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2018 Vol.38 Issue.1,Published 2018-01-20
1 Effects of climate change on monoterpenes emission rate from leaves of Pinus tabuliformis distributed in the middle of Taiyue Mountains
WU Jian-guo, XU Tian-ying

Based on the climate change scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 produced by the global climate model of NorESM1-M and the model of monoterpenes emission from plant, the effects of future climate change on monoterpenes emission rate from leaves of Pinus tabuliformis were projected. The results showed that the annual air temperature would increase consistently, and the annual precipitation amount would increase or decrease with high fluctuations, and the radiation intensity would decline or increase in the future climate change scenarios in the middle of Taiyue Mountains. Following climate change, the daily emission rate of monoterpenes from leaves of Pinus tabuliformis would increase from 1to 210 days and then would decline after that time, and the increasing extent was the highest in the RCP8.5 scenario. And the daily emission rate from leaves of Pinus tabuliformis in the future climate change scenario was about 2μg/(g·d) higher than that in the baseline scenario, which was the highest in the RCP8.5 scenario. In addition, the difference of the daily emission rate of monoterpenes from leaves of Pinus tabuliformis between in future climate change scenario and in baseline scenario was lower from 1 to 95days and from 296 to 365 days than that in the other periods during the whole year, and it fluctuated greatly from 96 to 294 days during the whole year. Compared with the baseline scenario, the daily emission rate of monoterpenes from leaves of Pinus tabuliformis in the future climate change scenarios increased much more obvious from 1~190days (increased by more than 12%~14%), and it increased lower in the 191~315days (increased about 9%~13%), and it increased by 12%~18% or more in the 316~365 days during the whole year, and the increasing extent was the highest in the RCP8.5 scenario (more than 14%). In addition, the annual emission rate of monoterpenes from leaves of Pinus tabulaeformis in the future climate change scenario was higher by about 1000μg/(g·a) or above than that in the baseline scenario, and increasing extent was the highest (about 12%) in the RCP8.5 scenario within four scenarios. The results suggested that the rate of monoterpenes emissions from leaves of Pinus tabuliformis would increase follow future climate change.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 1-13 [Abstract] ( 352 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 697KB] ( 950 )
14 Distribution characteristics of volatile halocarbons in seawater and atmosphere of the East China Sea
ZHANG Ying-jie, HE Zhen, YANG Gui-peng
The concentrations, sources and sea-to-air fluxes of five short-lived volatile halocarbons of the East China Sea were studied by Purge and Trap-Chromatography during June 2016. The results showed that the mean (range) concentrations of CH3I, CH2Br2, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 in the surface sea water were 8.93 (0.39~23.49) pmol/L, 15.02 (4.77~32.75) pmol/L, 0.97 (0.30~2.16) pmol/L, 9.35 (6.8~18.46) pmol/L and 12.24 (2.60~50.04) pmol/L, respectively. The distributions of CH3I, CH2Br2 and CHBrCl2 in the surface seawater displayed a decreasing trend from inshore to offshore, while the distributions of CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 exhibited strong patchiness. The distributions of these gases were significantly influenced by terrestrial input, the mixed water mass and biological activity in spring. Significant correlation was observed between CHBr3 and Chl-a concentrations in the surface seawater, indicating that phytoplankton biomass might play a significant role in the distribution of CHBr3. The mean (range) atmospheric mixing ratios of CH3I, CH2Br2, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 were 3.52×10-12 (1.72×10-12~10.00×10-12), 3.82×10-12(0.20×10-12~34.95×10-12), 1.40×10-12(0.46×10-12~6.18×10-12), 1.55×10-12 (0.16×10-12~4.66×10-12) and 6.63×10-12 (2.20×10-12~11.61×10-12), respectively. The distribution patterns of atmospheric five short-lived volatile halocarbons were complex and affected by long-range transportation of air mass and meteorological condition. The sea-to-air flux data indicated that the entire East China Sea acted as a source for atmospheric CH3I, CH2Br2, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 during the study period.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 14-25 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1816KB] ( 1252 )
26 Estimation of ammonia emissions inventories in Jiangsu province from 2006 to 2014
SHEN Li, YU Xing-na, XIANG Lei
The ammonia emission sources such as the livestock, the fertilizers' application, human body emission, industrial production, vehicle emission, fossil fuel burning, biomass burning, the treatment of sewage and waste were collected in Jiangsu province. The ammonia emissions inventories were established from 2006 to 2014 based on emission factors method. The trend, temporal and spatial characteristics of ammonia emission were analyzed. The total ammonia emission in Jiangsu province was proved to change from 654.4 kt in 2006 to 729.8 kt in 2014. The results showed that livestock and fertilizer application were the main sources of ammonia emission in Jiangsu province, accounting for 88. 19% of total ammonia emissions of Jiangsu province in 2014. For non-agricultural sources, ammonia from motor vehicle emissions and biomass burning experienced rapid growth trend. In 2014, the average emission intensity of ammonia in Jiangsu province was 4.4t/(km2·a), which was obviously higher than the average ammonia emission intensity in China.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 26-34 [Abstract] ( 344 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 511KB] ( 1103 )
35 Uncertainty assessment of PM2.5 probability mapping by using spatio-temporal indicator kriging
MEI Yang, ZHANG Wen-ting, YANG Yong, ZHAO Yu, LI Lu-lu
As a new indicator of the air pollution, PM2.5 is attracting more and more attentions from the society and academia. In China, with the rapid industrialization and urbanization, part of region is experiencing severe air pollution problems. Thus, understanding the spatio-temporal (ST) variation and trends of air pollution is a key element of an improved understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms and the implementation of the most risk assessment and environmental policy in the region. However, most of existing studies merely focused on the change of concentration, and the probability of PM2.5 exceeding ones certain concentration is rarely studied. Within this context, a method of ST Indicator Kriging (STIK) based on a non-separable ST semivariogram model was used to assimilate multi-temporal data in the mapping and uncertainty assessment of PM2.5 distributions in a contaminated atmosphere. PM2.5 concentrations monitored during 2014 in Shandong Province, China were used as the experimental dataset. Spatial auto-correlation extent of PM2.5 was more than 100km, and the temporal auto-correlation range was about 3days. We also found that 7% of the place in Shandong province in 2014maintains probability of attaining excellent air quality larger than 0.8, 34% of the place in Shandong province in 2014 maintains the probability of attaining slight polluted air quality larger than 0.8, and only 1% of the place in Shandong province in 2014 maintains the probability of attainting severe polluted air quality larger than 0.8. Spatially, the probability of attaining slight polluted air quality in the eastern coastal was significantly higher than that of in Midwest; temporally, the air quality in summer was obviously better than those of in other seasons.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 35-43 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1489KB] ( 1699 )
44 Characteristics of chemical components and dry deposition of reactive nitrogen in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region
WANG Huan-bo, SHI Guang-ming, TIAN Mi, QIAO Bao-qing, PENG Chao, ZHANG Liu-yi, YANG Fu-mo
To understand the chemical components of reactive nitrogen and estimate their dry deposition flux in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, gaseous and particulate nitrogen species were collected at urban Wanzhou in each season in 2015. Dry deposition flux was estimated using the inferential method with modelled dry deposition velocities and measured ambient concentrations, which was obtained from the big-leaf resistance model and ion chromatography, respectively. HNO3 had the highest dry deposition velocity among all the reactive nitrogen species, with an annual mean value of 0.39cm/s, which was around 3~8 times higher than other nitrogen species. NO2 and NH3 were both important nitrogen forms, with an annual mean concentration of (11.7±3.9) and (11.0±5.3) μg N/m3, respectively, and together contributing around 80% of the total inorganic nitrogen concentrations. Furthermore, the dry deposition fluxes of oxidized nitrogen (NO2, HNO3 and particulate NO3-) and reduced nitrogen (NH3 and particulate NH4+) were 3.5 and 5.0kg N/(hm2·a), accounting for 41.4% and 58.6% of the total inorganic nitrogen dry deposition flux, respectively. Therefore, in order to reduce the nitrogen pollution efficiently in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, it is key to control NH3 emission.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 44-50 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 580KB] ( 1158 )
51 Numerical simulation of pollutant propagation characteristics in a three-dimensional urban traffic system
DOU Hong-wen, MING Ting-zhen, XU Jie, LI Zheng-tong, CAI Cun-jin, FANG Wei-jie
A three-dimensional traffic geometry model consisting of a traffic roundabout, tunnel, viaduct, and a sinking bus station was built, and the mathematical model by coupling the fluid flow and pollutant propagation in this system was established. The fluid and gaseous pollutant flowing in this system was analyzed under the variation of ambient crosswind (ACW) via numerical simulation. The results showed that the variation of ACW direction directly changed the fluid flow path in the bus station. In the bus station area, the average pollutant concentration in north wind is 3.5times that in west wind. While in the middle area of the traffic roundabout, the average pollutant concentration in the north wind is 5times that in the west wind. When west ACW increased from 0.5m/s to 3.5m/s, the average pollutant concentration in the eastern bus station is reduced by 95.21%. In traffic tunnels, increasing ACW speed will both increase the airflow rate and significantly decrease the pollutant concentration.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 51-58 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1553KB] ( 1359 )
59 Reaction mechanism of dioxin formation with benzene as precursor
GAO Zheng-yang, HAN Wen-tao, DING Yi, SUN Yao, LI Ming-hui
Benzene was one of the important precursors for the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD/Fs) which widespreadly present in waste. The two stage gas-phase formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs by benzene were studied by density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311+G (d, p) level, the corresponding potential barriers and reaction heats were calculated. The variational transition state theory (VTST) was used to calculate the rate constants of the elementary reactions in the 300~1300K temperature range. The chlorination process of benzene was the determining step of the whole synthesis process of PCDD/Fs with the highest barrier; Chlorophenol was more likely formed via the intramolecular dehydrogenation of chlorobenzene which attacked by HO· radicals; Ortho Cl can raise the extraction barrier of aromatic hydrocarbon H and reduce the molecular reactivity; competition mechanism existed in the formation of PCDD/Fs which was formed by phnoxy radicals via coupling of carbon-carbon or carbon-oxygen. The calculation results could be applied to evaluate the contribution of PCDD/Fs formed by benzene on the basis of total dioxin production.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 59-66 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 403KB] ( 1512 )
67 Effect of different metal loads of CDPF on particle PAHs emission from a diesel bus
LOU Di-ming, ZHU Xiao-qing, LIU Ying, TAN Pi-qiang, HU Zhi-yuan
Based on the diesel bus with oxidized catalyst (DOC) and catalyzed particulate trap(CDPF), an experimental study was conducted, which investigated the impacts of fresh/aged CDPF with different amount precious metal loads of 15g/ft3(type A)、25g/ft3(type B) and 35g/ft3(type C) respectively on characteristics of PAHs from particle emission of diesel engine under China typical city bus driving cycle (CCBC). The results showed that after using fresh and aged CDPF, PAHs emission was reduced significantly, at least by 93%. Compared to aged CDPF, the effect of reducing PAHs emission by all three fresh type CDPF was similar, the extreme difference was only 0.009ng/cm2.The effect to reduce toxicity of PHAs emission of all three aged type CDPF were better than when they were fresh. Besides, the effect of reducing PAHs emission and toxicity of aged B type CDPF was better than aged A and C type CDPF.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 67-72 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 445KB] ( 1027 )
73 Effects of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers/diesel blends on emissions of diesel engine
TIAN Jing, CAI Yi-xi, PU Xiao-yu, GU Lin-bo, SHI Yun-xi
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE)/diesel blends on particle size distribution and filtering efficiency of different modes of particulate matter (PM). The emission experiments were carried out on a diesel engine without any modification fueled with PODE/diesel blends by volume ratio of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% respectively, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission and particle size distribution were measured in the upstream and downstream of diesel particulate filter (DPF). The results showed that NOx emission increased as the load conditions increased from 10% to 50%, while it showed a decline before it increased close to 100% load conditions. Meanwhile, the NO2/NOx ratio increased with the increasing blending ratio of PODE in the blended fuel under various loads, which indicated that PODE played a positive role in PM reduction. PODE/diesel blends ratio of 20% presented the best performance on PM reduction. Under 100% load condition, the total particle number and the particle volume concentrations with PODE/diesel blends ratio of 20% was decreased by 18.93% and 31.27% respectively compared with the pure diesel. Blending PODE in diesel showed negative effect on the PM reduction by DPF, especially under the load conditions of 10%~50%, but the overall filtering efficiency was still more than 95%.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 73-82 [Abstract] ( 270 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 659KB] ( 1003 )
83 Influence of DOC on the microstructure and SOF components of particulate matters from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-diesel blend
DU Jia-yi, CHANG Zhen-zhen, ZHOU Ren-shuang, ZHANG Deng-pan, YUAN Yin-nan
In order to analyze the effect of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) on microstructure and Soluble Organic Fractions (SOF) components of emission particulates emitted from diesel-biodiesel dual fuel (B0, B20), an experimental study was carried out on a diesel engine. Particulate matters before and after the DOC were collected and their physicochemical properties were characterized with using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Results show that, increasing biodiesel percentage can minimize the size of basic carbon particles. Moreover, the surface of those tiny carbon particles appears more complicated, and consequently, the fractal dimension of particles were increased when the engine was fueled with B20. With a static analysis of the detailed SOF components from GC-MS analysis, it is revealed that esters and acids account for a larger proportion, while alkanes, PAHs and phenols account for very small proportion. A decline in the mass fraction of C26~C35 was also revealed. For the diesel engine with DOC, the surface of particles is more perceivable, and the fractal dimension of particles for B0 and B20 were reduced by 10.1% and 15.5% respectively. In terms of the SOF content, PAHs and phenols account for a larger proportion while alkanes, esters and acids account for a smaller proportion and also, the results show a decline in the mass fraction of C15~C25. The B0particle emission of C26~C35 mass fraction of SOF decreased 41.4% while B20 increased 865.8%.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 83-90 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 448KB] ( 1056 )
91 Pollutant emission characteristics during start process under different altitude of diesel engine
HU Zhi-yuan, YU Shu-xiang, KAN Ze-chao, CAO Zhi-yi, LOU Di-ming
A number of starting pollutant emission tests of a high-power, low compression ratio diesel engine at 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 3750 and 4500m altitude have been carried out respectively. The aim was to research emission characteristics of HC, CO, NOx and particulate matter from start process of low compress ratio diesel engine at different altitudes. The test results shown that the HC, CO and particulate matter emissions of the tested diesel engine increases with the sea level rise, whereas NOx emissions decreased. The HC, CO, particulate matter emissions at 4500m were increased by 7.1. 2.6, and 2.1times compared that at 0m, but NOx decreased by 53.8%. The mass fraction of aggregated particles accounted for 94%~99% of the total particulate matter mass emission during the process of starting the diesel engine under 0~4500m altitude, and the quantity of particulates showed single peak value logarithmic distribution, the peak particle size, as well as the geometric mean particle diameter increases with the rising of altitude.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 91-96 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 898 )
97 The mechanism of low-speed steady substitution flow to clean the indoor particulate matter
LIN Guan-ming, REN Zhen-hai, SONG Jian-li
The mechanism of the indoor particulate matter's transportation and diffusion was discussed. Using the spatial and temporal scale analysis, the particulate matter's flux can be artificially separated into four parts:the advection and slippage in the slowly varying macro mean motion δ-scale, the turbulent diffusion in the rapidly varying micro turbulence motion η-scale and the Brown diffusion in the dramatically varying molecular motion λ-scale. Correspondingly, the flux equations in the ensemble average format and model computing format were concluded. Following the equations, the methods to increase the purification efficiency were lowering the indoor air speed and its turbulence intensity gradient. The flow fields was numerically simulated in a typical room with the low-speed steady substitution flow system installed and in a normal room with both air inlet and outlet on the roof. The particulate matter's number concentration was measured in two rooms with different air inlet and outlet positions. The results showed that the ways to improve the purification efficiency and to decrease the energy cost were:1) keeping a weak positive pressure; 2) setting the ceiling corner line air inlet and baseboard corner line air outlet layout; 3) lowering the air speed and turbulence gradient.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 97-102 [Abstract] ( 272 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1184KB] ( 1386 )
103 Catalytic oxidation of HCHO over Mn-based metal oxide catalysts at room temperature
HUANG Qiong, BAI Meng-tian, REN Chao, WANG Guang-hong, TAO Tao, ZHAO Yun-xia, CHEN Min-dong
A series of Mn-Ce-O mixed oxide catalysts were prepared by thehydrothermal method with using of Mn(NO3)2 and KMnO4. The orthogonal experiment was designed to get the best of technological parameter. The effect of the molar ratio of Mn/Ce, hydrothermal reaction temperature, calcinations temperature and time on the catalytic properties for the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde were investigated. These catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and IR techniques. The results showed that the Mn-Ce-O mixed oxide catalysts with Mn/Ce molar ratio of 1, hydrothermal reaction temperature setting as 180℃, calcining with 350℃ exhibited the highest activity and well stability with room temperature, the conversion of formaldehyde was 94.2% with 36h. The activities of these catalysts were not positively related to the specific surface areas, but were closely related to the structural morphology. However, the structure of these catalysts depended mainly on the hydrothermal reaction temperature, and then followed by the Mn/Ce molar ratio.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 103-111 [Abstract] ( 309 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2170KB] ( 1726 )
112 Filtration performance enhancement of filter media by polarization treatment
HE Wei-dong, GUO Ying-he, MAO Ning, LIU Jing-xian
To enhance the filter efficiency for fine particles, a natural mineral electret Tourmaline with adsorbability were used to make a new electret filter material through solution deposition and thermocompression bonding. The results indicated that the pressure drop across the surfactant-pretreated filters (SPFs) was nearly the same as the untreated filter. The efficiency of fine particles to SPFs was obviously higher than untreated filter, and the efficiency increases as aerosol size decreases. Different to traditional electret filter, no change was discovered to the efficiency of new electret filter for fine particles after 200℃ high temperature treated. The absorbability was more obvious with the higher purity of tourmaline, the efficiency increasing for 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1, 2.5μm particles were 18.52%, 18.01%, 16.84%, 15.76%, 13.35%, 11.49% respectively by the tourmaline purity of 87.52%, the tourmaline purity of 80.61% were 11.57%, 11.20%, 9.94%, 9.75%, 8.47%, 9.76% and the tourmaline purity of 78.87% were 9.24%, 9.26%, 7.75%, 7.77%, 6.06%, 5.90%. The efficiency increasing of tourmaline with 25μm average particle size for 3μm particles was less than 2%.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 112-119 [Abstract] ( 188 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 720KB] ( 794 )
120 Effect of DO concentration on the combination of EBPR and SND for low C/N sewage treatment
ZHAO Ji, WANG Xiao-xia, LI Xi-yao, PENG Yong-zhen, JIA Shu-yuan
This study focused on investigating the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus removal characteristics of a combined enhanced phosphorus removal (EBPR) with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process. An anaerobic/aerobic operated sequencing batch reactor (SBR), fed with actual domestic sewage at a low carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N, around 3.5), was studied firstly for the start-up of EBPR and the enrichment of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) by adjusting the influent C/N, and lately for the nutrient removal performance, SND efficiency, and carbon sources conversion by adjusting the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations at the aerobic stage. Results showed that at DO concentration of around 2.0mg/L and influent C/N increased from 3.2 to 7.5and then recovered to 3.8, effluent PO43--P concentration gradually decreased from 3.9mg/L to below 0.5mg/L accompanied by the increase of anaerobic phosphorus release amount (PRA) from 3.3mg/L to approximately 30mg/L. Hereafter, when DO concentration gradually decreased to about 1.0mg/L, SND became obvious, and its coupling with EBPR increased the total nitrogen (TN) and PO43--P removal efficiencies to 85% and 94%, respectively. But when the DO concentration was continued decreased to about 0.5mg/L, nitrification became incomplete and nitrite accumulation became obvious, indicating the existence of simultaneous partial nitrification and denitrification. The results indicated that the combined system has the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance at DO concentration of about 1.0mg/L. In addition, when DO concentration decreased from 2.0mg/L to 0.5mg/L, the contribution of PAOs to the storage of anaerobic intracellular carbon sources (PPAO,An) gradually reduced from 30.3% to 20.2%, resulted in a decrease of PRA for about 7mg/L. DO concentration of 1.0~1.5mg/L was the most conducive to the synthesis of carbon source PHA in the anaerobic stage of the combined system.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 120-128 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 823KB] ( 1107 )
129 Characteristics of anaerobic fluidized bed membrane bioreactor for dilute wastewater Treatment
ZHANG Bo-kang, ZHANG Yan, CHEN Chang-ming, MA Xiang-shan, XING Jin-liang, GUO Wei, LIU Zi-qi
Anaerobic fluidized bed membrane bioreactor (AFMBR) with simulated domestic wastewater was studied at room temperature. With the influent COD of 270mg/L, AFMBR system operated through acclimation and enrichment. The effluent SCOD could remain stable under 30mg/L. With the decrease of temperature in winter, the effluent SCOD was between 30and 40mg/L as the activity of anaerobic transformation, such as methanogenic bacteria, in the system might be inhibited, but the level A Emission Standard could still be meet. The total methane conversion amount was about 0.182L/g CODR, about 45% of the influent COD conversion to methane. The sludge production of the AFMBR system for 218days operation continuously was 0.071g VSS/g COD, which was much lower than the typical aerobic one. As for the net energy output of the system, if the gaseous methane production was only considered, the energy demand for mechanic power could be met when the HRT was reduced to 10h; if all the methane production was taken into account, the energy demand could be met when the HRT was reduced to 20h. When the HRT was reduced to 10h, the energy output was twice over the energy demand. Thus, the AFMBR system had great potential as an energy positive wastewater treatment system.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 129-135 [Abstract] ( 332 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 338KB] ( 1233 )
136 Mechanism of enhanced coagulation and modified activated carbon on DON in the secondary effluent
LIU Bing, ZHENG Yu-ming, GU Li, LI Qing-fei, YU Guo-zhong, ZHAI Hui-min
In order to explore the mechanism on dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) removal in the secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plant by enhanced coagulation and modified activated carbon adsorption, the molecular weight distribution and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of DON were analyzed. Besides, chlorinated disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potential was investigated. Combined with three dimensional (3DEEM), DON compositions and their chemical structures before and after coagulation and adsorption were also studied. The results showed that (1) enhanced coagulation could significantly improve DON removal efficiency, with an increase in DON removal rate of 1.45-fold, 2.06-fold, 2.09-fold and 1.96-fold by pH enhanced coagulation, pre-ozonation enhanced coagulation, PAC enhanced coagulation and PAM enhanced coagulation, respectively; (2) the adsorption process of DON by the activated carbon was better correlated with the quasi-second-order kinetic model. During DON adsorption process, π-π dispersion mechanism mainly exists on the surface of acid-modified activated carbon, and electron donor-acceptor formation mechanism is present on the surface of alkali modified activated carbon; (3) after the enhanced coagulation and activated carbon adsorption, the molecular weight and composition of DON changed greatly, and DBP formation potential decreased significantly; (4) finally, the 3DEEM and fluorescence spectral region volume integral analysis suggested DON concentration and DBP formation potential were related with the fluorescent regions Ⅱ and IV in enhanced coagulation and activated carbon adsorption process.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 136-149 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 635KB] ( 811 )
150 Effects of pre-aeration and extraction methods on characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances extracted from activated sludge
LÜ Wen-zhou, WANG Xiao-bao, LIU Ying, SUN Hui-ping, WANG Cong
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from activated sludge can be applied to remove suspended solids or heavy metal ions in water. In order to obtain higher EPS yield and pollutant removal, different pre-aeration time and extraction methods (ultrasonic and formaldehyde+NaOH) were compared to investigate their influence on the EPS yield, fluorescent components and the functional groups associated with removal of contaminants.. The results showed that the highest EPS yield was obtained when the activated sludge was pre-aerated for 4h. The yield of EPS extracted by the method of formaldehyde+ NaOH (FDNH) was 1.5~1.7 times of that by ultrasonic (USC), in which the content of protein, polysaccharide and DNA were 1.4~1.7, 0.8~2 and 2.3~2.7 times of the latter, respectively. The flocculating rate to kaolin and the removal efficiency of Cr3+ by EPS extracted through FDNH were 16% and 33% higher than that by USC reaching a removal rate of 65% and 63%, respectively. 3D-EEM analysis indicated that the content of aromatic protein and soluble microbial metabolites in the EPS extracted by FDNH was 1.4~1.9 times and 1.8~2.4 times of that by USC. Humic acids were only present in the EPS extracted by FDNH and the removal efficiencies of Cr3+ were significantly correlated (P<0.01, R2=0.920) with humus contents. Infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed some special groups existed in the EPS extracted by FDNH in which -OH, -COOH and -NH2 interacted with Cr3+ by complexation.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 150-160 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 880KB] ( 1476 )
161 Optimizing the repairing method of decomposition aerobic granular sludge by response surface methodology
ANG Wen-xiao, BIAN Wei, LI Jun, KAN Rui-zhe, ZHAO Qing, LIANG Dong-bo, ZHANG Shu-yan, LI Wen-jing
The research exploring the restorative effects of Ammonia nitrogen, the Chemical oxygen demand concentration, Hydraulic shear force, adding sludge and Activated carbon powder for disintegrating the aerobic granular sludge, got the results firstly that the influent COD concentration and activated sludge and activated carbon had great influence on the restorative effects, but the effect of a single repair method was not unsatisfactory; secondly, taking the way of responding surface analysis concluded that the restoration of coupling was the best way with the Influent COD of 340mg/L, the activated carbon of 4.64g/L and activated sludge quality concentrations 2900mg/L. With 17days of operation, the disintegration of AGS has gotten the positive restorative effects. Observing the morphology from the appearance and scanning electron microscopy, it was found that the filamentous bacteria have dominated the surface of AGS,. simultaneously, the pore and fissure were greatly reduced, and the sludge formed new AGS with activated carbon as crystal nucleusThe particle size increased rapidly from (0.89±0.5)mm to (2.19±0.4)mm, the rate of ammonia oxidation (in LVSS) has been increased from 2.49mg/(g·h) to 3.18mg/(g·h), which proved that the restoration of coupling had the positive and rapid effect on disintegrating AGS.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 161-168 [Abstract] ( 307 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 996KB] ( 1336 )
169 Comparison to the characteristics and archaea communites under different temperature stages of thermophilic, mesophilic and psychrophilic of fixed bed anaerobic reactor
ZHAO Hong-yan, LI Xue, LI Nan, LIU Hong-dou, PIAO Ren-zhe, XU Guang-bo, LI Yan-ru, WANG Wei-dong, CUI Zong-jun
In order to investigate the change of characteristics and methanogenic microorganisms under three temperature stages. Comparison to the dynamic of methane character and archaea communites under three temperature stages of thermophilic (50℃), mesophilic(35℃) and psychrophilic(4℃). The result showed that the order of absolute biogas production from high to low was thermophilic (50℃), mesophilic(35℃) and psychrophilic(4℃). The order of biogas production mesophilic, psychrophilic and thermophilic was 2.84, 2.5 and 1.8L/OLR, respectively. The order of methane content psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic was 74.5, 63.5 and 57.3%, respectively. The volatile organic acids content was a big influence under different temperature stage. Clone library analysis that the diversity of microbiology was significant difference within different temperature stage. Quantitative PCR analysis that the methanosaetaceae was the dominant methanogens within 50℃ and 35℃reactors, the methanomicrobiales was the dominant methanogens in the adhering sludge at 4℃. From energy consumption an economic benefit analysis that the biogas fermentation was more suitable under low temperature, and the main metabolic pathways was hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 169-178 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 437KB] ( 1414 )
179 Elimination of perfluorinated compounds in water by enhanced coagulation
HONG Lei, SUN Jian-qiang, JIA Xu-ri
Bentonites organic modified by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as coagulant aid. The elimination of PFOS/PFOA and turbidity in water by enhanced coagulation were studied with PAC and CTAB-bentonite. The effects of dosage of PAC and CTAB-bentonite, pH value, initial turbidity on the elimination of PFOS/PFOA were tested. The results showed that CTAB intercalated into bentonite increasing the layer space meanwhile, the specific surface area, cation exchange capacity and organic carbon content were greatly improved after organic modification. PFOS/PFOA removal efficiency reached 76% and 70% respectively by adding 20mg/L of PAC, 30mg of CTAB-bentonite and controlling the pH value among 6 and 7. The removal rates of PFOS/PFOA increased with the increasing dosages of CTAB-bentonite. The best range of pH values was 6~7. The Zeta potential reached the maximum at pH=6.0, while pH=7.0was close to zero in the coagulation process. The removal rates of PFOS/PFOA increased with the turbidity increasing in raw water.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 179-185 [Abstract] ( 266 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 447KB] ( 1050 )
186 Removal of PFOS in water by polyamide composite nanofiltration membrane
XU Chang-qing, WANG Lei, WANG Jia-xuan, ZHI Rui
In this study, PFOS removal was investigated by using polyamide nanofiltration membrane. The effects of PFOS concentration, ionic types, total ionic strength, and alginate on PFOS rejection were investigated through 12h filtration experiments with operation pressure of 0.6MPa. The results showed that PFOS rejection increased with the increase of PFOS concentration as well as total ionic strength. After 12h filtration, PFOS rejection under the total ionic strength of 150mmol/L was 2.1% higher than that of 10mmol/L.Specifically, compared with that of 1mmol/L Na+ existing condition, PFOS rejection was larger when 1mmol/L Ca2+ existed. Moreover, PFOS rejection increased with the enlargement of divalent ionic strength. After 12h filtration, PFOS rejection was about 97.5% when 3mmol/L Ca2+ existed in feed solution, which was greater than 95% of 1mmol/L Ca2+ condition.Besides, the existence of alginate resulted in the significant improvement of PFOS rejection, and the removal rate could still reach up to 95% after 12h filtration when calcium ions coexisted. However, alginate could also cause membrane fouling which led to the decline of membrane flux.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 186-192 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 640KB] ( 2293 )
193 The electrochemical coupled membrane process for the removal of CBZ in drinking water
SUN Ji-cheng, WU Zhi-chao, WANG Zhi-wei, ZHENG Jun-jian, WANG Qiao-ying
The removal of carbamazepine (CBZ) in drinking water by electrochemical coupled membrane process was investigated. The effects of voltage, initial CBZ concentration, ionic strength, and humic acid on the removal efficiency of CBZ were systemically investigated. The removal efficiency of CBZ gradually increased with the increase of applied voltage, and the optimal removal efficiency of CBZ was obtained with 2V applied voltage. When the initial CBZ concentration were in the range of 50~500μg/L, the removal efficiencies of CBZ by electrochemical coupled membrane process were above 85% by applying 2V voltage. However, the removal of CBZ could be inhibited by the increase of ionic strength and humic acid concentration due to the competitive effect of ·OH in the system. Compared with powdered activated carbon/microfiltration (PAC/MF) process, the removal efficiency of electrochemical coupled membrane process was more stable and the cost was lower.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 193-201 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 460KB] ( 1071 )
202 Effect of alcohols on scavenging efficiencies to hydroxyl radical in UV-Fenton system
DAI Hui-wang, CHEN Jian-xin, MIAO Xiao-zeng, JIANG Bo-quan, GONG Xian
The comparative experiment of scavenging efficiencies of alcohols to hydroxyl radical (·OH) in UV-Fenton system was designed. In homogeneous and heterogeneous UV-Fenton systems, the effects of alcohol species and initial concentration on scavenging rate to ·OH was studied. And the concentration of ·OH was quantified by fluorescence spectra measurement in heterogeneous UV-Fenton system with alcohols as scavenging reagents. The results showed that the scavenging ability of alkanols to ·OH was in the order tert-butanol > isopropanol > ethanol > n-propanol > n-butanol > methanol, and as for polybasic alcohols, its scavenging ability to ·OH enhanced with increasing chain length and hydroxyl number. Among those alcohols, the two stage scavenging rates of glycerol to ·OH in heterogeneous UV-Fenton system were 86.7% and 61.7%, respectively; which were 79.6% and 65.6% in homogeneous UV-Fenton system. The results indicated that glycerol could scavenge ·OH high efficiently and stably in both homogeneous and heterogeneous UV-Fenton systems and can be used as a new efficient scavenger to hydroxyl radical.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 202-209 [Abstract] ( 432 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 555KB] ( 4160 )
210 Application of graphene-based materials in water treatment and groundwater remediation
ZHU Ya-guang, DU Qing-qing, XIA Xue-lian, YANG Jie, ZUO Rui, TENG Yan-guo, WANG Jin-sheng, XU Mo, ZHAI Yuan-zheng
As an excellent adsorbent material, graphene-based materials have superior adsorption capacity on various water pollutants including heavy metals and organic pollutants, which has received considerable attention due to its enormous potential in application of water treatment and groundwater remediation in recent years. The current research is generally still in the stage of laboratory simulation. The development of graphene-based materials with low cost, strong stability, easy recycling and environment friendly as well as high saturation adsorption capacity is the future developing trend. This review summarizes the classification and fabrication methods of graphene-based materials. Besides, the applications in water treatment and groundwater remediation are reviewed. Furthermore, the main problems at present and the application prospects for future research are proposed.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 210-221 [Abstract] ( 322 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 822KB] ( 3218 )
222 Advanced treatment of digested sludge using an aerobic bacterium
HE Pin-jing, WANG Yue, HU Jie, SHAO Li-ming, LÜ Fan
In order to evaluate the feasibility of applying Bacillus licheniformis as an aerobic bacterium on advanced treatment of digested sludge, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen concentration in the liquid phase of digested sludge and the protein, ammonia nitrogen concentration and modeled CST value in the digested sludge flocs, were measured at different inoculation ratios (respectively 2.7×10-3, 2.7×10-2, 2.7×10-1, total solid ratio), while the effects of mechanical disintegration method and bacterial treatment method on secondary digestion and gas production of digested sludge were also compared. The results showed that the addition of Bacillus licheniformis required a higher inoculation ratio to significantly promote the dissolution of digested sludge into the phase and to improve the biodegradability of digested sludge. When the inoculation ratio of Bacillus licheniformis was 2.7×10-1, DOC, DN, ammonia nitrogen concentration in the liquid phase and ammonia nitrogen concentration in the digested sludge flocs reached the maximum accumulative values during the bacterial treatment, which was respectively 6.23, 2.83, 5.93 and 4.94 times of that of the control group. The maximum degradation rate of protein was also observed in the digested sludge flocs. At this inoculation ratio 2.7×10-1, the biochemical methane potential of the digested sludge was superior to that of other inoculation ratio and was 5.96 times of that of the digested sludge treated by mechanical disintegration. Therefore, this method of bacterial treatment was beneficial to further deepen the utilization of residual refractory organic matter in digested sludge and to improve its biodegradability and final stability after digestion. However, after the bacterial treatment, the modeled CST value of digested sludge was 2.69 times of that of the control group, which deteriorated the dewaterability of the digested sludge.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 222-233 [Abstract] ( 260 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1755KB] ( 1367 )
234 Biogas production potential and kinetics of chicken manure methane fermentation under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions
QIAO Wei, BI Shao-jie, YIN Dong-min, JIANG Meng-meng, Dalal E. Algapani, DONG Ren-jie
A batch experiment of 48days was carried out under the conditions of mesophilic (35℃) and thermophilic (55℃) by using raw chicken manure (RCM), solid part of chicken manure (SCM) and liquid part of chicken manure (LCM) to test the biogas production dynamics and potential when the seed sludge obtained from the effluent of chicken manure methane fermentation reactors under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, correspondingly. It's worth noting that both reactors were continuously operated more than 90days, which domesticated microorganisms in the reactors adapted to the methane fermentation of chicken manure. An obvious two-stage characteristic with RCM methane fermentation biogas production simulated by Gompertz model, first order kinetics model and two-stage model under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions was analyzed. The K1 of fast biogas production stage kinetics under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions were 0.4174 and 0.2104d-1, when the methane production during fast biogas production stage took 69% and 58% of total methane production, respectively. And then it entered slow biogas production stage in 4.5 and 6.4d. The first-order kinetic rate constants of RCM and LCM mesophilic methane fermentation were 0.4177 and 0.2330d-1, which higher than those getting from RCM and LCM thermophilic methane fermentation. Thus, compared to thermophilic methane fermentation, RCM and LCM mesophilic fermentation had a faster methane production rate. But the first-order kinetic rate constants of SCM mesophilic methane fermentation was only 0.4177d-1, which lower than those getting from LCM mesophilic methane fermentation and SCM thermophilic methane fermentation. So the hydrolysis process maybe one of the main factors limiting the methane production rate of chicken manure under mesophilic condition. The first-order kinetic rate constant of SCM and LCM thermophilic methane fermentation were 0.2310 and 0.22214d-1. So SCM thermophilic methane fermentation had a faster methane production rate than LCM thermophilic methane fermentation, which saying that the hydrolysis process was not the main factor limiting the methane production rate of chicken manure under thermophilic condition. The methane production potential of RCM under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions were 212.9 and 177.4mL/gTS. Therefore, compared with those in thermophilic condition, the methane production potential and the maximum methane-producing rates were higher and faster under mesophilic condition.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 234-243 [Abstract] ( 343 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 843KB] ( 2297 )
244 A review of the rapid monitoring of soil heavy metals based on mapping knowledge domains
LEI Mei, WANG Yun-tao, GU Run-yao, DONG Zi-ping, WANG Yan-wen, CHEN Tong-bin
Soil heavy metal pollution has been paid increasing attention. A method that rapid detection of soil heavy metal concentrations was provided for the field screening and monitoring of soil heavy metal pollution. Aiming to understand the research status and trend of soil heavy metal rapid monitoring, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used as an example for visualized analysis by software CiteSpace based on the Web of Science database. The results showed that:(1) As the term of Agent, the largest amount of literature around rapid monitoring of heavy metals were reporteded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Scientific Research Council of Spain. As the term of country, the reports were dominated by the United States, followed by China and Germany. (2) The instrument development, practical application and the factors influencing quantitative monitoring were the research concern. (3) The future research possibly focused on the instrument miniaturization and intelligence, rapid monitoring of farmland soil heavy metal and the monitoring of spatial distribution of soil heavy metal. The review on soil heavy metal rapid monitoring could provide reference for related research in China.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 244-253 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 535KB] ( 1514 )
254 Sorption of atrazine and its metabolites on a sandy loam soil
HUO Li-juan, REN Li, MAO Meng, YIN She-fang
The sorption ability of atrazine and its metabolites deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine onto a sandy loam soil were studied, and its influencing factors, such as the ionic strength of aqueous solution, and temperature, were also investigated. The results showed the sorption process was controlled by instantaneous equilibrium followed by a time-dependent phase until 24h, and the equilibrium sorption capacity decreased in the order of AT > DIA > DEA. The equilibrium sorption capacity and initial sorption rate constant were well described by the second order equation, and the predicted values agreed well with the experimental ones. Intraparticle diffusion model indicated that the rate of sorption was not only controlled by intraparticle diffusion for the entire sorption period. The percentage of instantaneous sorption of AT, DEA and DIA achieved from Elovich equation was 53%, 85% and 80%, respectively. The sorption isotherms of the AT, DEA and DIA were well described by the Freundlich equation and the Kf values were 1.2574, 0.7992 and 1.3201 for AT, DEA and DIA, respectively. The solution ionic strength and temperature have a significant effect on the sorption of AT, DEA and DIA for test soil. The Kf values were all decreased with the temperature and have positive correlation of ionic strength.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 254-262 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 769KB] ( 1029 )
263 Effect of Fe(Ⅱ) on denitrification and associated functional microbial communities
LI Shuang, LI Xiao-min, LI Fang-bai
Paddy soil was collected from Southern China and used as an inoculum in an anoxic experiment to investigate the effect of Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation on denitrification and associated microbial communities. The results showed that the presence of Fe(Ⅱ) slowed down the NO3- reduction, but facilitated the NO2- reduction and N2O formation; meanwhile Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation was observed only in the Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)+NO3- treatment. The real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that the presence of Fe(Ⅱ) increased the copy numbers of nitrite reduction gene (nirS) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reduction gene (nosZ), but inhibited the activity of membrane nitrate reduction gene (narG). The results of high-throughput sequencing and clone library exhibited that the presence of Fe(Ⅱ) significantly influences the microbial communities affiliated with periplasmic nitrate reduction gene (napA). The most abundant napA-based nitrate reducer was Dechloromonas in the Soil+NO3- treatment, while those were Azonexus, Dechloromonas and Azospira in the Soil+Fe(Ⅱ)+NO3- treatment. In summary, Fe(Ⅱ) significantly influences the denitrification process and the associated microbial communities in anoxic paddy soil. This can provide better understanding of the relationship between the nitrogen cycling and the iron transformation in the red paddy soil from South China.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 263-274 [Abstract] ( 386 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 729KB] ( 1820 )
275 Effects of sludge concentration on microbial community structure in A/O process
LUO Xiao, ZHENG Xiang-yang, ZHAO Cong-cong, ZHANG Li-guo, ZHONG Wei-zhang
The effect of different sludge concentration (MLSS) on denitrification efficiency and microbial community structure in A/O process for starch industry wastewater treatment were investigated. The 16S rDNA Miseq high throughput sequencing technique was used for bacterial commnutiy analysis. The results showed that the average removal rate of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) were respectively 90.2% and 67.2% when the concentration of sludge were 4066mg/L and 2985mg/L. The dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes in both of the pools; while the average abundance ratio of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides were 40.65% and 30.28% in the pool No. 1,25.25% and 33.27% in the pool No. 2respectively. In the functional gene level, all of the eight categories (KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) had a same order. The content of nitrogen metabolism related genes, such as, nitrifying ferments, denitrifying enzymes and ammonifying enzymes genes were higher in the pool No. 1. In this study, the sludge concentration has a significant effect on the bacterial structure, and the high sludge concentration is beneficial to the formation of high efficiency denitrifying bacterial community.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 275-283 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1058KB] ( 1545 )
284 iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of a fluoranthene-degrading bacterium
XU Jie, WANG Hong-qi, KONG De-kang
Comparative proteomics analysis was performed on proteins extracted from Rhodococcus sp. BAP-1on consecutive fluoranthene exposure days by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantization (iTRAQ) labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis to access differentially expressed proteins. In order to reveal the mechanism of the functional regulation of proteins in the fluoranthene-degrading bacterium, iTRAQ-based clustering and bioinformatics analysis detected a total of 796 differentially expressed proteins, including 613 up-regulated proteins and 183 down-regulated proteins. There were 111shared differentially expressed proteins in all three clusters (3d/1d, 6d/1d and 8d/1d). COG, GO enrichment and pathway enrichment analysis showed that most differentially expressed proteins were involved in the processes of metabolism and energy production. Induced by fluoranthene, the key over expressed proteins in this bacterial cells were cytochrome C, ATP synthase, nucleoside diphosphate and other kinases, some binding proteins, several dehydrogenases, ribosomal proteins and chemotaxis protein; the significant down-regulated proteins was 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase. These all regulated proteins together formed protein interaction network to regulate a series of life activities of fluoranthene-degrading bacteria.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 284-292 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1513KB] ( 963 )
293 Fluorescent characteristics of CDOM in Poyang Lake analyzed by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis
LIU Li-zhen, HUANG Qi, WU Yong-ming, WU Dai-she, YOU Hai-lin
Based on the three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectrum (3DEEM) and the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of Poyang Lake samples, a relationship between fluorescent components of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the lake was established. Three fluorescence components were identified for CDOM including humic-like components C1 (245/391nm); C2 (255, 340/453nm), each of which accounted for 40.8% and 30.8% of total CDOM, and a tyrosine-like component C3 (275/304nm) with a contribution of 28.4% to total CDOM. The fluorescent intensities and proportion of humic-like components were the lowest in the dry season but the highest in the flooding season. On the contrary, the tyrosine-like component was the lowest contributor to total CDOM in the flooding season but the highest in the dry season. The fluorescent intensity of each component was subject to the changes in lacustral hydrological conditions. Similar fluorescent intensity of different components was observed under the same hydrological condition. The CDOM in Poyang Lake originated from both allochthonous and autochthonous sources, yet the allochthonous source dominated in the dry season. In addition, the fluorescent intensities of all components showed significantly positive correlations with total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved total nitrogen (DTN), and tyrosine-like component was significantly and positively correlated with total phosphorus (TP).
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 293-302 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1606KB] ( 3347 )
303 Study on long-term environmental effects of marine ranching in Haizhou Bay
LI Da-peng, ZHANG Shuo, HUANG Hong
In order to explore the long-term environmental effects of marine ranching in the Haizhou Bay, concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in sediments,active phosphate (PO43--N)and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in seawater, and phytoplankton and zoobenthos were investigated in marine ranching and control areas from 2010 to 2015. The results showed that TN in marine ranching areas were accumulated with the presence of artificial reefs and the cultivation of mussels and seaweeds. TN were increased from 266.62mg/kg in 2010 to 596.21mg/kg in 2015. The high abundance of phytoplankton promoted the release of available phosphorus in sediments that collected from marine ranching and control areas. The concentration of TN in marine ranching area were decreased from 547.26mg/kg in 2010 to 317.25mg/kg in 2015, while the values were decreased from 438.21mg/kg in 2010 to 342.97mg/kg in 2015in the control area. The distribution of concentrations TP in marine ranching areas (547.26mg/kg) > control areas (438.21mg/kg) has been found to be changed to marine ranching areas (317.25mg/kg) < control areas (342.97mg/kg). The effect of zoobenthos on the nutrient exchange flux at the sediment-water interface has been determined not the dominant factor for variation of concentrations of TN and TP. The DIN in marine ranching area was susceptible to be TN. PO43--N in the control areas was consistent with the change of TP in sediments. The high dissolved oxygen environment and the increase content of TN-N provided endogenous for marine ranching. Compared with the control areas, the N/P of marine ranching was closer to the optimum value, which showed marine ranching of Haizhou Bay had improved the local ecological and encirnomental quality.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 303-310 [Abstract] ( 363 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 616KB] ( 1515 )
311 Analyzing DOM in black and odorous water bodies using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence with PARAFAC
LI Xiao-jie, GAO Hong-jie, GUO Ji-feng, LÜ Chun-jian, YÜ Hui-bin, LIU Rui-xia
Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and multivariable analysis were employed to analysis the components and source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and to reveal their correlations with water quality in five black and odorous water bodies in Shenyang. DOM was decomposed into three components by PARAFAC, including protein-like component C1(235,360), fulvic-like component C2(220,430) and humic-like component C3(255,520). Based on principal component analysis, C2 exhibited close positive correlations with CODCr, NH4+-N, S2- and TP, and good negative correlations with DO and transparency. C2 mainly derived from terrestrial organic matter. C2had a better positive correlation with C3, indirectly proving that C2 and C3 could originate microbial endogenous. The results indicated that the contribution rate of terrestrial organic matter and microbial endogenous to the DOM of black and odorous water bodies was as high as 61.2% and 25.5%, respectively. There were significant differences about the five black and odorous water bodies in water quality, tributary I and Ⅱ were serious black-odorous, whereas tributary Ⅲ, IV and V were mild black-odorous.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 311-319 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 767KB] ( 2584 )
320 Occurrence and ecological risk of typical antibiotics in surface water of the Datong Lake, China
LIU Xiao-hui, LU Shao-yong
The concentrations of 12 antibiotics.classified into sulfanilamides (SAs), trimethoprim (TMP), quinolones (QNs) and tetracyclines (TCs) in surface water of the Datong Lake, were detected by UPLC-MS/MS in order to assess the occurrence and risk level of typical antibiotics. 11 antibiotics were detected expect for ofloxacin, and the total concentrations of antibiotics ranged from 0.19ng/L to 261.89ng/L in surface water. The highest average concentration was sulfadiazine (37.41ng/L), followed by sulfamethoxazole (12.34ng/L) > sarafloxacin (8.55ng/L) > enrofloxacin (8.04ng/L) > trimethoprim (7.56ng/L) > chlortetracycline (3.92ng/L). The detection frequencies of sulfa-diazine, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, sarafloxacin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, were over 50%, could be higher than 50%. The pollution level was similar to those of other rivers and lakes in China expect for sulfadiazine and enrofloxacin. Spatially, the pollution level of antibiotics in Datong Lake showed distinct differences. The results of environmental risk assessment indicated that sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and sarafloxacin, RQ>1, might pose a significant risk to aquatic organisms of the Datong Lake. The cumulative risk of S2, S3 and S6 were higher, and the main factors were enrofloxacin and sarafloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and sarafloxacin, respectively. The health risk indexes for adults and children, calculated for 11 antibiotics based on the acceptable daily intake through drinking water, ranged from 8.74×10-8 to 9.17×10-3, with children having a higher index than adults.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 320-329 [Abstract] ( 310 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 570KB] ( 1624 )
330 Potential and influencing factors of nutrient retention in a headwater stream predominated by wastewater treatment plant effluent
LI Ru-zhong, WU Zheng-hua, GAO Su-di, LUO Yue-ying, WEI Lin
To investigate the effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent on nutrient retention in streams, a case study in Modian Creek, which is a typical first-order stream of Ershibu River in Nanfei River basin and predominated by wastewater treatment plant effluent, was conducted. Potentials of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) retention were evaluated quantitatively by nutrient spiraling metrics and its influencing factors were identified by means of regression analysis based on tracer experiments and modeling of models. Results showed that the first-order uptake coefficients of NH4+-N and SRP in the main channel (λ) were an order of magnitude higher than those in the transient storage zone (λs), while the values of λ-NH4+-N and λs-NH4+-N were similar to λ-SRP and λs-SRP values, respectively. The mean values of Sw-NH4, Sw-SRP and Sw-NO3 were significantly larger than the whole length of Modian Creek, suggesting that the studied stream had no any ability to retain or remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Since the uptake lengths of both NH4+-N and SRP were longer than that of NO3--N, but their uptake velocities were all lower than that of NO3--N, indicating that NO3--N retention potential was greater than those of NH4+-N and SRP. Moreover, significantly adverse impacts of wastewater treatment plant effluent on nitrogen and phosphorus retention were not found through comparison with the published literature of nutrient spiraling studies in the studied stream. Regression analysis suggested that hydrological condition was key drivers influencing nutrient retention in the Modian Creek. Transient storage was significantly correlated with Vf-SRP and U-SRP (both P<0.05), but was independent on NH4+-N and NO3--N.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 330-339 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 749KB] ( 1082 )
340 Characteristic changes of HHT marginal spectra and pollution predicting models on crop polluted by the heavy metal copper
CHENG Long, YANG Ke-ming, WANG Xiao-feng, ZHANG Wei, SUN Tong-tong
In order to understand the spectral responses and spectral characteristics of crop polluted by heavy metal, the cultivated experiments of corns were implemented based on the pot soil stressed by different CuSO4·5H2O concentrations, and the Hilbert marginal spectral characteristics and the predicting pollution degree method were researched by the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) according to the measured data of corn leaves' reflectance spectra and the Cu2+ contents in leaves under the different stress gradients. The characteristic changes of marginal spectra were analyzed on different Cu2+ pollution levels of corn leaves by constructing some marginal spectral characteristic parameters such as marginal spectrum entropy (MSE), marginal spectral amplitude (MSA), slope of marginal spectral slope (MSSS) and marginal spectral enclosing area (MSEA), at the same time, some exponential models on predicting the Cu2+ contents in corn leaves were put forward based on the correlation analysis and stepwise regressing statistics on the marginal spectral characteristic parameter values and the Cu2+ contents in leaves because of the heavy metal pollution. The results show that Hilbert marginal spectra of corn leaf under different Cu2+ stress gradients was distributed within 100Hz frequency continuously, the MSE values showed a variation trend of negative correlation with Cu2+ contents in leaves, but the MSA, MSSS and MSEA values showed a variation trend of positive correlation with the Cu2+ contents. And the MSEA can be used as the best index to measure or predict heavy metal pollution in crops due to its best correlation between MSEA values and Cu2+ contents in leaves. The application results of the exponential models, which were built by the MSE、MSA、MSSS and MSEA values for predicting the Cu2+ contents in corn leaves, were compared and proved that the MSEA exponential model had the best predicting ability.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 340-347 [Abstract] ( 200 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 857KB] ( 1006 )
348 Mass concentration and health risk of atmospheric particulate matter in main urban district of Lanzhou
CHENG Hui-bo, WANG Nai-ang, LI Xiao-hong, GAO Xiang, LI Yuan, YU Teng-fei
Sampling at five sampling sites of main urban district of Lanzhou City was conducted from March 23 to 29 and December 15 to 21, 2013, and eight samples were collected at each sampling site every day, with 560valid samples in total. Then laboratory analysis and heavy metals health risk assessment were conducted. Results showed that 5.8~10.0 μm (spring and winter), 1.1~3.3μm (spring) and 0.65~3.3μm (winter) of particulate matters in ≤ 10μm of particulate matters were dominant in main urban district of Lanzhou City. Pb had the maximum mass concentration in PM3.3-4.7(primary bronchus), and they were respectively 0.2352μg/m3 in spring and 0.2177μg/m3 in winter. As a kind of carcinogenic heavy metal, Cd was detected in PM9.0~5.8 and PM4.7~1.1. Noncarcinogenic risk values (HZ) of children, adult men and adult women were respectively 0.842, 0.360, 0.345 in spring and 0.842, 0.326, 0.361 in winter, which was less than 1, without noncarcinogenic risk. Moreover, carcinogenic risk value RIS was within the range of 10-6~10-4, without carcinogenic risk. But children's RIS values were higher, which affected children's health, and it should be paid attention to by social groups.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 348-360 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 618KB] ( 1430 )
361 Effects of Di-iso-decyl phthalate on the learning-memory ability in mice
LU Yu, LI Yao, HU Ying-dan, LI Qiu-lin, Zhao Yun, ZOU Jian, LIU Xiao-tong, YANG Xu, LI Rui
To elucidate the effect of di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP) on the learning and memory ability of mice, 42male Kunming mice were divided into 6groups randomly with 7mice in each group, including saline control group, the experimental groups of DIDP (1.5, 15, 150mg/(kg·d)), 20mg/(kg·d) Res control group, using as an anti-oxidant, 150mg/(kg·d) DIDP+20mg/(kg·d) Res group. During the constant exposure for 9days, the Morris water maze was used to test the abilities of learning and memory of mice. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels in the brain of mice were measured after their sacrifice. H&E-stained slices of hippocampus in brain tissue were applied to observe histopathological changes. The results indicated that the learning and memory ability of the 15、150mg/(kg·d) DIDP groups were significantly lower than the control group, while decreased significantly with the increase of DIDP concentrations. The 15, 150mg/(kg·d) DIDP could also induce oxidative stress in brain tissue and promote the release of inflammatory factors, while some of these effects were blocked by the administration of Res. Thus, it is concluded that DIDP-induced decrease of learning and memory ability in mice may be related to oxidative damage in brain tissue, while Res contributes to reduce the learning and memory damage in mice caused by DIDP effectively.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 361-368 [Abstract] ( 272 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 900KB] ( 1302 )
369 The estrogenic activity release of estrone-3-sulfate in sewage based on enzyme activity analysis
ANG Chun, JI Zhong-xu, HU Bi-bo, ZHANG Zhen-zhen, WANG Ya-dan
Estrone (E1) and estrone-3-sulfate (E1-3-S) were the most abundant free and conjugated estrogens, respectively, in final effluent of sewage treatment works (STWs). The stable E1-3-S can release active E1via enzymatic hydrolysis given proper environmental conditions although itself exhibits limited estrogenic activity. A novel method was proposed to calculate the half-life of E1-3-S based on its reaction rate of enzymatic hydrolysis and the according arylsulfatase (AryS) activity. A field survey on AryS activity was carried out in winter, spring and summer along the sewage collection, treatment and discharge of a STWs in Chongqing, China. The mean AryS activities of the bioreactor sludge, the outfall sediments of combined system overflow (CSO) and river sediments were 417.41~941.14, 91.55~179.42and 28.11~59.64 μg p-nitro phenol/(g·h), respectively. The hydrolysis kinetics of E1-3-S in the lab at 20℃ followed the first order reaction (P<0.01), and the reaction rate Kd was positively correlated with the AryS activity in a linear model (R2=0.9774, P<0.01). Based on the AryS activities in the spring and the above linear model, the respective half-lives of E1-3-S in STWs bioreactors, CSO and river water were estimated to be 33.5, 153.0and 410h. This method could be used in the risk analysis on the release of estrogenic activity by sulfated estrogens in water environment.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 369-373 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 419KB] ( 1092 )
374 The impact of meteorological comfort conditions on respiratory disease
MA Pan, WANG Shi-gong, SHANG Ke-zheng, LI Tan-shi, YIN Ling
The distributed lag nonlinear model and generalized additive model were applied to study the exposureresponse relationship between meteorological conditions and the number of emergency room (ER) visits for respiratory diseases, from 2009 to 2012 in Beijing, China. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was used as an indicator of climate thermal condition. Immediate influence of high temperatures and lag effect of low temperatures on the incidence were revealed. Relative humidity (RH) <30% significantly increased the risk of onset, and its lag effect reached more than 10days. The RR of wind speed 3m/s was the smallest. When considering the comprehensive effect of multiple factors, children (≤ 14years) were more sensitive to heat stress than cold stress, especially the ‘hot and humidity’ circumstance. While for adults (15~59years), the impact of cold stress was particularly significant, which lagged for 1~2days and lasted a long time. The elders (>60years) were more vulnerable to cold stress than heat stress, the condition that low temperatures and low humidity occur simultaneously should be paid particular attention. Employing UTCI as a characterization of the comprehensive thermal state of the environment is a feasible way to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the incidence of respiratory diseases, which may enhance related theoretical basis and provide new ideas for disease forecasting and early warning.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 374-382 [Abstract] ( 355 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 760KB] ( 2122 )
383 Life cycle assessment of jet fuel from biomass gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
TAO Wei, XIAO Jun, YANG Kai
The resource-environmental analysis of Jet Fuel from biomass gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (Bio-Jet Fuel) was carried out. According to the different uses of by-product steam for power generation and heat supply, two cases were studied. And the data uncertainty analysis of evaluation results was also carried out. The results show that except for eutrophication (EP), the other environmental impact indicators of the power generation case are 11.7%~40.8% lower than those of the heat supply case. Compared with petroleum-based Jet fuel, the global warming impact (GWP) and depletion of non-renewable resources of Bio-Jet Fuel are reduced by 52.6%~71.9% and 84.4%~93.6%, respectively. The various distribution methods of biomass growth stage cause little influence on the resource consumption potential, but bring about some greater difference in GWP、EP. Moreover, the integrated performance of Bio-Jet Fuel is more sensitive to biomass feedstock consumption and its range of variation is -16.6%~+17.3%. The results of uncertainty analysis show that the uncertainties of environmental impact are between 5.0% and 12.5%.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 383-391 [Abstract] ( 418 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 669KB] ( 3273 )
392 Analysis of downstream carbon trade balance based on income principle
YU Xiao-hong, ZHAN Xia-yan
China was taken as the main research object. This paper estimated 41countries and regions' downstream carbon trade balance. The result calculated has shown that China's estimated responsibility of income-based carbon emission was lower than what China was supposed to take on direct carbon emission, and the downstream carbon trade balance was increasing with an annual growth rate of 11.92% during 1995 to 2011. The result calculated indicated that China was the largest net importer on income-based carbon emission. Countries such as Japan, the United States, Germany, Russia, Australia and Brazil has increasingly exported income-based carbon emission to China year by year. China became one of important destinations for income-based carbon emission exports from these countries. Carbon emissions accounting inventory was constructed using the income principle to facilitate the establishment of a more effective and fairer carbon reduction framework, as well as to aid China's proposition of rational carbon emissions principle and effective carbon emission reduction policies.
2018 Vol. 38 (1): 392-400 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 592KB] ( 1205 )
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