The spatial and temporal characteristics of CH₄ concentration over globe and East Asia (70°~140°E, 10°~55°N) from December 2002 to November 2016 were analyzed based on AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) satellite data. The results showed that the global annual mean CH₄ concentration increased from 1774.2×10^-9 in 2003 to 1789.1×10^-9 in 2016, the growth rate was about 1.1×10^-9/a. While it increased from 1811.5×10^-9 to 1841.0×10^-9 (the growth rate around 2.0×10^-9/a) in East Asia. In middle and lower troposphere (1000~400hPa), The growth rate of CH₄ concentration increased obviously over the southwestern America, southeastern Australia, southern South America, and the Tibetan Plateau and the northeastern China. However, the growth rate was negative over northeastern North America. Over northeastern North America and eastern Russia, the changes of the annual mean CH₄ concentration and temperature had a positive correlation. For example, in winter, the temperature in these regions was lower than that of surrounding areas, and the CH₄ concentration was lower than that of surrounding areas, too. The vertical profile of CH₄ concentration was obtained by recent 10-year satellite data in this paper. The results showed that at different latitudes, the CH₄ concentration gradually decreased with the increase of altitude, and the fastest decrease happened in the high latitudes. In the middle and lower troposphere of the low latitudes, the average CH₄ concentration changed obviously. In the lower troposphere (850hPa), the CH₄ concentration gradually increased with the increase of latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, and decreased first and then increased in the Southern Hemisphere. In the stratosphere, the CH₄ concentration was largest over the equator, and gradually decreased as the latitude increased. Additionally, there was obvious seasonal change in the distribution of CH₄ concentration. In the lower troposphere, over most of the regions in the Northern Hemisphere, the average CH₄ concentration was higher in summer than it in winter. However, over the Sahara Desert and Tarim Basin in China, the average CH₄ concentration was higher in winter than it in summer. In winter, the CH₄ concentration in the western Sichuan Province was much higher than it in the Tibetan Plateau (100×10^-9~120×10^-9).

Totally 63 samples of size-segregated particulate matter (PM) were collected using an 8-stage Anderson cascade impactor in autumn 2016 at the Xianlin campus, Nanjing University. The concentrations of 24 metal elements were analyzed by the ICP-MS. Size distribution characteristics of mass concentrations, enrichment factors (EFs), and possible sources of different metal elements were studied. Results showed that the size distribution of the mass concentration was bimodal, peaking at 0.4~1.1 and 5.8~9 μm, respectively. With regard to the metal elements, we found three types of size distribution. The first type had a mono peak at coarse size segment (3.3~5.8 μm), including Na, Al, Ca, Mg, Co, Ce, Sr and Ba. The second had a mono peak at fine size segment (0.4~1.1μm), including Zn, As, Cd, Ag, Tl and Pb, and the third had two peaks at fine (1μm) and coarse (5μm), respectively, including K, Se, Li, Be, Mn, V, Cu, Cr, Ni and Fe. According to the value of the EFs, the elements were divided into three groups. They were a slightly enriched group with EFs lower than 5 (Ba, Ca, Ce, Sr, Mg, Fe, Co, Mn, Be and V), a moderately enriched group with EFs between 5 and 100 (Li, Na, Ni, K and Cr), and a highly enriched group with EFs larger than 100 (Cu, Tl, Zn, As, Pb, Ag, Cd and Se). The characteristics of the size distribution and the EFs reflected different sources of atmospheric PM in Nanjing, which were meaningful for further researches on health effects and for policy making for air pollution control.

PM_2.5 samples were collected on a day/night basis at an urban site in Xi'an in July 2016 and at Lin Village, a rural site 80km northeast to Xi'an, in August 2016. The samples were determined for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and inorganic ions to investigate the differences in chemical compositions and sources of PM_2.5 between the urban and rural areas of Guanzhong Plain. The results showed that PM_2.5 in Xi'an and Lin Village during the sampling period were (49.7±22.8)μg/m³ and (62.6±14.2)μg/m³, respectively. Concentrations of OC and EC in PM_2.5 were similar between Xi'an[(6.5±2.5)μg/m³ and (3.2±1.8)μg/m³] and Lin Village[(6.8±1.8)μg/m³ and (3.8±2.3)μg/m³]. The OC/EC mass ratios in Xi'an were higher in the daytime (2.6) than in the nighttime (1.9), in contrast to those in Lin Village, which were lower in the daytime (1.6) and higher in the nighttime (2.7). Such diurnal differences can be explained by an enhanced emission of EC due to the nighttime occurrence of heavy-duty trucks in the urban area and a decreased emission of EC due to the nighttime absence of anthropogenic activities (e.g., biomass burning and coal combustion) in the rural area. Inorganic ions of PM_2.5 were (20.2±14.6)μg/m³ and (30.1±10.5)μg/m³ in Xi'an and Lin Village and accounted for 40.6% and 47.6% of PM_2.5 in the two regions, respectively. SO₄^2- of PM_2.5 in the rural area was 19.0μg/m³ and accounted for one-third of the fine particle mass, which was much higher than that in Xi'an (9.4μg/m³ and 18.9%). Concentrations of NO₃^- and Ca²⁺ in Xi'an, their masses relative to PM_2.5 and NO₃^-/SO₄^2- mass ratio were significantly higher than those in Lin Village, suggesting that the urban atmosphere was more affected by motor vehicle exhausts and emissions from road-dust and construction activities. K⁺ in the samples showed stronger correlations with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in Xi'an due to the dominant source of dust. In contrast, K⁺ was correlated with EC in the rural area, mainly due to the dominance of biomass burning emissions.

Samples of seven sampling points of download ash and flue fly ash were collected by the system random sampling method and dilution channel sampling method,respectively.The elements were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), using coefficient of divergence, two related samples nonparametric test (Wilcoxon) and curve fitting for a comparative study of elemental characteristics and content. The results showed that the contents of Fe, Ca, Si, Mg, Al, K, Ti, Na and Ba were higher in the samples collected by the two methods; Through the comparison of the elements by the two sampling methods in this study and other cities, it is proved the overall trend of the elements is the same, but there is a big difference in the content. The results of coefficient of divergence showed that the overall elemental characteristics of the two sampling methods must not be similar; tworelated samples nonparametric test and curve fitting of samples showed significant differences in the contents of other elements except Cr, Cs, Cu, and Tl, by analyzing elements with significant differences through curve fitting, correlation between the components of the two sampling methods can be obtained.

Base on the ground weather data and data of microwave radiometer and wind profile from 2014 to 2016 in Guangzhou national climate observatory, the characteristics of boundary layer structure of the typical during haze processes and cleaning process in Guangzhou are studied. The results are showed as follows:(1) In haze process, the wind speed decreases with height below 270m, but increases with height over 270m, and the increase rate of wind speed below 2000m is lower than that over 2000m. The prevailing wind direction rotates clockwise with height. The wind speed below 510m height is basically less than 3.0m/s, and from 08am to 20pm, the wind speed is less than 2.0m/s below 390m. In cleaning process, there is a speed higher than 5.0m/s zone at 510~1590m and 2790~3000m respectively. Below the height of 1830m, the average wind speed of each layer in the cleaning process is obviously higher than that in haze process. (2) The low temperature inversion was negatively correlated with visibility and positively correlated with concentration of PM_2.5, and the correlation coefficients are -0.367 and 0.455respectively. The correlation coefficients is higher when the low temperature inversion and low altitude inversion are simultaneously, and the correlation coefficients are -0.5 and 0.601, respectively. It shows that the existence of multilayer inversion is more prone to haze weather. In haze process, the correlation of low altitude inversion to visibility and PM_2.5 was not obvious. In cleaning process, the occurrence of low altitude inversion was mainly related to the cold air coming down from the north, which was positively correlated with visibility (0.217), and negatively correlated with the concentration of PM_2.5(-0.64). Low altitude inversion is not conducive to the formation of haze weather. (3) During haze process, the frequency of the low temperature inversion is 60.68%, the average inversion intensity is 1.38℃/100m, and the average inversion layer thickness is 153.2m, which is obviously higher than that of the cleaning process. During cleaning process, the average frequency of occurrence, inversion intensity and inversion layer thickness of low temperature inversion are 64.61%, 0.27℃/100m and 691.07m respectively, which are significantly higher than those of haze process. (4) The mixing layer height of cleaning process is obviously higher than that of the haze process. The daily mixing layer height (958.92m) of cleaning process is 2.4times that of haze process (398.03m).

In this study, trace elements in the flue gas at the inlet/outlet of SCR, ESP and WFGD at a 600MW coal-fired power plant were sampled by the USEPA Method 29 simultaneous. The emission of 12 trace elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb) was studied. The results showed that the mass balance rates of trace elements of the entire power plant system, boiler, SCR, ESP, and WFGD were within an acceptable range, which indicates experimental results are accurate and reliable. The 12 trace elements were mainly distributed in the ESP fly ash with relative distribution rates of 69.97%~98.79%. The relative enrichment indexed of trace elements in the bottom slag were between 0.04 and 0.51 and that in the ESP fly ash were between 0.3 and 1.23. As, Cd and Pb in ESP fly ash and Mn, Co and Ni in WFGD wastewater may pollute soil and groundwater, which need to give enough attention. The emission concentration of 12 trace elements into the atmosphere was 0.02~12.57μg/m³ with the emission factor of 0.01~2.13g/10¹²J. The emission concentration of Ni, As, Cd and Pb reached 2.04, 0.13, 0.02 and 3.35μg/m³, respectively, which far exceed the emission limits of the European Union air quality standards and should be restricted.

Based on the data of the basic production-line information, activity level and pollutant control technologies of the flat-glass enterprises of 27provinces in 2013~2015, the calculation methods and emission inventories of SO₂ and NO_x emissions for the main atmospheric pollutants of the flat-glass industry are established with the analysis of the production, the energy consumption, the energy structure, pollutant control technology, the emission characteristics and spatial difference. Monte Carlo method is used for the uncertainty analysis of the inventories. The results show that Chinese flat glass industry uses natural gas/coal gas as the main energy, the average energy consumption per unit of product is 13.2kg tce/weight box, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia and other provinces are higher; 37% and 42% of the flat-glass production line is installed with denitrification facilities and desulfurization facilities, the main technologies are flue gas circulating fluidized bed, Dual-Alkali Method and SCR. SO₂ emissions rose first and then dropped, reached 168thousand tons in 2014, and dropped to 136thousand tons in 2015, the emission of Hubei, Zhejiang, Hebei and Guangdong were relatively large. NO_x emissions decreased continuously, from 374thousand tons in 2013 to 284thousand tons in 2015, the emission of Hebei, Hubei, Shandong and Guangdong were relatively large. The SO₂ emission intensity in the southwest region is higher than other areas, and it has a rising trend, and the SO₂ emission intensity in other areas decreased as a whole. The NO_x emission intensity in the southwest region is higher than other areas. Efforts should be made to strengthen pollutant control in areas with high energy consumption, high emission and high intensity.

The emission amount and characters of air pollutants from non-road mobile sources were analyzed with emission factor method, based on the collected vehicle population and activity levels of construction machinery, agricultural machinery, locomotives, ships, and civil aircrafts in Sichuan Province in 2015. Subsequently, a 3km×3km grid emission inventory was established. The results showed that the emissions of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_x, THC and CO were about 1.38×10⁴t, 1.25×10⁴t, 1.83×10⁵t, 2.98×10⁴t and 1.21×10⁵t respectively. The construction machinery was the largest source, which contributes more than 70%. The second contributor was the agricultural machinery, about 15%. The emissions of the two primary sources mainly concentrated in summer and autumn, comparing to the uniform distribution of locomotives, marine and civil aircraft. Spatially, the high emission sources are mainly distributed in the Chengdu plain and the southern region of Sichuan.

An accurate and comprehensive estimation of aircraft emissions during the landing and take-off (LTO) cycle in Beijing Capital International Airport in 2016 was provided in this paper by employing the US EPA method based on the actual operational data of the airport and mixed layer height obtained from lidar. It was shown that more NO_x and CO than other pollutants was emitted by aircrafts during the LTO cycle, taking up 53.3% and 38.5% of the total emissions, respectively. Moreover, among all the phases of the LTO cycle, taxiing and climbing produced the most amount of emissions, accounting for 49.7% and 25.7% of the total emissions, respectively. Furthermore, most of CO, SO_x, HC and PM emissions took place during the taxiing phase. The primary pollutants produced in the taxiing phase are CO (71.7%) and NO_x (17.2%).In addition, the height of mixed layer had a significant effect on the emissions of NO_x and CO, and the effect was much weaker for SO_x, HC and PM. In terms of aircraft type, A320 and B77W respectively contributed the least and most emissions. Finally, taxiing time played a critical role in aircraft emissions. The optimization of planning and operation that aims to improve the taxiing efficiency holds promise to significantly reduce airport emissions.

In this paper, the effect of flue gas properties and operating parameters on the evaporation process of wastewater was studied by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The results showed that with the increase of the temperature of the flue gas, the evaporation time of the droplets gradually decreased, and the complete evaporation distance decreased.When the flow rate of flue gas increased, the evaporation time gradually decreased, but the total evaporation distance decreased first and then increased. At the flow rate of 5m/s, wastewater droplets got to the shortest evaporation distance. With the increase of the droplet size, the complete evaporation time of the droplet became significantly longer, and the range of the relatively low temperature region within the flow field was enlarged; When the evaporation time increased from about 0.21s to 0.16s when the injection speed increased from 20m/s to 60m/s, but with the increase of flow rate, the effect of reducing evaporation time was weakened;. The simulation results can provide optimized design solutions and operational guidance for the related engineering applications of spray evaporation of desulfurization wastewater in flue duct.

Oxidized pollutants, including inorganic anions, heavy mental cations and organic matters, are stable and difficult to be biodegraded in the environment. In consequence, they cause environment pollution and threaten human health. As a novel membrane technology, hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) has aroused great interests due to its ingenuity, economy, and high removal efficiency of oxidized contaminants in water. This paper systematically introduced the configuration and operating principles of MBfR, and it also discussed the applications of MBfR to treatment of typical oxidized pollutants in water and pilot-scale in detail, and then forecasted the development tendency of MBfR based on the shortcomings of existing research.

The start-up and operation of single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process in upflow double layer filler reactor were successfully established in this study after 139 days. Zeolite and polyurethane foam were used as reactor filler. Synthetic high ammonia nitrogen (110~130mg/L) wastewater was fed to the reactor. Ratio of filler zeolite and polyurethane foam height in No.1and No.2 reactor was 2:3 and 3:2, resprctively. The results showed that the total nitrogen removal efficiency of No.1reactor reached 84.4%, while in the No.2 reactor 81.8%, with a total nitrogen removal load achieved 0.15 and 0.14kgN/(m³·d), respectively. Without adding organic matter into influent, compared with No. 1reactor, △NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N of No.2 reactor has been stable around 0.11. The total nitrogen removal efficiency of two reactors both increased with the addition of organic carbon source. It was indicated that appropriate concentration of COD can enhance autotrophic nitrogen removal performance. After backwashing, the NO₃^--N concentration of No. 1 reactor decreased from 17.61mg/L to below 10mg/L. It was showed that backwashing can effectively wash out NOB, and the combination of backwashing and other NOB suppression strategies can better maintain the long-term stable operation of single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process.

A 180-days¢ continuous experiment with anaerobic membrane reactor (AnMBR) were carried out to treat swine wastewater at mesophilic condition. The organic loading rate (OLR) was increased by shortening the hydraulic retention time (HRT) stepwise through 5, 3 and 2 days. The gas production and performance of AnMBR, specific methanogenic activity (SMA) at different HRTs of the membrane reactor and performance of membrane filtration was studied in this research. With the shortening of HRTs, gas production rate increased from 0.68 to 1.03 and 1.12 L/(L·d). While the TVFA of permeate was less than 500mg/L at the whole operation, which was (169±41) mg/L, (15±3) mg/L and (114±45) mg/L, respectively. Acetate was the main part. The best specific methanogenesis was got at HRT 3days whose value was 1.127g-COD/(g-VSS·d) at 2000mg/L acetate acid concentration. A cycle of membrane fouling was about 4months. The membrane filtration was then recovered by soaking the membrane sheet with 2% citric acid for 3hours. Under the lower flux, the sludge concentration of 7~32g/L in the reactor did not significantly affect the filtration performance of the flat-sheet membrane.

The SBR reactor was used to establish a strategy of stabilizing partial nitrification by controlling the stopping point of aeration through a specific pH final value. The whole operation process was divided into 3phases, which were phase I starting nitrosation, phase Ⅱ exploring the setting rule of the pH final value while stabilizing the nitrosation and phase Ⅲ adopting the setting rule of pH final value to achieve stable partial nitrification. Across the summer and the winter (7~35℃) operation of a total of 148days, the transformation of organic matter and nitrogen in the SBR system was investigated and the effects of different temperatures (23, 18, 13℃) on partial nitrosation were analyzed. The results showed that under low DO concentratin (0.2~0.4mg/L) and MLSS of 4000mg/L, the NO₂^--N/NH₄⁺-N value of the effluent was between 1and 1.4during stabilizing partial nitrification,and by controlling the pH final value which was (7.73±0.02), the effluent FA reached 0.5~1.2mg/L, the accumulation rate of nitrosation (NAR) was maintained at 85% and the removal rate of organic matter was above 60%. Specific ammonia oxidation rate, specific nitrite oxidation rate and specific organic matter removal rate declined with the drop of temperature, but the decreasing trend was slow and the reaction could be completed stably.

The denitrification performance of simultaneous anammox and denitrification (SAD) granular sludge under different C/N was studied by batch test. The coupled system granular sludge was cultured in a UASB reactor with sufficient nitrogen,and it had high anammox activity and denitrification activity. Using glucose as carbon source, when the C/N were 1, 2, 4, there was no significant difference in the activity of ANAMMOX, and the denitrification activity increased gradually. The maximum rate of NO₂^--N degradation was 0.265, 0.345, and 0.453kgN/(kgVSS·d), respectively. When sodium acetate was used as the carbon source and the C/N ratios were 1, 2, and 4, respectively, neither of the ANAMMOX activity or the denitrification activity was affected. Under the same C/N, the activity of ANAMMOX with glucose as the carbon source was higher, while the denitrification activity with sodium acetate as the carbon source was higher.When C/N was 1, 2 and 4, the maximum degradation rate of NH₄⁺-N with glucose as organic matter was 1.15, 1.19, 1.58times of sodium acetate respectively. The maximum degradation rate of NO₂^--N with sodium acetate as organic matter was 1.89, 1.48 and 1.15times of glucose, respectively. The mathematical simulation results of the experiment showed that the models can accurately predict the trend of nitrogen change during the experiment. There was no significant change in the ANAMMOX activity of the granular sludge in the coupled system when the C/N ratio was 1~4.

A comparative study on the kinetics and column experiment of As(Ⅲ) removal from groundwater by mature filter media formed in different ways was conducted. Besides,a variety of characterization methods were used to analyze the morphology and structure of the two film filter media. The results showed that the morphology was quite different. As(Ⅲ) could be removed more effectively by the chemical film filter media. The second-order model was able to simulate the kinetics of As(Ⅲ) removal well. The fitting rate constants of natural and chemical film filter media were 8.568×10^-6 and 14.248×10^-6 mg/(g·min), respectively. The Yan model has a fitting regression coefficient of R² >0.999 for the dynamic column breakthrough curve. At the same time, the experiment of desorption and regeneration was carried out. It was found that NaHCO₃ as a desorbent could effectively regenerate the filter media. According to the XRD results of the filter media before and after the filtration, the surface structure did not change much, thus the arsenic removal ability is stable. The content of iron and manganese oxides on the surface of film filter media directly affects the arsenic removal performance. Both film filter media consume hydroxyl groups during the arsenic removal process. The research provides theoretical support for the removal of arsenic from groundwater by different methods and has certain engineering guidance.

To investigate the feasibility of room-temperature storage of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) cultivated by real and low-strength wastewater, the variations of AGS characteristics, specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), removal efficiency and microbial community were explored. The experimental results show that after 60days storage using tap water at room-temperature, the structure of AGS was still intact and did not disintegrate obviously. The mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) slightly decreased from 4960mg/L to 4740mg/L, but the settling property maintained well (SVI:24.2mL/g). The decrease in SOUR was very slight (16%), especially for the SOUR of nitrifying bacteria. The abundance of microbial community changed at the phylum and genus level. After restarting the reactor, AGS morphology recovered quickly and the granule size increased after long-term operation (200~250μm). The sludge settling property has always maintained well (SVI<20mL/g), and the SOUR recovered soon after 20days operation. The COD removal efficiency was completely recovered after 11days operation (around 53mg/L in the effluent). The NH₄⁺-N removal efficiency was also completely recovered after 5 days operation (around 0.7mg/L in the effluent). AGS storage at room-temperature has significant value in practical application due to its convenient operation and fast recovery of reactor stable operation.

Three kinds of novel macromolecule flocculant, called polyethyleneimine-sodium xanthogenate (PEX), were prepared by chemical reaction to graft dithiocarboxylic groups onto three different molecular weights of polyethyleneimine. The removal performance of turbidity by PEX was studied with two different types of turbidity-containing water samples through using flocculation experiments. The results showed that the three kinds of PEX had different removal properties for turbidity with the different turbidity-containing water samples. The highest removal efficiency of turbidity increased with the increase of the molecular weights of PEX, and slightly increased with the increase of the original turbidity of water samples. When pH value of the water samples reached the isoelectric point (pH_iep) of PEX, the removal rate of turbidity was highest, and reached 98.6%, 96.6% and 91.3% at pH_iep of 3.8, 5.0 and 8.7 for PEX-1, PEX-6 and PEX-60, respectively. The removal efficiency of turbidity was obviously improved with the coexistence of Cu(Ⅱ) or Ni(Ⅱ) in the water samples. The residual turbidity decreased or increased with the decrease or increase of the absolute value of zeta potential in the system.

A water treatment system consisting of "coagulating sedimentation-sand filtration-·OH/NaClO antibiotic degradation and disinfection-clean water tank" was established with a capacity of 12000 t/d. A demonstration project was conducted during the period of algae bloom in Jiulong River. The total content of algae reached 2.04×10³ cells/mL after sand filtration. Results show that under oxidant dosage of 0.5 mg/L within 20 s, ·OH degraded NFX from 56 ng/L to not detected, while NaClO only degraded to 54 ng/L. Meanwhile, ·OH inactivated all the algae cells. According to the analysis of HPLC-MS/MS, ·OH mineralized NFX into CO₂ and H₂O by breaking the C-F bond, and opening the piperazing, nalidixic and benzene rings. During ·OH disinfection, no disinfection by-products were formed and the 106 water indicators satisfied the Chinese Standard (GB5749-2006). This study provides a technology support to degrade antibiotics in algae bloom drinking water.

MW activated PS coupling coagulation process was applied to treat the dinitrodiazophenol (DDNP) industrial wastewater in this study. The effects of PS dosage, n(Fe²⁺/PS), initial pH and MW power on organic compounds removal efficiency of DDNP wastewater were investigated. The effect and synergistic mechanism of DDNP wastewater degradation were compared by using control experiments, and the structural transformation of organics by oxidation of MW-Fe²⁺/PS system was characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR spectra. The reactive oxidative species (ROS) were identified by adding radical scavengers. The results indicated that under optimum condition of PS dosage of 8g/L, initial pH of 3, MW power of 600W, n(Fe²⁺/PS) ratio of 0.04, and reaction time of 8min, the COD and CN removal efficiency were 70.79% and 94.53%, respectively. Meanwhile, the COD removal rate of the effluent after coagulation increased, but the removal rate of CN decreased slightly. In addition, MW, PS and Fe²⁺ had the synergetic effect. The increase of B/C from 0.05 to 0.56 indicated that the biodegradability of the wastewater was significantly improved. Moreover, ·SO₄^- and ·OH are the most critical ROS in the system, which can destroy benzene ring, nitro (-NO₂) and azo group (-N=N-) and form by-products containing N-H and C-O-H.

Two-dimensional chambers were used to study the influence of permeability on the pollutant migration in the low-permeability lens of heterogeneous aquifer, and the spreading and removal efficiency of contaminant was calcuated. Also, a quantitative relationship between the spreading/removal efficiency, the contrasts of hydraulic conductivity and the time was established as a consquence. Results showed that the dye's migration speed got slower as the contrast of hydraulic conductivity increased, and the time of getting 100% dye's spreading efficiency increased from 8 to 360 hours when the contrasts of hydraulic conductivity increased from 3 to 52 at a natural groundwater flow rate of 0.5m/d. The spread efficiency of the pollutant is positively correlated with the time but negatively correlated with the contrasts of hydraulic conductivity, and the function could be expressed as:Z=(109.623/K_mn²+1.035/K_mn+0.447)t. Then water was injected to flush the dye at the same flow rate of 0.5m/d to simulate the Pump-and-Treat Technique to remediate the contaminant. Results showed that the larger of the contrast of hydraulic conductivity, the faster of the removal rate. When the contrast of hydraulic conductivity increased from 3 to 52, the removal time dye increased from 13 to 480 hours, and the fuction of the spreading/removal efficiency with cont-rasts of hydraulic conductivity and time could be expressed as:Z'=(54.999/K_mn²+6.605/K_mn+0.098)t. Comparing the two processes, it can be found that the pollution and remediation process of the contaminant in the heterogeneous aquifer is irreversible in terms of time.Under the same conditions, the entry rate of the dye was always lager than the removal rate, and the time difference increased gradually from 5 to 120 hours with the increase of the contrast of hydraulic conductivity, which means the tailing effect becoming more and more obvious.

The data of 874cases of sudden water pollution incidents from 2006 to 2016 in China were collected for spatial-temporal distribution analysis. Results showed that:From time, the maximum frequency year of incidents is 2006 with 108 accidents, which reduced dramatically in 2007. The frequency trend of sudden water pollution incidents from 2007 to 2016 shows a positive correlation with GDP. The period from march to September (in spring and summer) are high-occurrence months (seasons) for water pollution incidents. From spatial, incidents were mainly concentrated in Chongqing, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujian provinces. The frequency of incidents in the East China, Southwest China, and South China is nearly 69.2% of the country's total frequency. The frequency of pollution incidents in the Yangtze River Basin, the Pearl River Basin, and rivers in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces is almost 74.4% of all. From the year 2006, 2011 to 2016, there is a trend of proliferation and migration from north to south. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and the Hubei-Chongqing region are continuous high frequency areas. The frequency of sudden water pollution incidents in different provinces have a significant positive correlation with the population, the number of traffic accidents, the number of industrial enterprises, and the amount of industrial wastewater discharge, but negatively correlated with the number of per environmental protection agencies the number of environmental protection system person, the number of environmental proposals of the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference under the output of industrial enterprises.

In view of the relationship between the production of methane and odorous compounds with the landfill age of municipal solid waste (MSW), the anaerobic fermentation experiment was performed by using an automatic methane potential test system to monitor the cumulative methane yield and production rate, and the GC/MS was used to analyze the odorous compounds. The results showed that the yield of methane produced by the MSW with a shorter landfill age was higher. The MSW with the landfill age of 3 years had the highest gas production, with the methane cumulative yield of 29.81mL/g, and the MSW with the landfill age of 7 years was the lowest, which was 6.16mL/g. The MSW with landfill age of 3 years had the highest methane production rate, with the highest value of 112.3mL/d. Aromatic compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons dominated the 40species of odorous compounds detected, with the most species and highest concentration. The concentration ratio of aromatic, halogenated hydrocarbon and sulfur compound increased with the landfill age; the concentration ratio of aliphatic hydrocarbon decreased as the landfill age increased.

It is important to deeply understanding the degradation mechanism of chloroform (CF) along the depth of a soil layer. In this study, the simulated landfill cover system (SLCS) was set up and biotransformation mechanism of CF was firstly investigated by the method of diversity sequencing. The results showed that the landfill cover was divided into three zones along the depth, aerobic zone (0~20cm), anoxic zone (20~40cm) and anaerobic zone (>40cm), based on the oxygen content. The analysis of diversity sequencing revealed that methanotrophs were dominant bacteria in aerobic zone, including type I methanotrophs Methylobacter and type Ⅱ methanotrophs Methylosinus. While Anaeromyxobacter was the dominant bacteria for CF biodegradation by reductive dechlorination in anoxic and anaerobic zone. In addition, the relative abundance of methanotrophs in the anoxic zone was about 13%. These results suggested that CF was firstly degraded effectively in aerobic, anoxic and anoxic zone. Previous studies reported that CF can be degraded into dichloromethane reductive dechlorination in the anoxic and anaerobic zone, and part of dichloromethane would be transformed into acetate, H₂ and CO₂ due to the activity of Dehalobacter, which agreed with this study. The metabolic product dichloromethane was then completely degraded by through co-metabolism by methanotrophs in aerobic and anoxic zone. Moreover, the relationship between biodegradation capacity and gas flux was also studied. With the change of inlet flux, there was a negative correlation between methane removal efficiency and flux (R²=0.80), while the positive correlation was found between methane biodegradation rate and flux (R²=0.86). Similarly, CF biodegradation efficiency decreased with increase of inlet gas flux (R²=0.86), while biodegradation rate increased with increase of inlet gas flux (R²=0.89). Therefore, aerobic co-metabolism contributed more in in removal of CF than reductive dichlorination. These results provided theoretical basis for in situ bioremediation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons pollutants.

The influence of the gasification temperature and S/B (mass ratio of steam to sludge) on the distribution characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, oxygen-containing compounds and sulfur-containing compounds in sludge gasification tar was studied by GC-MS analysis. The results showed that the aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the tar mainly were the phenanthrenes, naphthalenes, fluorenes and biphenyls compounds, and the highest yields of the phenanthrenes and naphthalenes always appeared at the gasification temperature of 850℃ when S/B values were 1.1, 1.5 and 1.9 respectively. The fluorenes yield firstly increased and then decreased with the gasification temperature increase when S/B values were 1.5 and 1.9 respectively, but the biphenyls yield firstly increased and then decreased with S/B value increase at 800℃, which its highest yield was 1.284 g/kg. Indoles compounds was the main chemical components in nitrogen-containing compounds, which its yield decrease with the gasification temperature increase when S/B values were 1.5 and 1.9 respectively. The main components in oxygen-containing compounds was phenols compounds, and its yield increased with S/B value increase when the gasification temperature was 750℃, which its highes tyield was 3.103g/kg. Besides, the main components of sulfur-containing compounds was 4,4'-bis (tetrahydrothiopyran), and naphtha[1, 2-b] thiophene with the yield of 0.263 g/kg only exist in the tar from the gasification at the temperature and S/B value of 850℃ and 1.9.

This paper investigates the factors that influence the preparation of polysilicate aluminum chloride coagulant using coal fly ash and their performance and microstructure. Four factors(basicity, n(Si):n(Al), polymerization temperature and reaction time) and three levels of response surface experiments were carried out, which regarded the transmittance of Kaolin simulated wastewater as the evaluation index. Results show that the optimum scheme when the basicity was 1.18, the n(Si):n(Al) was 5.64, the polymerization temperature was 47.40℃, and the reaction time was 2.48 hours. At the optimum theme, the predicted value of transmittance reaches 86.58%, the relative error of all the verification experiments was 0.18%, and the correlation coefficient of the model is 0.9984, which indicated the RSM optimization model is reliable. The performance of coagulant increases continuously with the increase of dosage, and tends to be stable eventually. With the increase of pH of wastewater, it increases first and then decreases. X-ray diffraction test indicates the formation of sodium chloride and new amorphous polymers which through the polymerization reaction of fly ash leachate and polysilicic acid. The infrared tests illustrates that a large amount of nonionic complex state (such as metal-hydroxyl groups) occurs between polysilicate acid and Al³⁺ and it's hydrolysate. The SEM micrograph shows that the product presents a three-dimensional reticular structure, with high level of aggregation and branches.

This study used the large existing database on ¹³⁷Cs reference inventories, according to the radioactivity ratio of ¹³⁷Cs/^239+240Pu (32.5,¹³⁷Cs radioactivity is corrected to 2005) in the Northern Hemisphere, and converted ¹³⁷Cs reference inventories to the corresponding values for ^239+240Pu. The ¹³⁷Cs Reference Inventory Model for Mainland China (¹³⁷Cs-RI MCM) had been used to establish an analogous, by using Kriging/Cokriging interpolation to simulate the spatial distribution of the Pu-RI in the soils across China. At present, the measured deposition inventories for ^239+240Pu range from 7.3 to 546Bq/m² and Pu-RI simulated values range from 3 to 812Bq/m². Maxima in the deposition inventory correlated well with those of the Pu-RI simulation, which suggested the ¹³⁷Cs-RI MCM has potential for the simulation of the Pu-RI in the soils of the mainland of China. In-homogeneity in the atmospheric deposition of ¹³⁷Cs and ^239+240Pu however lead to deviations between the local Pu-RI simulation values and the measured ¹³⁷Cs/^239+240Pu radioactivity ratios present in Chinese soil cores. In order to better illustrate the feasibility of the ¹³⁷Cs-RI MCM, this study compared theoretical wet deposition inventories of ^239+240Pu with the corresponding Pu-RIs in 62 cities of China between latitudes 30~40°N, this showed that the theoretical calculations of Pu-RI or total deposition inventories and wet deposition inventories were reasonable.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentration in surface soil samples collected from 14mainstream and 18branch cross sections of the Yangtze River were analyzed by GC-MS. The residual characteristics, pollution sources, and ecological risks were also analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of total PCBs in surface soil ranged from 1.05 to 50.11ng/g dry weight (ng/g dw), with an average value of 5.71ng/g dw, and the PCBs concentration in this study was in a comparatively low level. The content of PCBs in the mainstream has gradually increased from the upstream to the downstream, and the total content of PCB in the second and third-tier cities such as Yichang, Yueyang, Wuhan and Chongqing was relatively high. PCB17, PCB18, PCB44, PCB74, PCB87 were identified as the prevalent contaminates of the surface soil. Tri-and tetra-chlorobiphenyl were the main congeners, indicating that the surface soil in the Yangtze River basin was mainly contaminated with low-chlorobiphenyl. The principal component analysis showed that PCBs mainly come from the mixed pollution sources of No. 1transformer oil, Aorclor 1242, 1248, atmospheric deposition and surface runoff. The health risk assessment of surface soil in the Yangtze River Basin showed that PCBs have a relatively low risk, and the potential risk of inhalation was lower than accidental ingestion and dermal contact.

This study analyzed the bacteria tolerance to cadmium and plant growth-promoting substances produced by Enterobacter sp. FM-1. Also, examined the potential of Enterobacter sp. FM-1 to assist in cadmium accumulation for Centella asiatica L. and pH value in rhizosphere soil. The results indicated that Enterobacter sp. FM-1had a relatively high cadmium tolerance. Also, the results showed that indole-3-acetic acid, siderophore parameter (A/A_r) and soluble phosphate ability produced by Enterobacter sp. FM-1 were (72.85±0.62) mg/L, 0.21±0.01 and (143.33±2.13) mg/L, respectively, which indicated that bacteria had an excellent plant growth-promoting ability. Meanwhile, inoculation with Enterobacter sp. FM-1 in the four types of cadmium-contaminated soils which were collected in Siding lead-zinc mining area, increased the accumulation of cadmium in both two types of C. asiatica L. in different degrees. For instance, inoculation with Enterobacter sp. FM-1 in the downstream area soil condition, the cadmium contents in the stems and leaves of mine-type C. asiatica L. increased 87.90%~161.84% and 21.85%~76.42%, respectively. Meanwhile, the cadmium contents in the leaves of non-mine type C. asiatica L. increased 5.84%~35.20%. Hence, inoculation with Enterobacter sp. FM-1 significantly increased the accumulation of cadmium in C. asiatica L. Furthermore, inoculation with Enterobacter sp. FM-1 had influenced the pH value in rhizosphere soil of C. asiatica L. Especially for mine-type C. asiatica L., pH value in rhizosphere soil of downstream area soil condition decreased significantly.

The application of low density polyethylene (LDPE) as passive sampling devices for monitoring the concentration of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) requires data on diffusion coefficients (D) for the estimation of uptake rates. Most of the diffusion coefficients are usually obtained from experimental measurements, which are not readily available for all potential pollutants. Therefore, current work aimed to establish mathematical models for predicting D values with the physicochemical properties of chemicals. To make further improvements in measuring D values, this study focused to develop a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for predicting diffusion coefficients. The results of stepwise multiple regression indicated that QSAR model fits well with objectives, and had robustness and predictive capacity, with the determination coefficients (R²_adj) of 0.941, cross-validation coefficients (Q²_LOO) with 0.943, and with external validation coefficient (Q²_ext) of 0.895. Mechanism interpretation suggested that the main factors governing the diffusion process in LDPE were van der Waals volumes. The results of current study provide an excellent tool for predicting D values of HOCs within the applicability domains.

The evolution characteristics of water quality and major driving factors were investigated by using the data from 1991 to 2015 in Dongting Lake. The effects of declining of water quality on aquatic ecological risks also discussed in this study. The results showed that the water quality declined from 1991 to 2015. TN and TP were the major indexes that caused water quality decline, with the concentrations ranged from 1.06~2.07 and 0.026~0.146, respectively. From 1991 to 2002, the concentrations of TN and TP increased significantly, which could be the effects of water level and sedimentation according to the multiple regression analysis. From 2003 to 2015, TN concentration continuous to increase but TP was relatively stable, which resulted from nitrogen and phosphorus load input and water level. The level of ecological risk of Dongtimg Lake transformed from slightly to moderately from 1991 to 2015. The flood and enhanced agricultural nonpoint source pollution and urbanization were the main drivers, from 1991~2008, the risk all increased in different, especially in western district of Dongting Lake. From 2009 to 2015, the risk in different regions declined, the decrease of eastern district were more significant than western district. Therefore, to protect aquatic ecosystem of Dongting Lake, optimization of hydrologic condition, control of nutrients loading and particular focus on P risk were the most important strategies.

The effects of macrophytes on lake ecosystem are analyzed, the biomass control and harvesting management measures for macrophytes are summarized, and the common methods on determining the biomass target for macrophytes restoration are discussed. Based on the growth characteristic of macrophytes, an assessment approach on the optimal biomass of macrophytes in decaying period and growth period, respectively, in shallow lakes using lake ecological model is proposed. The present research is of great significance for guiding the lake ecological restoration and its subsequent maintenance. It provides scientific support for improving the comprehensive evaluation standard of healthy lakes and the theory of lake ecological restoration.

The data of heavy metal content in sediments of costal area of Guangdong Province were collected and its ecological risks were assessed using the Hakanson's potential ecological risk index. Based on social, economic and natural aspects, the major factors affecting the heavy metals content were investigated. Results showed that the contents of various heavy metals in sediments of Pearl River Estuary were significantly higher than that of the eastern or western coastal regions of Guangdong. The highest contents of Cu (106.98±70.69μg/g) and Pb (65.74±65.03μg/g) were recorded in Guangzhou and Shenzhen among all the coastal areas, whereas the highest contents of Zn (250.25±55.01μg/g), Cd (1.48±0.30μg/g), Cr (96.48±9.79μg/g) and As (17.30±14.00μg/g) were recorded in Zhongshan. Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment showed that the individual index (0.528±0.377~2.107±3.665) and the comprehensive index (7.135±7.880) of Guangdong coast were overall low. The results from single factor ecological risk assessment indicated that the order of ecological risk for the six heavy metals was Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > As > Cr, and the order of ecological risk index was the Pearl River Estuary (12.131) > eastern coastal regions of Guangdong (5.488) > western coastal regions of Guangdong (4.1560). Significant correlations were found between the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in the sediments (P<0.05), indicating the homologous sources. The contents of Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments were positively correlated with TOC (P<0.05), while the contents of Cu, Cr and Cd in sediments were negatively correlated with pH values (P<0.05).

An integrated ecosystem assessment method based on remote sensing technology at the small-scale intertidal ecosystem was proposed by integrating the ecosystem structure, quality and service function. The method solved the problem of scale conversion and weak systematic in ecosystem assessment. Taking Shuangtaizi estuary of Liaoning Province as the study area, the proposed method was used to assess the status and changing trend from 1990 to 2016. The results showed that the study area was dominated by poor and intermediate grade, 13.1% of pixels showed the significant weakening trend while 6.9% showed the significant growth trend. As a result, the assessment can reflect the spatial and temporal differences of the various land cover types quantitatively, which met beneficiary's experience and consistent with the previous research results. Therefore, the above conclusion showed that the constructed integrated ecosystem assessment method had the feasibility and application potential.

This research was conducted in a typical agricultural small watershed in the western Sichuan Basin. The nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, TN) concentration and pH in Xihe river were continuously monitored from March 2015 to February 2016. Using different techniques, such as remote-sensing interpretation, geographic information systems, and correlation analysis, the relationship between nitrogen concentration and pH in the river with surrounding land use typed area was explored. Results showed that river nitrogen concentration was higher in the winter (2.063mg/L) than in spring and autumn (1.536mg/L; 1.432mg/L), followed by summer (1.085mg/L). Concurrently, the monthly average concentration of NO₃^--N (0.891mg/L) was significantly higher than that of NH₄⁺-N (0.425mg/L) (P<0.01), and NO₃^--N was remarkably affected by typical land use types. As the buffer zone radius increased, the correlation of cultivated land, urban-rural construction land, and water area with NO₃^--N and TN concentrations gradually decreased. In the 250m buffer zone, the area of urban-rural construction land was significantly positively correlated with NO₃^--N concentration (P<0.05), and the transportation land was increasingly correlated with all nitrogen components. In the 750m buffer zone, the area of transportation land was significantly positively correlated with NO₃^--N and TN concentrations (P<0.01). Urban-rural construction land and transportation land may be the "source" of river NO₃^--N.

Based on the data from eight consecutive provincial forest inventories for the period of 1973~2013, and the updated biomass-volume relationship retrieved from field measurements, the dynamics of forest biomass carbon stocks were systematically analyzed using the newly refined continuous biomass expansion factor model in Heilongjiang Province over the past four decades. The results showed that the provincial total biomass carbon stocks decreased from 1159.35 to 833.99 TgC between 1973~1976 and 2009~2013. Natural forests completely contributed to such stock reduction of 387.51TgC, while planted forests increased by 62.15TgC. Forests functioned as a biomass carbon source of -10.88TgC/a, primarily caused by the decrease in the area for natural forests. Different types of forests exhibited substantial temporal variations of the biomass carbon stocks. Betula, Larix, and mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests were the major contributors to the total biomass carbon stocks. The biomass carbon density for most types of forests increased from 1973 to 2013. Currently, forests were dominantly young and middle-aged forest stands in Heilongjiang. Middle-aged forests had the largest proportion ranging from 27.9% to 46.6% of the total biomass carbon stocks during 1973~2013. The biomass carbon stocks decreased in all forest age groups but middle-aged forests, with the largest decrease of 201.17 TgC for mature forests. The biomass carbon density for young, middle-aged and premature forests significantly increased by 2.20, 3.21 and 3.43 MgC/hm² during the entire study period, respectively. However, the biomass carbon density for mature and overmature forests showed a downward trend. The dynamics of biomass carbon stocks for different age groups were mainly driven by the changes in forest area and biomass carbon density.

We estimated the quantity of biomass burned and total emission of pollutants released from forest fires in Southern Forest region of China during 2000~2016 based on Forestry Statistical Yearbooks, MODIS satellite fire data and emission factors of different forest types from various studies. In addition, the temporal and spatial dynamics of pollutants were also analyzed. The results showed that the occurrence of forest fires in the southern forest area increased firstly and then decreased and dispersedly distributed in space during the study time period. The total amount of forest biomass burned during 2000~2016 was 4.79×10⁴kt. The burning ratios of temperate evergreen coniferous forests, temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests, tropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and shrubs were 65.24%, 17.45%, 1.55%, 1.10% and 14.66%, respectively. The emissions of CO, CO₂, NO_x, CH₄, VOCs and PM_2.5 were 3.73×10³, 5.87×10⁴, 48.05, 347.27, 358.54 and 365.06kt, respectively. In addition, a significant variation in the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants existed. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Western Hainan and the Southern Jiangxi and Hunan were high emission areas of pollutants. The emission of pollutants in Jiangxi and Hubei decreased significantly. A declining trend of NO_x, VOCs and PM_2.5 in Fujian, and CH₄ and VOCs in Guangdong was observed; however, the change in concentration of pollutants in other provinces was not significant. There is an overall increasing trend of the emission ratio of PM_2.5 released from forest fires, indicating an increasing influence of forest fires on local atmospheric condition in Southern forested region of China.

A semi-parametric generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyze the exposure-effect relationship between PM_2.5 and its water-soluble (WS) ions and daily respiratory hospital outpatient visits from 2015 to 2016 in Shenyang after a complex control of the long-term trend, the "day of the week" effect, and the meteorological parameter. The layering model was established for people with different sexes and ages. The results showed that PM_2.5 and its WS ions had a lag correlation with daily outpatient visits. Due to the coal burning emissions in winter, PM_2.5, NO₃^-and NH₄⁺ had a significantly positively correlative with outpatient visits. With the largest correlation coefficient of 2-days lags (avg01). Under the optimal lagging time, the excess risk (ER%) of daily outpatients was increased by 1.31% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.2%~1.43% when PM_2.5 concentration increased 10µg/m³. As ionic concentrations of SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, Cl^-, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ increased by 1interquartile range (IQR), the ER% of daily outpatients increased by 3.22% (with 95%CI:2.81%~3.62%), 4.67%(4.13%~5.22%), 5.41%(4.49%~6.33%), 7.38%(3.91%~10.96%), 0.14% (-6.34%-7.07%), 7.64% (-11.87%-31.47%), 3.57%(-2.83%-10.39%) and 0.46%(-16.64%-21.06%), respectively. PM_2.5, Cl^-, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺ had a greater effect on the number of respiratory disease female outpatients than on male ones. Compared with the population aged between 15 and 65, PM_2.5, SO₄^2-, Cl^-, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ exerted a greater effect on the elderly population aged 65 and above. This indicated that there was difference among population of different sexes and ages due to the divergence in physiological structure and environmental factors.

In order to study pollution characteristics health risk of heavy metal elements in particulate matter from vehicle emissions, a tunnel test was conducted the Fu Gui Mountain tunnel in Nanjing, China. The concentration and characteristics of PM_2.5, and the components of heavy metal elements were studied. The health risk of heavy metal elements in PM_2.5 was assessed by using the international recognized health risk assessment method (US EPA). The results showed that the concentration of PM_2.5 in the tunnel entrance and exit at workdays was (78.67±24.58) μg/m³ and (164.2±45.13) μg/m³, and the concentration of particulate matter on non-working days was slightly lower than the working day. During the sampling period, the concentration of Zn, Cu, and Mn in PM_2.5 at tunnel exits was higher quality, which was greatly affected by vehicle. The enrichment factor analysis results show that the EF of the Cd, Sb, Sn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Pb, and As at the entrance and exit of the tunnel were greater than 10, which were affected by the anthropogenic sources emission. The EF of Co, Mn, Cr, Ni, V, and Tl were less than 10, which were almost no enrichment in the tunnel. The health risk assessment results showed that the non-carcinogenic risk index (HI) in the tunnel during the test period was greater than 1for children, which had non-carcinogenic risk. For adults, the HI was less than 1, which were within safe limits. However, two heavy metal elements were carcinogenic to human body, such as Cr and As which had a significant impact on human health.

To study the neurobehavioral toxicity of semicarbazide (SEM) in rats and its biochemical mechanism. A total of 44male SD rats were randomly divided into 4groups (n=11 per group):control group, low-dose group, medium-dose group, and high-dose group. SEM was intragastrically administrates at the dosage of 0, 7.5, 15, 30mg/kg (body weight) for 28days. The open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were used to evaluated the neurobehavior in rats before and after exposure to SEM. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate acid (GLU) of hippocampus were determined by liquid chromatography. ELISA method was used to mesure the contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR). The results showed that the total distance traveled and the distance traveled in the center were significantly lower in the high-dose SEM group compared with the control group (P<0.05). The open arm time percentage and open arm entries percentage were significantly lower in the SEM groups than in the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the concentrations of GABA and the activity of MAO were decreased, whereas the levels of GLU, NMDAR, 5-HT, NE and DA were increased in different exposed groups. SEM might affect the nervous system of rats by damaging the mutual transformation of GABA and GLU, increasing the concentration of NMDAR and inhibiting the activity of MAO that directly enhance the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters.

The present study investigated effects of exposure to sunken heavy fuel oil (HFO) on the fecundity, gamete quality and development of the offspring in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Adult sea urchins were exposed to effluents from HFO-oiled gravel columns for 7days to simulate an oil contaminated gravel shore. The spawning ability of adults and the fecundity ((1957917±811471) eggs) of females significantly decreased (P=0.033 and P=0.036, respectively). No effect was observed on the egg size and fertilization success. However, a significant increase in the percentage of abnormality of the offspring were observed, demonstrating that parental exposure (especially paternal exposure) had adverse effects on the offspring. The offspring from exposed fathers showed higher ITI values (ITI values of 24 and 48h offspring were 0.82~1.95 and 1.89~4.04, respectively) with a higher number of malformed embryos compared to maternal exposure (ITI values of 24 and 48h offspring were 0.54~1.45 and 1.1~2.57, respectively), indicating that detrimental effects of sunken HFO on the early development of sea urchin embryos may be largely attributed to paternal effects.

Based on Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI), the main impact factors of industrial air pollutant emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and surrounding areas from 2011 to 2015 were explored. The total effect of emission change in the above regions were decomposed into population effect, economic scale effect, industrial structure effect, energy consumption effect, energy structure effect and emission intensity effect. The results showed that both population effect and economic scale effect were basically positive, while industrial structure effect, energy consumption effect and emission intensity effect were mostly negative. Due to few changes of energy structure in the above regions within the period from 2011 to 2015, energy structure effect made a few contributions to the total effect, lower than 0.52%. As the situation in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Shanxi were differed, each effect contributed differently. The growing population and economic scale, declining proportion of industrial added value, energy consumption intensity and emission intensity impacted population effect, economic scale effect, industrial structure effect, energy consumption effect and emission intensity effect. During the formulation of emission reduction policy, the accumulated contribution value and contribution degree of each effect should be considered. Joint emission reduction policies and measures could be made to address the main impact factors which coexisted in these regions. For other main impact factors which specially mattered to any provinces or cities, policy was advised to suit local conditions.

In the process of improving air quality, the industrial structural characteristics of urban air pollution are increasingly attracting public attention. However, research on the overall planning of total air pollutant allocation giving consideration to both spatial and industrial factors is relatively weak. To address this issue, the present study synthetically considers spatial distribution of pollution resources and industrial structure characteristics based on the screening of leading industries and main-control factors first. Then an indicator system is constructed to enable the estimation of the overall spatial and industrial allocation coefficients with the entropy weight method. Hereby, the overall allocation method and process were established and applied to Ordos City. The result showed that this method can be well adapted to cities where there the industrial contribution to air pollution is prominent. With the consideration of optimization for industrial layout and scale, it will also help to improve the total pollutant allocation system and improve the effect of pollution control.

The electricity generation consumes around 8% of global water use. The water use for the electricity generation and transmission is defined as "the water for energy" or "the water-energy nexus of the electricity sector". This study went through the literatures that are relevant to this topic from the following aspects:the quantification of the water consumption and withdrawal by various electricity generation types; the analysis of the mismatch between electricity generation/transmission and water resources; and other related environmental issues. This study concluded that:the cooling technologies would have significant influence on the water consumption and withdrawal for the electricity generation; there are tremendous spatial disparities of local water resources and electricity generation; comprehensive management of the water and energy is still lacking and urgently needed.

The technical management solutions for ecological red-line based on environmental security problems have been built based on reviewing the development history of the ecological red line, combined with the latest"Technical Guide for the Ecological Protection Red Line" released by Ministry of Environmental Protection. Themain points are summarized as follows. The negative effects of human activities should be emphasized in defining the important concepts to enhances the rationality of adopting institutional constraints on human behaviors. The accurate and comprehensive information about the environmental problems in ecological red-line should be obtained by multi-scale research methods, and the regional differences of resources, environment and economic & social backgrounds should be considered. And the control objects and management goals of ecological red line protection should be determined by identifying and diagnosing the local existing or potential ecological problems, then the management types, the spatial locations and the scopes of ecological red line in a region be divided and delineated. Finally the feasible and effective solutions to the ecological problems in ecological red-line be proposed by learning localhistorical experiencesand investigating public suggestions.

As a tributary of Chishui River, Wuma River provides water resources for the downstream wine enterprises, which creates the conditions for realizing market-oriented ecological compensation in Wuma River watershed. This paper uses the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small Region Extent model (CLUE-S model) to simulate the current land use and land cover and that in 2030, encompassing two scenarios, that is, scenarios of economic development and scenarios of ecological protection. Then this paper assesses three types of ecosystem services which are water yield, nutrient translocation and sediment retention in the watershed based on the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Service and Tradeoffs model (InVEST model). The current total ecosystem service value in the watershed was 418.25million yuan, and the total value under the two scenarios was 417.59million yuan and 416.22million yuan respectively. In addition, based on the investigation of the compensation willingness of local residents and wine enterprises, the maximum of ecological compensation that meets the wishes of stakeholders should be decided as 274million yuan per year. Finally, this study uses the development opportunity cost method to get the loss of 178million yuan per year. Combined with the results, the rational range of the market-oriented ecological compensation standard for Wuma River watershed can be determined. Based on the compensation standard and SWOT analysis, the market-oriented ecological compensation mechanism for Wuma River watershed can be designed.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is the most widely used tool for the environmental evaluation of system and its capabilities no need to be proved. However, there are still several limitations in its theory and application, including the lack of temporal dimension and spatial dimensionin its inventories and impact methods. These limitations mainly include ignoring the changes of products and energy systems over time; the use of static and outdated historical inventory data instead of time-based life cycle inventory (LCI) data; and lacking thechoose and calculation methods of the dynamic characteristics factors inimpact assessment. Dynamic life cycle assessment (DLCA) is an evaluation method of modeling ofdynamic processfor the industrial and environmental system with temporal and spatial dimensional change, which can accurately and scientifically improves the traditional life cycle assessment results. This paper summarized the present studies on the DLCA in three parts:dynamic modeling and analysis using time information as an uncertain factor; dynamic data extraction methods of production process or pollutant emissions based on real time; impact assessment methods of dynamic characteristic factors on the basis of time differentiation. At present, the DLCA method doesn't have uniform framework. Besides, there is no scientific mathematical model and software for time-differentiated LCI calculation and modeling solution for life cycle impact assessment. So this paper will provide an outlook of the future development of DLCA in order to support for the research, application, development and improvement of LCA method.

Integrating the red line of ecological conservation, the bottom line of environmental quality security, the upper line of natural resource utilization, and the blacklist of activities for environmental scrutiny (requirement of three lines and one list, TLOL) is a potentially effective way to the implementation of SEA. However, how to incorporate the requirement of TLOL into SEA is still lack of experience. This study explored the evaluation content and the functional localization of the TLOL in the main assessment of urban development SEA, an evaluation technical system of urban development SEA has constructed based on TLOL from both aspects of key tasks and technical process, the green development SEA of Ordos has been taken as an example. The case study showed that for cities such as Ordos with a large space scale and a high heterogeneity of natural environment and industrial development, this evaluation system could effectively prevent and solve the environmental pollution, ecological degradation and inefficient resource allocation which caused by the urban sprawl and the imbalance industrial structure during the implementation of the strategy. Moreover, it could improve the management and control of differentiated environment in urban classification and zoning.

This paper investigates the effect of fiscal decentralization on environmental investment efficiency, further considering the study on the impact of fiscal decentralization on environment quality. Based on the panel data of 30provinces in China from 2004 to 2014, the environmental investment efficiency is measured under DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method, and the relationship between fiscal decentralization and environmental investment efficiency is investigated by a panel Tobit model. The empirical results show that fiscal decentralization is not conductive to the improvement of environmental investment efficiency especially for the "Three Simultaneous" of construction projects, industry pollution sources control, as well as the improvement of corporate environmental protection investment efficiency. Considering the regional heterogeneity factors, further studies that the aggregate environmental investment is selected as a threshold variable also support the conclusion.

Bridging economic and environmental system is critical for decision making on circular economy, and Sustainability Assessment, as well as Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), which is developed based on the Life cycle assessment (LCA). Increasing interest in sustainability related assessment and the application in resource circulation has led to the development of economic sustainability assessment tools such as Life Cycle Costing (LCC). LCC was highlighted as useful economic tool for decision-making in global studies. Due to terminological and methodological disparities in LCC itself and along with other costing tools like Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), conceptual confusion and even misuse of LCC often happen. With this circumstance, by using the methodology of literature study and case study this article aims to unveil and clarify the vague definition of LCC and to improve practical application of LCC as well as LCSA. First of all, we reviewed relevant literature of LCC world widely and found out that with increasing environmental and societal concerns LCC evolved from financial accounting tool eventually to one pillar of LCSA. Meanwhile by applying with Citespace analysis on the progress of domestic and international LCC journal publications from 2000 to 2017 was conducted, and the results reveal that compared to domestic study international study has switched from conceptual & theoretical exploration and corporate cost control to practical optimization of specific systems. Then the three pillars of sustainability concept was visualized and analysed to illustrate the three dimensions of LCSA and its connections to LCC. The differences between alternate terms respect to LCC and between LCC and CBA are also compared. A European Union project VEEP was taken as a case study to qualitatively and quantitatively explain the boundaries of different types of LCCs from multi-actors perspectives and its analytical processes. Finally, future concerns on the prospect of LCC application in China was discussed, including expansion of applied domain, standardization, multi-methodological integration, and development of database and software.