According to the emission scenarios of aerosols and their precursors, RCP2.6 (low emission), RCP4.5 (medium emission) and RCP8.5 (high emission) scenarios given by the Fifth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR5), the temporal and spatial variations of the concentrations of total PM_2.5 (the sum of anthropogenic and natural aerosols), anthropogenic and natural aerosols in PM_2.5 over the globe from 2010 to 2030 and 2030 to 2050, as well as the contributions of anthropogenic and natural aerosols to these variations under the green emission scenario (RCP4.5) over China were simulated in this work, using an aerosol-climate online coupled model from National Climate Center. Results show that from 2010 to 2030, the spatial variations of the column concentrations of PM_2.5 under the three emission scenarios were basically similar to each other. The column concentrations of PM_2.5 increase over Europe, North Africa, and the ocean to the west of North Africa, but the increase over North Africa and the ocean to the west of it was more significant than that over Europe. However, the column concentrations of PM_2.5 decrease over the Arabian peninsula. The annual mean surface concentrations of PM_2.5 over China decreased approximately by 2.55μg/m³, with the anthropogenic aerosols accounting for about 28% and the natural aerosols accounting for about 72% under RCP4.5 scenario. From 2030 to 2050, the spatial variations of the column concentrations of PM_2.5 differred greatly under the three different emission scenarios. The column concentrations of PM_2.5 increased apparently over North Africa and ocean to the west of it, while decreased over East Asia under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Whereas, the results under RCP2.6 scenario were quite different from RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. In China, the column concentrations of PM_2.5, as well as the anthropogenic and natural aerosols in PM_2.5, were reduced further than the previous period under RCP4.5 scenario, with the contributions (about 34%) of anthropogenic aerosols increasing.

A haze episode, which occurred over Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 21 January to 24 January, 2013, was investigated using the WRF-CMAQ model system. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and regional transport process of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) were discussed. In addition, the contribution of local accumulation and long-range transport to this haze episode were also analyzed. Results showed that the WRF-CMAQ model could reproduce the temporal and spatial distributions and evolution features of PM_2.5. On 21 st, the YRD was in northerly winds prevailed at the ground level, which led to short-term northern input-base pollution. Horizontal flux at the ground level during short-term pollution was larger than that during local accumulation pollution. There was a vertical transport in boundary layer. During 22 nd to 24 st, small wind at surface and temperature inversion led to the local accumulation of pollution. The major source processes in sequence during short-term pollution are local source emission (35.04%), horizontal advection (27.07%), aerosol chemical process (20.91%) and vertical advection (14.07%). Those during local accumulation pollution are local source emission (50.93%), aerosol chemical process (27.05%), vertical advection (17.47%) and horizontal advection (0.34%). The contribution rates of horizontal advection, source emission and aerosol chemical process changed obviously.

The causes of frequent haze in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei were truly complex, but the researches on the interrelation between haze and socio-economic factors were still lack of quantitative analysis. Considering that the interrelation under different regimes showed different change rules, the modified panel threshold regression model was applied to address different policy challenges. The results showed that the single threshold effect was significant while the added value of the tertiary industry or public transport was selected as the threshold variable. When the added value of the tertiary industry was less than the threshold value, the development of the secondary industry and the rising number of cars would increase PM_2.5. Therefore, the expansion of the public transport would be an effective measure to ease the haze. When the added value of the tertiary industry exceeded the threshold value, the continued development of the secondary and the tertiary industry would reduce PM_2.5, but the relief function achieved by expanding the public transport would be weakened slightly. Meanwhile the number of vehicles would become the primary factor influencing PM_2.5. When the number of public transport was closer to its threshold value, the opportunity cost of PM_2.5 reduction would be less and the increase of energy consumption would always increase PM_2.5. As there were nonlinear relations between the haze and the socio-economic factors, the policy formulation of PM_2.5-reduction should be combined with the threshold effect.

Characteristics of the spatial and temporal distributions of O₃, as well as its source apportionments were all analyzed in Beijing and its surrounding areas by applying the numerical model and comprehensive measurements. The results showed that ozone presented obvious spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and higher concentrations mainly concentrated in the month from May to Sep. There were two pollution belts of ozone in Beijing and its surrounding areas. A pollution zone was mainly concentrated in Beijing-Baoding-northern Shanxi regions, the other was mainly concentrated in Beijing-Tianjin-Bohai areas. The calculated averaged ozone contributions of regional transport (horizontal and vertical transport) to Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Zhengzhou were 63%, 70%, 74%, 60% and 71% respectively during one heavy air episode of ozone from Aug 11^th to 14^th, 2015. Regional transportation exerted a significant impact to the variations of local ozone.

To study the characteristics and causes of atmospheric heavy pollution episodes in winter of Tianjin, the concentrations of air pollutants, chemical characteristics of particulate matter and the meteorological parameters were analyzed in this study. The major conclusions were obtained as follows. During the heavy pollution episodes, the wind speeds kept below 4.0m/s the relative humidity were larger than 80%, and the mixing heights were only one third to one second of that in the clean days. The NO₂/SO₂ ratios were lower in heavy pollution days than that in clean days, and the NO₃^-/SO₄^2- ratios were larger than 1during pollution days, indicating that both vehicle exhaust and stationary sources were dominant in Tianjin. Compared to clean days, the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratios during the heavy pollution episodes were larger while the PM₁/PM_2.5 ratios were relatively lower, probably because of the hygroscopic behavior of fine particles and the coarse particles from coal combustion. At the beginning of pollution processes, the NOR values were larger than SOR, however, as the development of pollution, the SOR values exceeded NOR due to the limit of ammonia's concentration, indicating that more attention should be focused on gaseous precursors especially sulfur dioxides. OC and EC were weakly correlated when both of them have high concentrations. SOC contributed 20% to 54% of OC, indicating that the residential bulk coal burning and secondary organic reactions greatly affected heavy pollution episodes.

A predictive model for PM_2.5 emissions from Coal-fired boilers was developed based on the technology distribution and the emissions inventory methodologies applied domestically and abroad. Three scenarios were designed to analyze the emission potentials and distributions of PM_2.5 from coal-fired boilers in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area in 2020. The results showed that PM_2.5 emissions from coal-fired boilers were 1.25×10⁴t, 0.58×10⁴t and 0.18×10⁴t under different scenarios in 2020, respectively. Compared with the base year, PM_2.5 emission reductions of coal-fired boilers were 6.6×10⁴t, 7.2×10⁴t and 7.6×10⁴t, respectively, with the reduction rates of 84.0%, 92.6% and 97.7%. Emission reduction potentials in different cities are dependent on coal consumption by coal-fired boilers, capacity of boilers, ash content of the coal and dust control measures. The reduction potentials from coal-fired boilers of Tianjin were largest in Beijing- Tianjin-Hebei cities. Shijiazhuang was the top city in terms of reduction potentials in Hebei province. In the enhanced control scenario, the emissions reduction potentials could exceed 0.5×10⁴t in Tangshan, Beijing, Baoding and Qinhuangdao.

Based on the comparison between manual and automatic observations from 2012 to 2014 in Zhejiang province, the historical visibility and relative humidity data is amended and the haze day database is reconstructed according to "observational and forecasting measurement of haze". The linear trend of automatic visibility data is highly consistent with manual observations, while on average the automatic data is 28.6% less than manual observations. Their difference is greater in coastal areas. The relative humidity shows a significant downward trend since the beginning of automatic observation in 2004. The comparison between the daily manual and automatic relative humidity data at 20:00 shows that the average automatic data is 3% to 6% less than manual observation data. Linear regression is used for revising visibility and relative humidity data and the haze day database is reconstructed. After reconstruction, the bias between manual and automatic data is reduced and the new haze day database shows much higher quality with a uniform observational standard. The slightly polluted days show high consistency with the new haze days in 2013. The assessment of new haze day series in Zhejiang province shows that the number of haze days is relatively smaller in the 1970s and steadily increases in the 1980s, and reaches the highest in the 21^st century with the faster increasing rate. The center of haze day expands gradually from the middle-north to the north and the coastal areas in Zhejiang province, especially in major cities.

Soil dust, road dust, construction dust and coal stock dust in Guangzhou were sampled, The size distributions and chemical composition of fine particles from sampled fugitive dusts were analyzed using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Construction dust and other three types of fugitive dust showed bimodal and unimodal size distribution, respectively. The chemical composition of different dusts had a great diversity. The particles from soil dust were dominated by AlRich particles,accounting for 37.97% of the total number of ionized particles; The particles from road dust were dominated by CaRich particles which accounted for 24.92% of the total number of ionized particles; particles from construction dust were dominated by SiRich particles, accounting for 33.33% of the total number of ionized particles; particles from coal stock dust were dominated by CaRich particles, accounting for 64.92% of the total number of ionized particles. It is noted that road dust showed distinct characteristics of soil dust and motor vehicle exhaust. These unique characteristics of fugitive dust enable further source apportionment of dust particles. In addition, the percentage of secondary components was highest in road dust.

A volatility hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (VH-TDMA) was developed and used to measure and research the actual aerosol hygroscopic and thermal properties. The heating unit equipped with four symmetric heating tubes worked at 25℃, 150℃, 250℃ and 350℃, respectively. With rapid switching of the samples between different heating tubes, a higher temporal resolution could be achieved compared to regular V-TDMA. The humidification unit humidified the aerosol sample by using Nafion tubes. The relative humidity (RH) of the sample was controlled within the range of 10% to 90% with an accuracy of 1%.The particle loss and the accuracy of the developed system were evaluated with laboratory generated sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate samples. The measured results were in good agreement with those literature reported values, which confirmed that the developed VH-TDMA system was suitable for accuracy measurement of the hygroscopic and thermal properties of atmospheric aerosols. Field application of the system was carried out at the Shouxian National Climate Observatory in Anhui Province. The hygroscopic properties and volatilization characteristics of summer aerosol were studied. The results showed a positive correlation between the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor and particle size, and a pronounced diurnal cycle of the mixing state of the carbonaceous aerosol was observed.

In this study, the effect of tri-ethylene glycol (TEG) coating on the hygroscopicity property of soot aerosol particle was investigated. Size-classified soot aerosol from an inverted diffusion burner was coated with TEG and its properties were characterized by mass-mobility measurements using a Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA) coupled with an Aerosol Particle Mass analyzer (APM). Additionally, the soot aerosol sample was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Different Particle sizes, including 100nm, 200nm and 300nm, were selected into simulated TEG coating measurement. Significant restructuring of soot aggregates was observed in the presence of sub-nanometer layers of TEG. Due to the hygroscopic property of TEG and lower surface tension (σ) than water at room temperature, the presence of TEG made soot aggregates hygroscopic and further promoted their restructuring at higher relative humidity (RH). The condensation of small amounts of TEG may induce a significant restructuring of atmospheric soot aggregates, altering their properties and atmospheric impacts.

The aerosol adjoint module of the atmospheric chemical modeling system GRAPES-CUACE (Global-Regional Assimilation and Prediction System coupled with the CMA Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment) was used for sensitivity analysis of a high concentration PM_2.5 pollution episode (Nov. 27^th~Dec. 2^nd, 2015) in Beijing, showing the superiority of the adjoint model in terms of tracking influential haze source areas and sensitive emission periods. The results indicated that the PM_2.5 peak concentration at the objective time point in Beijing was the combined effects of local and surrounding emissions from this air pollution episode. According to time cumulative sensitivity coefficients, local emissions played a primary role within 23hours ahead of the objective time point. In addition, local emissions had a quicker effect on the PM_2.5 peak concentration with maximum hourly contribution of 9.4μg/m³around 5hours prior to the objective time point. The contribution from surrounding emissions presented a pattern of periodic fluctuation, and its three peak values of hourly sensitivity coefficients appeared around 9hours, 29hours and 43hours ahead of the objective time point, with values of 6.66, 6.24 and 1.74μg/m³, respectively. The pollutant from surrounding emissions was continuously transported to Beijing within 1~57hours ahead of the objective time point by southerly winds. It was found that the effects of different surrounding emissions on PM_2.5 peak concentration varied in terms of influence time period and degree. The accumulative contribution of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shanxi emissions accounted for 31%, 9%, 56% and 4%, respectively, within 72hours ahead of the objective time point. Based on hourly sensitivity coefficients, the main contribution time periods of Tianjin, Shanxi and Hebei emissions were 1~33, 17~33 and 1~57hours prior to the objective time point, respectively. The peak values of hourly sensitivity coefficients of Tianjin and Shanxi emissions were 2.10 and 0.71μg/m³ around 9 and 27hours ahead of the objective time point, respectively. The hourly sensitivity coefficients of Hebei emissions appeared a periodic fluctuation of three peak values of 4.55, 5.31 and 1.59μg/m³, respectively.

In order to solve the disadvantage of the design and operation of total sulfite oxidation system of ammonia-based desulphurization process relied on experience, resulting in fluctuation of service, high cost of investment and high operation cost, a mathematical model of total sulfite oxidation system was developed based on investigation of kinetics of oxidation of total sulfite. The model can predict the oxidation ratio of total sulfite at different parameters such as pH of solution, total sulfur concentration, air flow and residence time. The model was used to simulate the oxidation of total sulfite of a lab-scale ammonia-based desulphurization system and the predicted oxidation ratio of total sulfite was compared with the measured values. The results showed that the predicted oxidation ratio of total sulfite agreed well with the experimental values and the difference between the two was below ±20%. The mathematical model would assist us in the design and operation of the total sulfite oxidation system of ammonia-based desulphurization process.

A numerical scheme was developed for calculating single fiber drag force and inertial capture efficiencies of particles, and the viscous flow fields inside a model filter composed by staggered fiber arrays were determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equation numerically. The drag force of single fiber was then calculated for various values of packing density (C) and Reynolds number, and compared with the theoretical predictions by Happel and Kuwabara models, respectively. The results showed that Happel model agreed reasonably well with present numerical calculations when C < 0.045, giving a better prediction than that by Kuwabara model, while Kuwabara model was more reliable for C > 0.08.The single fiber collection efficiency due to inertial impaction was also obtained from the rigorous numerical simulations of trajectories of particles based on the viscous flow field solved by numerical simulations, and the effects of filtration velocity, particle density and packing density were discussed. The results showed that there was a critical particle diameter for inertial collection, below which particles failed to be captured by fibers. Based on the simulation results, a new correlation equation for predicting the single fiber drag force was presented, and a new correlation for single fiber efficiency due to inertial impaction was derived as a function of Stokes number (St) and C for St ≤10 and 0.01≤ C ≤0.1.

In order to start up an CANON process to treat domestic wastewater, the simultaneous anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification process (SAD) was started up firstly, then the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was enriched by Simulated domestic wastewater under low aeration. During the operation period, the variation of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N) and nitrate nitrogen(NO₂^--N )and dynamics activities of functional microbes were investigated to elaborate main factors for the conversion of sludge characteristics in the start-up process of CANON. The results showed that the time of both partial nitrification process and the adaptation to organic environment of ANAMMOX bacteria were shortened. The CANON process was started up successfully after 60days.the ANR of CANON process exceeded 93%. Owing to the short cycle, the ratio of ananmmox bacteria dynamics activity with heterotrophic denitrification bacteria was always within reasonable limits (m_NH4⁺-N/m_COD> 1.0).The pH of reactor was improved because of the degradation of COD by heterotrophic denitrification bacteria. In addition, the selective inhibition of NOB caused by both free ammonia (FA) during the aeration period was the other main factor for stable partial nitrification.

The inhibition effect of three different kinds of antibiotics on the nitrogen removal performance of anammox granules was investigated by serum bottle batch tests. The antibiotics used in the experiment were penicillin G sodium, oxytetracycline HCl and polymyxin E sulphate, which performed different inhibition mechanisms. As a result, when the batch test was conducted without the addition of antibiotic, the NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N removal rates of the anammox granules were 0.252 and 0.375kg N/(kg VSS·d), respectively. Besides, the anammox activity of the granules was not inhibited with the penicillin G sodium concentration of 3000mg/L. However, the anammox activity of the granules was largely inhibited by oxytetracycline HCl and polymyxin E sulphate. With the oxytetracycline HCl concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400mg/L, the NH₄⁺-N removal rates were 0.250, 0.237, 0.200, 0.117 and 0.062kg N/(kg VSS·d), respectively; The NO₂^--N removal rates were 0.324, 0.304, 0.296, 0.244 and 0.069kg N/(kg VSS·d), respectively. Meanwhile, with the polymyxin E sulphate concentrations of 30, 70, 90, 100 and 300mg/L, the NH₄⁺-N removal rates were 0.230, 0.134, 0.094, 0.022 and 0.007kg N/(kg VSS·d), respectively; The NO₂^--N removal rates were 0.351, 0.203, 0.133, 0.039 and 0.004kg N/(kg VSS·d), respectively. The inhibition effects of the three kinds of antibiotics were in the order as follows: polymyxin E sulphate> oxytetracycline HCl> penicillin G sodium.

The nitrogen removal performance of simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidization and denitrification (SNAD) biofilm was investigated in batch tests. The SNAD biofilm performed good anammox and denitrification activities. The NH₄⁺-N, NO₂^--N and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal rates of anammox activity were 0.121, 0.180 and 0.267kg N/(kg VSS·d), respectively. The denitrification and nitrite oxidation activities were 0.211 and 0.053kg NO₂^--N/(kg VSS·d), respectively. The suitable pH ranges for anammox activity were 5.0 to 9.0. The the inhibition effect of pH on the anammox bacteria could be largely relieved by biofilm. Besides, the SNAD biofilm was found to perform high tolerance to the inhibition of NO₂^--N and free nitrous acid (FNA). The NH₄⁺-N removal rates for anammox process were 0.087 and 0.029kg N/(kg VSS·d) with the NO₂^--N concentrations of 100mg/L (FNA concentration of 70μg/L) and 150mg/L (FNA concentration of 100μg/L), respectively. The SEM observations indicated that the bacteria in the outer part of the SNAD biofilm were mainly short rod-shaped. In the inner part of the SNAD biofilm, the bacteria were mainly crater-shaped, which should be anammox bacteria.

The effect of carbon sources and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/NO₂^--N ratios on the anammox- denitrification coupling process of the simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) biofilm was studied in batch tests. The SNAD biofilm reactor was fed with domestic wastewater and filled with Kaldnes rings. During the stable running period, good SNAD performance was achieved. The effect of COD/NO₂^--N ratios on the anammox-denitrification coupling process was studied with the carbon source of sodium acetate. Consequently, the NO₂^--N consumption via anammox was found to be reduced with the increase of COD/NO₂^--N ratio. With the COD/NO₂^--N ratios of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the corresponding NO₂^--N consumption via anammox were 87.1%, 52.2%, 29.3%, 23.7% and 16.3%, respectively. With the COD/NO₂^--N ranges of 0 to 2, the NO₂^--N consumption via anammox was above 50%, which indicated that good nitrogen removal performance was obtained. Besides, the effect of carbon sources on the anammox-denitrification coupling process was studied with the COD/NO₂^--N ratio of 5. With the carbon sources of sodium formate, sodium acetate, sodium propionate and glucose, the corresponding NO₂^--N consumption via anammox were 16.3%, 37.1%, 74.1% and 76.8%, respectively. The SNAD biofilm could operate good nitrogen removal performance with the carbon sources of sodium propionate or glucose at the COD/NO₂^--N ratio of 5.

The coupling process of high concentration of purified attapulgite (HCPA) and ultra-filtration membrane bioreactor (UF-MBR) was used to treat high color and ammonia nitrogen from source water at low temperature. The effect of HCPA on the decontamination efficiency and membrane fouling control in UF-MBR was examined. Based on the analysis of particle size distribution of sludge mixture, Zeta potential, relative molecular weight distribution of organics, flourier infrared spectroscopy and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra, the changes in properties of sludge mixture after adding HCPA into UF-MBR were explored. The micrographs of membrane before and after cleaning, and the material composition of the eluted liquid were studied, furthermore, the effect of HCPA on reducing membrane fouling was defined. The results show that, the removal effect of chroma, COD_Mn, TOC, NH₄⁺-N, turbidity and so on for HCPA-UF-MBR was better 1.02~3.9 times than that for UF-MBR. TMP in HCPA-UF-MBR was always greater than in UF-MBR. After HCPA dosing, the average particle size of sludge flocculation in UF-MBR was small and tended to be uniform, which would cause the membrane flux reduce. Membrane fouling was controlled by HCPA through adsorption, carrying more organisms to degrade organics and reducing the viscosity of sludge mixture, so the decontamination efficiency in UF-MBR was not reduced but increased. For HCPA-UF-MBR, the potential of sludge mixture was decreased by 11%~26%, it would help sludge settling. The removal efficiency of organics was improved, especially for a relative molecular weight ranging from 3kD to10kD which was hard to be entrapped by UF membrane. The type and content of organics in sludge mixture and corresponding cake layer on the membrane surface were significantly decreased. The removal efficiency of protein and soluble microorganism metabolites was significant. The main pollutants of the membrane surface were inorganic substances such as Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Si and organic matters. Under the same operating conditions, compared with the membrane in UF-MBR, the membrane in HCPA-UF-MBR was with lower pollutant, more easily to be cleaned by water for organics on the surface. The effect of alkali cleaning membrane from MBR was the best. The study provides technical support for attapulgite application in MBR.

The potential of ferrihydrite (HFO) for in-situ removal of hydrogen sulphide during sewage sludge anaerobic digestion was evaluated. Within 20days, the average hydrogen sulphide concentration in biogas was successfully decreased from 219.9 (or 3263 of sulphate-rich sludge) mg/m³ to 74.61(1537), 12.84(229) and 1.06(3.3) mg/m³ in the presence of 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.25% (wt) HFO, respectively. The bioavailable fraction of the total P was decreased from 70.1% to 41.7%, 20.5% and 6.9%. The analysis of XRD and phosphorus fractionation profile confirmed the immobilization of bioavailable-P mainly as Fe₃(PO₄)₂ in HFO-dosed sludge. According to the data of volatile matters (VM), sludge stabilization might be prolonged in the presence of HFO due to soluble phosphorus limitation partly. The reduced inorganic sulphur (RIS) fractionation profile further indicated that FeS₂ and S⁰ are the main reaction products of sulphide and HFO.

In order to improve the quality of reclaimed water, a coupling process with solid carbon source of corncob cellulose and sulfur/sponge iron composite fillers was integrated for the further deep removal of nitrogen and phosphorus for municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent that usually contains little organic carbon for heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria to utilize. Based on the bacteria 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis by adopting the high-throughput sequencing technologies, both the effect and mechanism of the system (abbreviated as SCSC-S/Fe) on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) simultaneous removal from simulated WWTP effluent were investigated. The results indicated that the TN removal efficiency of the system increased gradually with the increase of temperature, but the removal rate of TP did not raised obviously. Under the condition of 30℃temperature and 9h HRT, the average removal rates of NO₃^--N, TN and TP were 99.86%, 92.70% and 89.15%, respectively. There were two main classes of bacteria including cellulose degradation and denitrification bacteria with the total bacteria of 41.37% and 54.02% separately in the solid carbon source of corncob cellulose unit. And there were simultaneous existence of heterotrophic, hydrogen and sulfur autotrophic denitrifying bacteria accounted for 91.53% of the total number of bacteria in the sulfur/sponge iron composite fillers unit. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that PO₄^3- was removed mainly by the form of FePO₄, Fe₃(PO₄)₂·χH₂O and Fe₃ (PO₄)₃(OH)₂. In the system, the nitrogen was removed mainly by heterotrophic denitrification with auxiliary hydrogen and sulfur autotrophic denitrification, and the phosphorus was removed by main chemical reaction and a little biological uptake of phosphate. SCSC-S/Fe system represents a promising method for simultaneous and improved N and P removal from WWTP effluent.

In order to investigate the effect of seasonal temperature on microbial community structure of nitrification biofilm system, the nitrification biofilm system in MBBR reactor under the temperature of 28.3,23.3,21.6,9.6 and -0.2℃ were studied by using denatures gradient gel electrophoresis polymerase chain reaction(PCR-DGGE) technique. The activity of bacteria affected by loss of the water temperature, but did not affect stability of nitrification. During the change of water temperature(21.6~0.2℃), the total bacteria and AOB stayed stable; and the waste-water treatment of Bacillus, Flavobacterium and Nitrosomonas also stayed stable. The dominant bacteria in biofilm mainly was Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes under the average temperature of 28.3~-0.2℃, and the AOB was Nitrosomonas that was the part of β-Proteobacteria. The partial nitrification under low temperature was achieved by controlling HRT merely, and it made great sense for the application of shortcut nitrification process.

The biodegradation of dissolved phenanthrene (Phe) and methyl-phenanthrene (MP), including 1-MP, 3-MP, 4-MP and 9-MP by the bacterium Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1was individually studied using synchronous fluorescence spectrometry. The biodegradation of MP was adequately described by zero-order kinetics at two concentrations, i.e., 8×10^-7mol/L and 1.2×10^-6mol/L. The rates of biodegradation were generally in the following order: 4-MP< 9-MP< 1-MP< 3-MP. There was a good linear relationship between the measured maximum biodegradation rates and the theoretical maximum transmembrane fluxes. The addition of NaN₃ exerted little effects on the biodegradation of Phe but inhibited that of MP, with the degree of inhibition dependent on the position of the methyl substituent.

In this study, adsorption behaviour of humic acid (HA) on Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) ultrafiltration membrane surface and HA adsorbed layer structure were determined in the different concentration of Mg²⁺, combined with the interaction forces of EVOH-HA and HA-HA, and HA fouling experiments to unravel the influence mechanism of Mg²⁺ on natural organic matter fouling of ultrafiltration membrane. According to the results, the effects of Mg²⁺ on HA fouling were in two stages: at the lower Mg²⁺ range, the net charges of EVOH and HA surface were reduced because of the charge screening and complex bridge and this weaken the electrostatic repulsion of EVOH-HA and HA-HA, thus a higher deposition rate of HA was accumulated and a denser HA layer was formed on the membrane surface, so the membrane fouling aggravated. However, when Mg²⁺ dosage above a critical value, the hydration repultion forces were provoked effectivity, which caused a decrease in the deposition rate and extent of HA onto the membrane surface, and more nonrigid HA layer was formed, corresponding membrane fouling was mitigated.

Aiming at the problem of lacking of green treatment technologies for pharmaceutical wastes, the current study was carried out to investigate the detoxification effect of base-catalyzed hydrothermal oxidation on diclofenac sodium (DS) medicine. The corresponding operation method was established and the reaction parameters were optimized. The suitable experimental levels were determined by single-factor design, and response surface methodology (RSM) was carried out to further establish the optimum conditions under multi-factor interaction. The results showed that base-catalyzed hydrothermal oxidation was an efficient approach for the detoxification of DS by dechlorination. The optimal parameters were, H₂O₂: DS 0.3mL/mg, reaction time 98min, reaction temperature 196℃, respectively. It was noted that the determined value was 98.9% and the predicted value was 99.6% with a relative error of 0.70%. Determination and analysis of the degradation products showed that there were two different reaction pathways for the degradation of DS by base-catalyzed hydrothermal oxidation: (1) the C-N bond between the two benzene rings cleaved, followed by benzene rings opened and dechlorinated through oxidation; (2) the benzene rings directly hydroxylated, followed by benzene rings opened and dechlorinated through oxidation. This study provides a green and environmentally benign approach for the detoxification of waste DS medicine.

In this study, polyaniline/nano Fe₃O₄ was synthesized via in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence ofnano Fe₃O₄ by Hemincatalysis and was used as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for dyes degradation. The catalytic activity was evaluated by factors in PANI@Fe₃O₄/H₂O₂ system, such as initial concentration of dye (Rhodamine B, RhB), concentration of H₂O₂ and pH. For RhB of 400mg/L, more than 98% removal ratios were obtained from pH 3.75 to 12.0 with 0.5g/L PANI@Fe₃O₄, 0.04mol/L H₂O_2, and the utilization efficiency of H₂O₂ was as high as 80%. The removal ratio of COD could reached 70% for the mixed dyes wastewater with initial COD 1715mg/L in PANI@Fe₃O₄/H₂O₂ system. Results showed that PANI@Fe₃O₄/H₂O₂ system have some advantagessuch as wide pH range, high catalytic activity, high utilization efficiency of H₂O₂ and low iron concentration in water. There was a synergy effect between PANI and nano-Fe₃O₄ in PANI@Fe₃O₄ composite was observed. The dissolution of Fe₃O₄ provide Fe²⁺ and rapid electron transfer from Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺, which play the significant role in the formation of ×OH. PANI provide H⁺ for the Fenton reaction and prevent leaching of Fe^2+/3+ by chelating.

Mustard tuber wastewater was utilized in a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) to achieve simultaneous bio-energy recovery and pollutant removal. The multi-cycle performance of MFC using high strength mustard tuber wastewater were in stable batch operation with a 1000Ω external resistor. The maximum power density of 7.44W/m³were observed in the fifth cycle, and the according internal resistance, open circuit voltage, COD removal and columbic efficiency were 88Ω, 746mV, (65±2.5)% and (19.3±1)%, respectively. COD removal continuously increased to (73 ±3.3)%, the maximum rate, in the eighth cycle after start-up; meanwhile, the rapid increase of columbic efficiency till (19.3±1)% in the fifth cycle were followed by the slow declination. PH values of the anode effluent continuously decreased during the operation leading to the acidification. A sustainable power generation was able to be achieved with a 500Ω external resistor. An overshoot was also observed in power curves in the multi-cycle operation.

Based on the urban solid waste data of China in 2006~2014, it built the spatial and temporal dynamic pattern model.The study showed that the urban solid waste was distributed mainly in Eastern China. The total emissions of Southern China and Eastern China accounted for 35.0% and 34.9%, respectively. In 2006~2010, the urban solid waste was distributed mainly in Eastern China. In 2010~2014, the urban solid waste was distributed mainly in Southern China. Over the past ten years, the urban population increased. The urban population had increased from 3.33×108 to 3.86×108. The proportion of urban population increased from 25.3% to 28.2%. The urban solid waste increased by 20.9%. The correlation of China's urban living garbage emission with urban population, economy and built-up area was significantly positive. The correlation coefficients between the urban garbage emissions and the total population were 0.950, 0.942 and 0.903, respectively in 2006, 2010 and 2014. The correlation coefficients between emissions and GDP of provinces were 0.863, 0.930 and 0.930, respectively. The correlation coefficients between emissions and built-up area were 0.933, 0.947 and 0.925, respectively. It indicated that the population, GDP and built-up area were the important factors which influence the urban living garbage emissions in China. The clustering results using waste emissions per capita and GDP per capita indicated that the provinces of our country could be divided into four groups. "Low emission, low economic" group was the main type. "Low emission, high economy" group was the ideal mode of development, but its proportion was relatively low. The amount of urban living garbage emissions in China was increasing year by year, and presented different spatial characteristics.

P. vittata is one of the hyperaccumulators of arsenic (As), a series of experiments were conducted in a horizontal tube furnace to study the transformation behavior of As during the thermal treatments of P. vittata in different atmospheres (air, N₂, CO₂). As release exhibited similar tend in different atmospheres during the temperature ranged from 400℃ to 800℃. It increased firstly due to the volatility of inorganic As, and then dropped probably because of the self-retention of As by alkali and alkali earth metal enriched in this P. Vittata. The As release reached the peak value (43%) at 500℃ during combustion (in air), while the temperature was 600℃ when the peak value (60%) occurred both during pyrolysis (in N₂) and gasification (in CO₂). When the temperature exceeded 800℃, the As release decreased continuously during combustion while it increased rapidly to 90% during pyrolysis and gasification, which could be due to the falling of thermal stability of inorganic As compounds in reducing atmosphere. The results of simulation by FactSage showed that the main form of As in different atmospheres was different with increasing the temperature. The main form of As during combustion was Ca₃(AsO₄)₂(s), while it was elemental As(g) and AsN(g) during pyrolysis and gasification, respectively. Moreover, the results of As transformation simulation were in accordance with the experimental results overall.

Acidogenic fermentation with food waste and using the fermentation products as carbon sources for nitrogen removal were investigated in this study. It was found that, related to the shifts of microbial communities, a two-stage organic transformation processes (carbohydrate→lactate→VFAs) existed during the fermentation period. After 72h, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus achieved to 99.3% accompanying with the maximal lactate (45.2g/L). Using the fermentation products at different stages (before fermentation, partial fermentation, lactate and VFAs) as external carbon sources for denitrification, it was found that, similar to the sodium acetate, the products mainly containing lactate showed high denitrification potential (0.15g NO₃^--N/g COD) and rate [6.1g NO₃^--N/(g VSS·h)] with high organics utilization efficiency and low heterotrophic yield and could achieve complete denitrification at C/N over 5.7. Applying the fermentation producsts as external carbon sources in a SBR could obviously improve nitrogen removal efficiencies and showed no negative effects on nitrification. So lactic acid fermentation with food waste could not only shorten the fermentation period, decrease the cost of waste dispose, but also obtain high-quality carbon sources for denitrification.

Landfill gas (LFG) extraction tests were carried out at a wet landfill of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Southern China. The influences from leachate level, well number and vacuum pressures on the LFG extraction rate were investigated. The efficiency of LFG collection and recovery at this kind of landfill was evaluated. It was found that the LFG collection efficiency was less than 30% when the average buried depth of leachate level was about 3 m in the landfill. The influence radius of extraction wells ranged from 8.85~30.53 m under different vacuum pressures and leachate levels. The average LFG generation potential of MSW at this landfill was 143.69L/kg, and the average LFG generation rate of MSW was 0.173a^-1. In addition, field investigation indicated that the compressed air pressure for leachate pumping and the permeability around the vertical well were the main influence factors on the leachate drainage performance of pumping wells. On the base of the LFG extraction tests and the field investigation, practical measures were proposed to enhance the LFG collection rate at landfills with a high leachate level. The LFG collection rate at this landfill was increased from 2240m³/h to 5900m³/h after extra 66 pumping wells were put into use to drawdown the leachate level.

The characteristics of adsorptive thermodynamics and kinetics of a new type chelating surfactant named N-lauroylethylenediaminetetriacetate (N-LED3A) on water/soil interface were studied by the batch equilibration method. The effects of pH value, temperature, ionic strength and water-soil ratio on the adsorption behavior of N-LED3A were also investigated. The results showed that pseudo-second order kinetics equation was adapted to describe the adsorption process of N-LED3A on soil, and Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models fitted well to the adsorption behavior. In addition, soil organics and clay minerals played important roles in the adsorption characteristics of N-LED3A on soil. The pH values of solution greatly impacted the adsorption process of N-LED3A on soil as well. As the pH value increased from 5 to 11, the adsorption amount of N-LED3A on soil decreased sharply. Moreover, increasing temperature (from 25℃ to 35℃, and then to 45℃) had little influence on the adsorption amount when N-LED3A concentration was below 1000mg/L. When N-LED3A concentration was higher than 3000mg/L, however, the adsorption amount decreased as the temperature increased. Besides, the adsorption amount of N-LED3A on soil increased with the increasing Na⁺ ionic strength in solution, and the adsorption amount varied with water-soil ratio in the sequence of (20:1)< (40:1)< (80:1).

Sorption of imidazole-based ionic liquids (IBILs) with different alkyl chain lengths and anions onto Na-modified montmorillonite (Na/MMT) as affected by ionic strength and solution pH was investigated. The Na/MMT before and after sorption was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Sorption of IBILs on Na/MMT was due to the cation exchange interaction and the hydrophobic interaction between IBILs cations and Na/MMT while the effect of IBIL anions was negligible. Furthermore, the adsorption capacities were influenced by the alkyl chain length of IBILs cations. The longer the alkyl chain length, the greater adsorption capacity on the montmorillonite. The equilibrium adsorption of EmimBF₄, BmimBF₄, HmimBF₄ and OmimBF₄ was 33.94, 40.48, 44.40 and 53.29mmol/100g, respectively. The interlayer spacing of Na/MMT increased from 12.77Å to 14.41Å with the increase of the alkyl chain length. Both decreasing background ionic strength and increasing of solution pH will enhance the adsorption of IBILS on montmorillonite.

The soil microbial structure and community of five different kinds of contaminated soil were determined using PCR-DGGE test method, the soil microbial community and microbial similarity was measured and compared using Des matrix analy sis and B-C matrix analysis and the relationship between Zn toxicity to soil microbial structure and soil properties was also analysed by using Vegan Sorting Axis analysis. Zn pollution could decrease the number and type of microbial in soil, while it was not a simply negative correlation. The maximum value of soil microorganisms diversity indices were observed at low Zn addition level (200mg/kg) in soils, which implied that application of low concentration Zn in soils would contribute to the increased number of soil microbial community and enrich the community structure diversity, however, with the increment of Zn in soils, the microbial community structure were restrained at high Zn concentrations, the Shannon index decreased 5.14% to 17.2% among the treatments, the minimum value (5.14%) was observed in black soil from Gongzhuling and the greatest reduction was found in the paddy soil from Hangzhou. The soil microbial similarity as determined by Des matrix and B-C matrix analysis decreased significantly with Zn addition in high concentration (> 800mg/kg) in soils, with the maximum reduction of 23.3%, soil microbial community structure could be damaged after long time Zn stress in soils. Correlation analysis between the influencing factors of Zn stress and microbial community structure change in soils showed that the microbial community structure would be influenced by pH, followed by the OC, CEC in soils.

Copper oxide nanoparticles are different from the conventional copper oxide nanoparticles. Due to their small size, large specific surface area, copper oxide nanoparticles have potential hazards to the ecological environment. This study was done by adding different proportions of copper oxide nanoparticles (N CuO) and copper oxide microparticles (M CuO) to the soil (0、50、200、800、1600mgCuO /kg dry soil) to observe their effects on soil urease activity and bacterial communities. Meanwhile, the effects of N CuO and M CuO with the compound pollution of potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX) on soil microbial biomass were studied, respectively. Compared with M CuO, N CuO have stronger inhibition on the activity of urease.Only when the concentration of M CuO was 1600mg/kg, the effect of M CuO on urease activity was obvious. The inhibition of urease activity by N CuO may be related to the destruction of the cell membrane or the stimulation of the bacteria to produce reactive oxygen species, which caused the decline of bacterial cells. N CuO also has a greater influence on the bacterial community structure. Combined pollution of N CuO and PEX increased the toxicity of N CuO to soil microorganism, the activity of urease decreased greatly and the community structure of bacteria also changed greater. The mechanism of N CuO and its combined pollution on soil microbes need to be further studied. By comparing the ecological toxicity of N CuO and M CuO, the ecological toxicity of nanoparticles must be given high attention.

We evaluated China's Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) for terrestrial ecosystems in 2015. Six land use types of terrestrial ecosystems (forest, wetland, grassland, cropland, urban, desert) were included in the analysis; GEP of thirty one provinces and autonomous regions of China were reported and contrasted. An index comparing the natural capital to the built capital called GGI (GEP to GDP Index) was introduced. The results indicate that: GEP for terrestrial ecosystems of 2015 was ￥72.81 trillion, the national GGI was 1.01. At provincial level, Tibet and Qinghai ranked first and second as measured by GGI. Among all the ecosystem services we evaluated, regulation service values ￥53.14 trillion, accounting for 73% of GEP. For six land use types, wetland provides services worth of ￥28.08 trillion, accounting for 42.4% of GEP; followed by the forest and grassland which is ￥19.89 trillion and ￥10.66 trillion accounting for 30% and 16.1% of GEP respectively. Spatial distribution of GEP per capita and GEP per unit area varies significantly among regions in China, the GEP per capita in the western China is higher than eastern China.

Both natural processes and human activities in river basins have important impacts on the transport of riverine particulate organic carbon (POC). Knowledge of the sources, decay status and transport of POC in rivers is therefore critical for a better understanding of global carbon cycling. Suspended particulate matters (SPM) monthly collected from the Lijin Station in the lower Yellow River in 2012 were analyzed for grain size, POC contents and stable carbon isotopic ratios (δ¹³C), and lignin composition. The water discharge, SPM contents and median grain size (MGS) at Lijin Station in 2012 were characterized by strong seasonal variations, which were basically identical. In spring, lower water discharge of the Yellow River (300m³/s) was observed compared with other seasons, possibly due to less precipitation and more downstream irrigation activities, making coarser particles more easily to settle down to the river bed. As a result, the SPM contents and MGS were both very low in this season (avg. 0.44kg/m³ and avg. 7.77μm, respectively). In summer and autumn, sediments on river bed were easily resuspended due to high water discharge (more than 1000m³/s), which resulted in high SPM contents (0.67kg/m³) and high MGS (10.6μm). The results of POC and δ¹³C showed that OC contributions from different sources varied among seasons. In spring, the concentration of POC was relatively high and the ¹³C of POC was depleted. The seasonal variation of lignin contents was similar with that of water discharge. The C/V (0.21~0.34) and S/V (0.83~1.28) ratios of lignin phenols indicated that the vascular plant tissues in SPM of the lower Yellow River were a mixture of woody and non-woody angiosperms. Lignin decay parameters, such as (Ad/Al)_v (0.33~0.52), 3,5-Bd/V(0.03~0.12) and P/(S+V) (0.20~0.36) all showed that there was a certain degree of degradation of lignin in SPM. Relatively high degree of lignin decay was observed in autumn, which is probably connected with the variations of water discharge and OC sources during this period.

Using multivariate statistical techniques, the biogeography of phytoplankton community and its underlying environmental factors were studied in the coastal waters of northern Zhejiang. The results showed that 94species belonged to 40genera, 5phyla were recorded (with 9species were unclassified to genus level), of which predominated by diatoms, followed by dinoflagellates. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) demomstrated that the study area could be divided into 3subareas accrding to the significant differences in phytoplankton community. Indicator species analysis (ISA) further confirmed that the indicator species of each subarea correlated significantly with specific environmental factors. Mantel test revealed that both the geographic distance and environmental heterogeneity (the levels of Silicate (SiO₃^2-), phosphate (PO₄^3-) and dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH value), contributed the variations in phytoplankton community. This pattern were further evidenced by partial Mantel test when the effect of environmental dissimilarity was held constant. Variation portioning analysis (VPA) revealed that the interactive effects of environmental and spatial factors were higher than the pure environmental variable or the pure spatial distance alone, suggesting that the biogeography of phytoplankton were mainly affected by both the environmental variability and dispersal limitation. Additionally, the unexplained variation may be attributed to other unmeasured factors (e.g., trace metals, biological grazing, climate change, and time-scale variation), which need further study.

To determine which factors may have an impact on the community composition of bacterioplankton, 15surface water samples were collected from the main cancel of the Mid-line Project of South-to-North Water Division in 5sections of Henan province, in July 2016, and 7essential environmental factors were evaluated. The results showed that water quality in the main cancel was strongly influenced by total nitrogen (TN) and the permanganate index (COD_Mn). Water system in Qushou, Fangcheng, and Xinzheng sections was under the mesotrophic state, and in Wenxian and Anyang sections, under the light eutrophic state. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze distribution characteristics of the community structure, diversity of bacterioplankton. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal DNA sequences revealed that bacterioplankton could be subdivided into 25major phylogenetic and 407genus groups. The dominant phylogenetic groups included Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Armatimonadetes. Diversity of the bacterioplankton community in the main cancel of the Mid-line Project of South-to-North Water Division could be ranked in the following order: Wenxian > Xinzheng > Fangcheng > Qushou > Anyang. The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of the relation between the bacterioplankton and 7 environmental factors showed that TN, ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the COD_Mn were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution characteristics of the bacterioplankton community.

The contents of heavy metals in surface sediment samples collected from the coastal areas in Jiangsu province in 2013 were measured and their ecological risk were assessed with the Hakanson's potential ecological risk index and Geo-accumulation index, respectively. Together with measurements of these samples in total organic carbon (TOC) and particle size, the characteristics and sources of the selected heavy metals were also discussed with an approach of multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the contents of Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg in surface sediments were less than China's national first-class benchmark (CFCB) in marine sediment quality. The 9.38% of Cu, 6.25% of Cr and 6.25% of As samples were high than CFCB, respectively, but less than the China's national second-class benchmark (CSCB). The contamination in the investigated areas was at a low level on the whole, with an order of the degree Cr> As> Pb> Hg> Cd> Cu> Zn. The potential ecological risks were also at low levels for these metals with a descending order Hg> Cd> As> Pb> Cu> Cr> Zn. Hg was the major contaminant among the metals. The contents of the selected metals were significantly positively correlated with that of TOC, but negatively correlated with particle size. Anthropogenic sewage effluent from industry and residents were the primary agents for Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb and Cd in the sediments, but agricultural source should have contributed to the most of As, and organic degradation accounted for the most of Hg.

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of nitrobenzene onto sediment in Lanzhou section of the Yellow River. Meanwhile, the effective factors, such as ionic strength, pH values and the different particle sizes of sediment, were also conducted to characterize the adsorption process. The results showed that the adsorption of nitrobenzene onto sediment in Lanzhou section of the Yellow River has experienced three processes: high-speed adsorption process, deceleration and adsorption equilibrium process. The adsorption equilibrium was reached within 15h. The adsorption of nitrobenzene onto sediment in Lanzhou of the Yellow River could be better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model; the adsorption thermodynamics of nitrobenzene onto sediment is fitted well with the Langmuir isothermal model. Thermodynamics parameters such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy were also evaluated for the adsorption of nitrobenzene onto sediment. The results indicate a spontaneous endothermic and an increase of the chaos in adsorption process. Analysis results of adsorption showed when the concentration of Ca²⁺ was in a range of 0~0.05mol/L, adsorption of nitrobenzene onto sediment increased with the increase of Ca²⁺ concentration, however, when the concentration of Ca²⁺ increased from 0.05 to 0.1mol/L, the adsorption capacity decreased, because the presence of Ca²⁺ inhibited the adsorption of nitrobenzene onto sediment. The pH values and the different particle sizes of sediment have obvious effect on adsorption of nitrobenzene onto sediment. When the pH was in a range of 3~5 and 7~10, the adsorption capacity of nitrobenzene on sediments significantly decreased with the increase of pH, while pH was in a range of 5~7, the adsorption capacity remained unchanged with the increase of pH. The particle size of sediment in Lanzhou section of the Yellow River has significant effect on the adsorption capacity of nitrobenzene, which increase with decrease of the particle size of the sediment.

In order to reveal the distribution characteristics and the sources of HCHs, DDTs and PAHs in sediments of Dongting lake, and assess their ecological risk, this study investigated the contents of HCHs, DDTs and PAHs in sediments (0~20cm) from 31sample sites of Dongting Lake (Nanzui Town, Yuanjiang city) in Dec, 2015. The results showed that the ∑HCHs and ∑PAHs content variation in South Dongting Lake was the highest, and the highest content variation of ∑DDTs and ∑OCPs was in West Dongting Lake. Based on the spatial distribution, the content of HCHs in East Dongting Lake was the highest, the next was on the border between East Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake, and the other areas were low. The contents of DDTs in other areas were relatively high except the north part of West Dongting Lake, and some high value areas were found. The maximum content value of PAHs was found on the border between East Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake, the second was the north and the central part of West Dongting Lake. Pollution sources analysis found that those 23kinds of compounds clustering in sediments of Dongting Lake could be classified into three categories, and 31monitoring points could be classified into four categories. Since the α-HCH/γ-HCH in all samples was 0.66, with the finding of lindane, it could be inferred that HCHs in the sediments of Dongting Lake mainly came from agricultural production. While, according to the p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT, new DDTs input had been found in the sediments. The study also suggested that the major sources of PAHs in sediments were coal and petroleum combustion and petroleum leakage. At last, by the risk assessment, Acy had caused slight pollution in the Dongting Lake, while other PAH had no effect. However, the residues of o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and ∑DDTs would pose ecological risk. Furthermore, the detection of the residues of BbF, BkF, B ghi P, Incd P, α-C₆H₆Cl₆, β-C₆H₆Cl₆, δ-C₆H₆Cl₆ and ∑HCHs should be seriously considered as well.

A sediment core was collected from central Honghu Lake at the end of 2014 and the P forms, total nitrogen, organic mater in sediment samples were analyzed. The results indicated that the average concentrations of TP, TN and OM were higher than the corresponding threshold value of sediment quality in Ontario, which presented a different pollution levels. Correlation analysis indicated that Fe/Al-P and OP were the main contributors to TP in sediment core. The vertical distribution of P forms could be divided into 3periods according to ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb dating results. The concentration of Ca-P was the highest than other forms reveled that the source of P in sediment was controlled by natural processes before 1952. During 1950s~1980s, the increasing of Fe/Al-P and OP concentrations were related to industrial and agricultural activities, while the decreasing of Ca-P might result from the hydrological change of Honghu Lake. After 1980s, the concentrations of P forms presented an increasing trend except Ca-P. The positive Person correlation between P forms and socioeconomic index (population, grain production, fertilizer usage and purse seine fishing area) of Honghu Lake indicated that anthropogenic activities were the main sources of P input into the lake.

Species sensitivity distribution curves of copper and silver were constructed using non-parametric kernel density estimation model to protect Chinese freshwater aquatic life, and then their water quality criteria thresholds were derived. The results showed that the robustness and accuracy of non-parametric kernel density estimation method are superior to the traditional parameters models to derive water quality criteria for two transition metals of Group IB. After comparing different taxa of two metals, we found that HC5values of vertebrates, invertebrates, fish, crustaceans, other invertebrates and all aquatic organisms were inversely proportional to atomic number. The sensitivity of invertebrates was significantly higher than that of vertebrates at high trophic level. The proposed method enriched the methodological foundation for water quality criteria and provided an alternative approach for developing SSDs of the same group and period elements to support for protection of aquatic organisms.

We constructed a NRF1-pcDNA3.1 plasmid and transfected it in H9C2 cells to explore the effects of NRF1 in sodium bisulfite-induced mitochondrial damage in cardiac muscles of rats. H9C2 cells were treated with 100mmol/L NaHSO₃ for 24h after NRF1-pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1 transfection. Protein levels of NRF1 and TFAM were measured by Western blotting. The amount of ATP was detected by the chemiluminescence method. It showed that NaHSO₃ treatment for 24h resulted in significant decreases of NRF1 and TFAM protein expression and ATP amount. The protein levels of NRF1 and TFAM were significantly elevated after NRF1-pcDNA3.1 plasmid transfection, companied by a significant increase of ATP amounts. NRF1and TFAM protein expressions and ATP amount significantly increased after NaHSO₃ exposure for 24h in NRF1 over-expression group, compared with the pcDNA3.1-transfection group. It implied that over-expression of NRF1 might regulate TFAM to increase intracellular ATP production. In addition, over-expression of NRF1 alleviated the dysfunction of mitochondrial ATP caused by NaHSO₃ exposure. NRF1 plays an important role in the regulation of NaHSO₃-induced mitochondrial damage.

In this paper, based on provincial panel data from 2005 to 2014 in China, a theoretical and econometric model was built, the provincial region internal agglomeration index and external agglomeration degree on market scale effect were constructed, and an in-depth empirical research on the spatial agglomeration of the impact of industrial pollution emissions intensity was studied. The main conclusions were as follows. Per unit of GDP industrial COD, industrial SO₂ and industrial soot and dust pollution emissions intensity were reduced by spatial agglomeration; Internal agglomeration had a negative impact on the gap of industrial COD discharge, and the gap was reduced by it; External agglomeration had a positive impact, it was showed that the importance of location was more reflected in the correlation between different regions along with the enhancement of agglomeration externalities, namely market scale effect was strong; External agglomeration degree of region played a significant role in the effects of industrial pollution emissions intensity threshold effect.

The total factor energy efficiency of China's 30provincial administrative regions during 2000~2014was estimated based on DEA-Malmquist index. Then the total factor energy efficiency was decomposed into technical level, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. To testify the Potter hypothesis, the panel threshold regression model was adopted to simulate the environmental regulation on total factor energy efficiency, technical level, scale efficiency and pure technical efficiency. Results showed that technical level regression constituted a major cause for the decline of total factor energy efficiency in China. Environmental regulation exerted a negative influence on the scale efficiency, indicating Potter hypothesis as invalid. Single threshold existed between environmental regulation and pure technical efficiency, and there was a positive impact at different intervals, revealing the existence of Porter hypothesis. The impact of environmental regulation on total factor energy efficiency and technical level was positive when the environmental regulation was less than 0.0002, and the Porter hypothesis was correspondingly valid. Otherwise, it didn't stand. Therefore, government should formulate environmental regulation policy after considering varied effect on technical level, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency.

Through Johansen test, Granger test of causality, functional analysis of generalized impulse and variance decomposition, in combination with analysis of EKC characteristics of different industries, the relationship and interaction between emission of "industrial wastes" by both resource-based and non-resource-based industries and the growth of secondary industry in Jiangsu province is analyzed on basis of 1991~2014 data from Statistical Yearbooks of Jiangsu. It is found that (1) in the long run variables for waste water, waste gas and solid waste keep in balance with output of secondary industry; (2) growth of secondary industry Granger-causes the change of emission of "industrial wastes" by both resource-based and non-resource-based industries; (3) changes of emission of "industrial wastes" in short run have considerable impact on output of secondary industry, but in the long run their dynamic effects tend to decrease; (4) variances in emission of waste gas and solid waste by resource-based industries contribute more to variance in output of secondary industry of Jiangsu province than variances in emission of waste gas and solid waste by non-resource-based industries do, but the opposite can be said for the emission of industrial waste water; (5) analysis of EKC characteristics of different industries with respect of emission of different wastes shows that reduction of emission of industrial waste gas and solid waste presents number-one challenge for environmental management of Jiangsu province.

To reasonable evaluate water resources security situation in karst area, this paper based on the PESBR conceptual model, build evaluation index system of water resources safety which covered engineering water shortage characteristics, then the SPA-MC (Set pair analysis-Markov chain) coupling model was adopted to dynamically evaluated water resources security situation in Guiyang city during 2002~2014. According to the forecast results of the safety of water resources in Guiyang city 2015~2050, Guiyang city in the future water resources security will remain relatively safe state, the "safe" level of membership in the f₁ 2015~2050 period lasted from 0.365 rose to 0.435, while the "unsafe" level of f₅ decreased from 0.194 to 0.138, with an average annual decline rate up to 1.93%; the example proved that the SPA-MC coupling model to evaluate the water resources dynamic results are reasonable and objective.