & P in the dark were twice that in the light, and the proportion of degradable in the dark was 2.5±0.1 times of that in the light. The degradation of each element during the first seven days was higher than that after the seventh day. In conclusion, the nutrient in phytoplankton-derived particulate organic matter with high yield gross, biological availability, rapid degradation, and degradation products could be assimilated by the phytoplankton, was the important nutrient sources of algae growth.

A four hectare ecological restoration plot using wood species P. fortunei and K. bipinnata as phytoremediation plants was established in the Xiangtan manganese-ore tailing. The total average content of Mn at the project site was 20041mg/kg. The total average contents of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd at the site were also much higher than the background values of Hunan province and China, showing a high level of multiple heavy metal contamination. The metal contaminated site was not sealed with normal soil. Before transplanting the seedlings, the rooting areas of the wood species at the experimental site were amended with organic manure containing a tolerant bacterium strain isolated from the mining wastes. In the second year after transplanting, the survival rates of both P. fortunei and K. bipinnata were higher than 83%. Species P. fortunei had apparently a higher growth rate than K. bipinnata. The contents of all measured metal elements were higher in leaves than in roots and stems of both species. The contents and uptake of Mn, Cu and Zn of P. fortunei were significantly higher than those of K. bipinnata. The total manganese uptake of five years old P. fortunei reached 2295g/hm²with a quantity transfer coefficient (the ratio of above to below ground uptake) of 2.32. In combination with the application of organic manure to improve the root growth environment, both P. fortunei and K. bipinnata could be used as phytoremediation tree species for manganese contaminated soil. In comparison, P. fortunei was superior to K. bipinnata as accounted for by their growth rates and nature in metal tolerance and uptake.

During October 2013 to August 2014, the spatiotemporal distribution and stoichiometry characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in surface soils from the freshwater and brackish Cyperus malaccensis marshes were measured in different seasons, and examined the key environmental factors controlling the variation of nutrient elements simultaneously in Min River estuary. The contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the freshwater and brackish marshes were greater variability, the ranges were (18.24~28.36, 1.44~2.24, 0.45~1.01)(14.96~26.19, 1.55~2.45, 0.67~1.18)g/kg, respectively. Overall, contents of SOC and TN showed increasing trends with depth in soil profiles, while TP exhibited decreasing gradually with depth in freshwater marsh. The nutrient element contents no significant vertical variation in the brackish marsh except TN. The average values of C/N、C/P and N/P in the freshwater and brackish marshes soils were 12.41±1.22,29.77±6.76,2.40±0.47 and 10.89±1.09,24.92±3.80,2.29±0.25, respectively. The ANOVA revealed that most element contents were significant spatial differences in two marshes. The values of SOC, TP, C/N and C/P in both freshwater and brackish marshes had a significant correlation with soil pH and conductivity, while there were not significant correlations with soil moisture and bulk density. The soil C/N was significantly correlated with silt and sand content. The soil C/N, C/P and N/P values were affected significantly by soil SOC, TN and TP. Spatiotemporal distributions of nutrient elements in two marshes were the result of the combined effects of multiple factors, such as hydrodynamics, exogenous input, vegetation production and human activity.

We elucidated the effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on the morphology, oxidative stress and oxidative damage in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. After exposed to concentration gradient of chlorpyrifos solution for 96hours, the rates of deformities and death were dramatically higher than those in the control groups, and the median lethal concentration of CPF was calculated to be 1.18mg/L after a 96h exposure. The expression levels of oxidative stress-related genes, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were investigated. In CPF treatment groups, the antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT) activities and the expression levels of their encoding genes (Cu/Zn-sod, Mn-sod, cat) significantly decreased, compared with the control groups. At low concentrations of chlorpyrifos, antioxidant enzyme activities were not affected significantly, while the expression levels of their encoding genes were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos could induce the expression of nrf2, which played an important role in increased expression of a group of genes encoding antioxidant and phaseⅡdetoxification enzymes, but the kinetics of GST and gstp2 were not consistent with each other. The down-regulation of expression levels of ucp2 and cox1 made contributions to reducing ROS generated by the respiratory chain in CPF treatment groups. Meanwhile, in CPF treatment groups, the expression level of bcl2 was significantly down-regulated, suggesting that the balance of apoptosis was destroyed. MDA content was significantly higher in CPF treatment groups than that in control, indicating that chlorpyrifos could cause oxidative damage in zebrafish embryos.

To explore the effects on mice through administration of formaldehyde (FA) by gavage with or without ovalbumin (OVA), which lead to the inflammation in body, the male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 7groups: the control group (distilled water group), OVA group, 2mg/(kg·d) FA (formaldehyde) group, 20mg/(kg·d) FA group, 200mg/(kg·d) FA group, 200mg/(kg·d) FA+OVA group and 200mg/(kg·d)FA+OVA+ MT (melatonin) group. Mice were gavaged with distilled water and different concentrations of FA solution respectively for 21 days. The mice in OVA group, 200mg/(kg·d) FA+OVA group and 200mg/(kg·d) FA+OVA+MT group were sensitized with OVA in day 6, 13, 20 by intraperitoneal injection, and the mice in 200mg/(kg·d) FA+OVA+MT group were also challenged with 1mg/mL MT by gavage for 21 days. The contents of ROS, MDA and GSH in liver, kidney and lung tissue homogenate were determined. IL-4and IFN-g concentrations in liver were measured by ELISA kits. The results showed that compared with control group, the livers ROS of mice in 200mg/(kg·d) FA group reached a significant level (P<0.05), and MDA increased significantly (P<0.05); GSH content in kidneys decreased significantly (P<0.05). IL-4 content in livers of mice in 200mg/(kg·d) FA+OVA group significantly increased (P<0.01). In 200mg/(kg·d) FA+OVA group, the administration of 10mg/(kg·d) MT can reduce ROS in the livers significantly (P<0.05). In a word, the gavage of 200mg/(kg·d) FA would induce oxidative damage and inflammation in mice. ROS, MDA in 200mg/(kg·d) FA group reached a significant level (P<0.05), on the contrary, GSH content decreased significantly (P<0.05). In 200mg/(kg·d) FA+OVA group, IL-4 content in livers of mice significantly increased (P<0.01), while IFN-g content had no significant change (P>0.05).

There are many problem of urban sewage treatment facilities in China, such as small scale and unbalanced distribution, which means optimal allocation of urban sewage treatment facilities is significant. Based on the principle of efficiency maximization and cost minimization, this paper aims to establish a new method for optimal allocation. Taking Xucheng Town in Huaian City Jiangsu province as a case, this paper established models of "target market share" and "the minimum impedance" by the ArcGIS network analyst tool. The result shows: One of the current sewage treatment facilities is operating reasonable, while the other one is inefficient because the equipped network is not enough. Then, the former facility can maintain, while the latter facility should expand its equipped network. The total treatment capacity of the current two facilities is still shorter than the whole emission of waste water in town. So a new sewage treatment facility should be built in the recent future. According to the related plan, the designed capacity of the new facility should be 20000t/d. The best location of the new facility is the minimum cost location. The problem of sewage treatment facilities in Xucheng Town is common in China, so the method is referential, which can achieve the collaborative optimization of micro-efficiency and macro-arrangement.

The ship's operations were classified as maneuvering mode and hotelling mode in near port areas and normal cruising mode at sea routes. A ship activity-based approach was employed and a model which was used to calculate the exhaust emissions from sea-going ships was established. Based on ship database of China Classification Society, the relationships of main engine rated power, auxiliary engine rated power and ship design speed against ship gross tonnage for different kinds of sea-going ships were developed. Ship traffic in Bohai Sea areas was obtained based on AIS (automatic identification system) statistical data. Finally, the exhaust emissions inventory of sea-going ships in Bohai Sea areas was obtained. The results show that the emissions of NO_x, CO, HC, CO₂, SO₂ and PM from sea-going ships in Bohai Sea areas in 2014 were 173808, 14436, 6144, 7208919, 120748 and 15292 tons respectively. The contributions of exhaust emissions from cargo ships, dangerous goods carriers and passenger ships were about 73%, 21% and 6% respectively. Normal cruising mode at sea routes contributed approximately 90% of exhaust emissions. Chengshantou-Laotieshan route and Laotieshan-Central Bohai Sea route contributed approximately 50% of exhaust emissions at sea routes totally. Tianjin port and Dalian port contributed approximately 30% and 20% of exhaust emissions in near port areas respectively. The AIS data-based bottom-up method was applicable to estimate the regional emissions from sea-going ships.