In order to identify the emission reduction effects of vehicle pollution control policies for CO, HC, NO_x, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, a high-precision vehicle emission inventory of 2014 was established, and some policies which have been implemented in the past, existing policies, policies intended to be implemented in the future, and optimized policies were selected to set up 13policy scenarios in four categories, which were used to be compared with the business as usual scenario of actual emission inventory. The cost-benefit analysis was made on the policies in which subsidies were provided by the government. The most efficient emission reduction policy was eliminating low emission standard vehicles, and the upgrades of vehicle and fuel standards could also reduce emissions significantly. Government subsidy policies had obvious marginal effects. The marginal emission reduction benefit in Beijing was significantly lower than Hebei and Tianjin, while Beijing had the highest emission standard and the least heavy-pollution vehicles among the three regions. Hebei and Tianjin should adopt more stringent pollution control policies gradually as did in Beijing, and Beijing could transfer part of the inefficient government subsidies to Tianjin and Hebei so as to increase the emission reduction efficiency of government subsidy.

Based on retrieved CO₂ products of GOSAT and AIRS, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of CO₂ in central areas of China were analyzed. The annual CO₂ retrieved from GOSAT range from 389.36×10^-6 in 2010 to 396.52×10^-6 in 2013, with a growth rate of 2.39×10^-6per year. The annual mean in central areas of China were slightly lower than Yangze River Delta (YZD), but higher than Jing-Jin-Ji area (JJJ) and Northeastern China region (NCR). The CO₂ in Hunan and Jiangxi province was with the highest values, and it was with the lowest values over north areas of Shanxi province. The annual CO₂ retrieved from AIRS varied from 390.48×10^-6 in 2010 to 396.50×10^-6 in 2013, with a growth rate of 2.01×10^-6 per year, and the annual mean CO₂ were similar with YZD, while slightly lower than JJJ and NCR. Due to small impact from ground sources and sinks, the CO₂ seasonal amplitude retrieved from AIRS was smaller than that of GOSAT. On the contrary, high-value regions of CO₂ from AIRS mainly distributed over Henan and Shanxi, and the low-value regions presented in Hunan and Jiangxi, which was likely due to that GOSAT and AIRS products represented CO₂ variations over different height.

By using daily radiation data collected from ground meteorological observation stations (from 2007 to 2016) and daily observation data from China's air quality online monitoring platform (from 2014 to 2016), the paper analyzed recent 10-year annual and seasonal variations of global solar radiation (GSR), and recent 3-year frequency of pollution processes of the maximum 8hour average ozone (O_{3_8h_max}) and fine particles (PM_2.5) in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD), respectively. The relationship among PM_2.5, O_{3_8h_max} and GSR according to statistics of different factors and intensity were discussed. The results showed that:GSR in BTH had increased significantly in recent 10years, spring GSR in BTH and summer GSR in PRD had increased significantly meanwhile. The annual frequency of PM_2.5 pollution processes in the three major economic regions had been decreasing year by year. Besides, the frequency decreased from north to south. The annual frequency of O₃ pollution processes had decreased firstly but then increased temporally, which was more significantly in BTH compared to that in YRD and PRD. The correlation coefficients between O_{3_8h_max} and GSR in the three economic regions were all above 0.71, reflecting a strong positive correlation, while the correlation between PM_2.5 and GSR depicts regional differences. The correlation between O_{3_8h_max} and PM_2.5 under different GSR in different seasons in the three major economic regions was significantly different. In BTH, positive correlation could be found under strong GSR in spring, summer and autumn, while negative correlation was seen in winter. The correlation was weak in all four seasons in YRD. Last but not least, noticeable positive correlation could be found in the summer of PRD. The linear fitting effect of O_{3_8h_max} and GSR under different PM_2.5 concentrations in the three economic regions was well, reflecting a strong positive correlation. The fitting reaches maximum when PM_2.5 concentration was over 75 μg/m³. The tendency of the line fitting increases with the increase of PM_2.5 interval.

In this study, we analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of PM_2.5 and O₃_8h_max in 13cities of Jiangsu province based on the PM_2.5 and O₃_8h_max data. In addition, we also analyzed the influence of meteorological conditions on O₃ concentration. The annual average concentration of PM_2.5 in Jiangsu Province showed a decreasing trend from 2014 to 2017, with an average annual reduction of 6.06μg/m³, while O₃_8h_max showed an upward trend, with an average annual increase of 3.84μg/m³. On the whole, the monthly variations of PM_2.5 showed a "V" pattern, with high concentration appearing in winter and spring and low concentration in summer and autumn. The monthly variations of O₃_8h_max showed an irregular "M" pattern, with the maximum concentration in May and then gradually decreased, and it remained steady from July to September, and then gradually decreased. Spatially, the concentration of PM_2.5 was higher in western inland cities than in in the eastern coastal cities, whereas O₃_8h_max was opposite. The concentration of O₃ showed positive correlations with temperature and solar radiation and negative correlation with humidity. Solar radiation was the greatest influence on O₃ concentration, followed by temperature and humidity. The concentration of O₃ was very probable to exceed the new NAAQS in China while daily average temperature was between 20℃ to 30℃, the relative humidity was between 50% to 70%, and the solar radiation was higher than 150w/m².

The pollution characteristics and diurnal variation of 77ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were studied by using online gas chromatography mass spectrometry detection systems (GC-FID/MS) during a typical air pollution episode from Oct. 28th to Nov. 9th, 2016 in Chengdu city. The results showed that the averaged concentration of VOCs dramatically increased from 38.9×10^-9 before the episode to 143.4×10^-9 in the episode. After the episode, the averaged concentration of VOCs was 35.7×10^-9. There was no obvious bimodal distribution of VOCs in the pre-pollution period, afterwards the diurnal variation curve of VOCs concentration had a bimodal characteristic, with the two peaks appearing in the rush hours with heavy traffic. The potential formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) estimated by fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC) and the SOA concentration values in various stages were 1.1 μg/m³(before the episode)、3.1 μg/m³ (in the episode) and 1.5 μg/m³(after the episode), respectively. Alkanes were found to be the main contributors to the SOA formations.

A campaign of sampling atmospheric submicron particulate matter (PM₁) samples at Yizhuang zone in Beijing during July, October 2016 and January, April 2017, was carried out to investigate the characteristics of PM₁ and itswater-solublespecies during four seasons and different haze periods. The important factors affecting the formations of the secondary ions and haze pollution were discussed. The results showed that the average concentration of PM₁ reached 73.95μg/m³ for the entire study at Yizhuang zone, being 1.13times as high as the corresponding average concentration level of PM₁ in Beijing. Average concentrations of PM₁ in summer, autumn, winter and spring were 69.22, 63.38, 99.50 and 57.26μg/m³, respectively, showing the order of winter > summer > autumn > spring; the concentrations of PM₁ during haze days were 1.78~3.17times as high as those in clean days. The total water-soluble ion concentration in PM₁ was 37.30μg/m³, accounting for 50.44% of PM₁; secondary ions SO₄^2-、NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ (SNA) were the most important water soluble ions, which accounted for 86.98% of the total water soluble ions. The seasonal variation of the total water soluble ion concentrations in PM₁ was in accordance with SNA, following the order of winter > summer > autumn > spring. The average sulfur oxidation rate SOR was higher than the mean nitrogen oxidation rate NOR for the entire study, of which SOR presented the order of summer > autumn > winter > spring, and NOR showed the order of summer > autumn~spring > winter, and SORs and NORs in haze days were all significantly higher than those in clean days, especially in summer. The conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2- was apparently influenced by relative humidity RH, temperature T, NO₂ and NH₃, and aqueous chemical reactions of SO₂ on the surface of PM₁ might be the important pathway of SO₄^2- formations. The conversion of NO₂ to NO₃^- was greatly influenced by RH, T, O₃, and NH₃. The haze pollution formation was mainly influenced by saddle type pressure field, even pressure field, and inversion layer, as well as weak air mass transport from the south, southeast and southwest directions.

A mobile multi-sensor observing system consisting of a ground-based Micro Pulse Lidar and a GPS was introduced in this paper, which was used to analyze aerosol extinction coefficient profiles measurements that lower than 1.5km, over Xuzhou observed on 11January (heavy pollution), 12January (low pollution), 17January (moderate) in 2015. The results showed that during low and moderate pollution days, high values of the near-surface aerosol extinction coefficient were observed in the commercial and industrial areas, resulting from vehicle exhaust and thermal power plant emissions, respectively. During high pollution days, the near-surface aerosol extinction coefficient was mainly governed by the evolution of the pollution. The vertical distribution of aerosols was associated with the changing planetary boundary layer. The altitude of the planetary boundary layer in the afternoon was generally higher than the one in the morning, and reached the highest level (~1km) when the weather was fine and the air quality was fair. High values of the aerosol extinction coefficient were mostly found below 250m. Fly ash emissions by coal-fired thermal power plants over industrial areas were detected around 1km. The aerosol optical depth trends measured by different instruments were roughly the same, and the fluctuation of aerosol optical depth of Lidar was the most. The mobile multi-sensor observing system was proven to reliably observe the spatio-temporal distribution of aerosols over a city in a small regional scale, which had high flexibility and can be widely applied.

Temperature-velocity method was used to calculate the atmospheric stability in Tianjin and the frequency and intensity of the inversion of temperature were analysed based on the meteorological tower. In addition, we investigated the relationship between atmospheric stability and the temperature inversion, which had an influence on the monthly averaged mass concentration of PM_2.5. The characteristics of atmospheric stability and temperature inversion were analysed during a heavy haze period. The results showed that the frequencies of atmospheric stability were 6.7%, 11.4%, 22.4%, 46.1%, 11.1% and 2.2%, respectively, from September 2015 to August 2017. The stagnant meteorological conditions occurred frequently during fall and winter. The unstable and neutral atmospheric stability dominated the daytime and nighttime of all year, respectively. The stable atmosphere contributed 30%~40% during nighttime in fall and winter. During the observation period, the frequency of temperature inversion was the highest in winter, which up to more than 90% during 5:00~8:00and 21:00~23:00. The intensity of temperature inversion was also the highest in winter. With the increase of the number of days of stable atmosphere, the monthly averaged mass concentration of PM_2.5 and the number of polluted days increased. Meanwhile, the monthly averaged mass concentration of PM_2.5 and the frequency of polluted day were all positively correlated with the frequency of inversion temperature. A heavy pollution process from December 16, 2016 to December 21, 2016 showed that the mass concentration of PM_2.5 was effected by the atmospheric stability and the evolution of inversion temperature. The characteristics of atmospheric stability and temperature inversion during the formation of haze, fog-haze alternation and dissipation of haze had obvious difference. As the atmosphere continues to stabilize and the inversion temperature increases, it plays a very important role in the generation and maintenance of pollution. Fine analysis of atmospheric stability and inversion characteristics in the process of pollution will help to improve the prediction and warning level of heavy pollution weather.

Particles were collected during winter and spring by ray β dust instrument, Andersen cascade sampler and analyzed by ion chromatography and carbon analyzer. The results showed that the proportion of SO₄^2-、NO₃^-and NH₄⁺ in fine particles was the highest (77.4%) during hazy days. The spectral of most ions for hazy days showed trimodal distributions. The industrial emission, biomass burning and secondary reaction were the most important pollution sources of ions. OC and EC were enriched in fine particles. A good relation (R²=0.76) between OC and EC suggested that the same source in PM_2.1~10. Ratios of OC and EC indicated that the main sources of carbonaceous particles were vehicle exhaust, coal combustion and biomass burning during hazy days.

Cooking activities are one of important sources of atmospheric pollutants, but few corresponding emission inventory has been published. In this study PM_2.5 and VOC_S emission inventories from cooking in Changchun City, Northeast China are developed. Based on four different bottom-up methods (i.e., based on population, dining out frequency, amount of edible oil and burner numbers), we collected the cooking activity data in Changchun City, Northeast China for the year of 2014. These data include the population, the frequency of dining out, the amount of edible oil, and the number of burners. The emission factors are obtained through literature review. Then the PM_2.5 and VOC_S emission inventories from cooking based on the four different methods are developed and their spatial-temporal distributions analyzed. The results show the magnitude of annual cooking PM_2.5 emissions in Changchun City are from 183 tons to 770 tons and VOC_S emissions between 9 tons and 586 tons in 2014. The PM_2.5 and VOC_S emission from residential cooking were highest, which accounted for 74% to 81% and 28% to 78% of the total amount, while for 8% to 22% and 3% to 26% from cafeteria cooking and for 8% to 22% and 3% to 26% from commercial cooking. The spatial distribution of cooking emissions show that they are higher in Chaoyang District than in Nanguan District, Lvyuan District, Erdao District, Kuancheng District and Shuangyang District. Based on the temporal variation, emissions from cooking mainly occur from 7 am to 8am, 11:30 am to 12:30 pm, 18:00 pm to 20:00 pm during the day and are higher on Wednesday, Saturday and Sunday during the week. The emissions are higher in winter than other seasons, especially in January, February and December, which accounted for 9.23%, 9.47% and 9.98%. Considering the uncertainty of emission inventory, the VOC_S emissions inventory based on the population has the highest uncertainty, and based on edible oil amount the lowest uncertainty. The uncertainties of the PM_2.5 and VOC_S emissions based on edible oil amount are 31% and 61%, which can act as a reference method to calculate regional cooking emission inventory. This study can provide reference and basis for the formulation of cooking emission inventory specifications in China.

The predictive performance of mixed effects model with different combinations of parameters was evaluated using the data of 182-day MODIS 3km AOD and ground monitoring concentration of PM_2.5 in 2016 year. The explanation capacity was better for temporal variations when explaining the relationship between AOD and PM_2.5 than for the spatial variations. Daily AOD-PM_2.5 relationship in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was established based on the mixed effects model. The model predictions R², cross-validations R², RMSE and MAE were 0.92,0.85,12.30 μg/m³, and 9.73 μg/m³, respectively, indicated that the model showed good performance. The annual average PM_2.5 concentration in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was 42.98 μg/m³ in 2016 based on the proposed model. The values for April-October and November-March were 43.35 μg/m³ and 38.52 μg/m³. The differences were 0.59,0.7,5.29 μg/m³, respectively, comparing with the ground monitoring PM_2.5 data at the corresponding period. PM_2.5 concentrations were higher in the south area and lower in the north area in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region with higher concentrations from southwestern to northeastern direction. PM_2.5 concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region could be accurately evaluated based on the daily mixed effects model. The distribution of PM_2.5 concentrations estimated by the model could provide basic data support for the prevention and control of regional air pollution.

In the present study, we brought forward the concept of urban tunnel source. The urban tunnel source is similar to an underground horizontal chimney. It features with a low emission height and a high emission concentration. We developed two methods to establish the emission inventory for urban tunnel source, including the emission factor method and the on-line monitoring method. The study on the Guangzhou Zhujiang Tunnel showed that the annual total emission and the annual incremental emission of NO_x were 18.8t and 16.6t, respectively; the annual total emission and the annual incremental emission of CO were 22.7t and 16.8t, respectively; the annual total emission and the annual incremental emission of SO₂ were 0.39t and 0.22t, respectively. Therefore, the influence of urban tunnel source on the local and small-scale atmospheric environment should not be ignored.

The activity data and technical information of coal-fired power units in China from 2011 to 2015 were collected. A NO_x emission calculating model and an emission database was developed for coal-fired power plants. And the NO_x emissions characteristics of coal-fired power plants in China from 2011~2015 were analysed. NO_x emissions increased from 10.73million tons in 2010 to 11.32million tons in 2011, then decreased in the following 4years, to 5.22million tons in 2015. The layout of NO_x emissions is uneven. Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Henan, Hebei and Liaoning contributed 48.8% of total NO_x emissions from Chinese coal-fired power plants in 2015. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Tianjin, Ningxia, Shandong, Zhejiang and Shanxi ranked top 7by emission intensity. Units with capacity between 300MW and 600MW contribute the largest part of NO_x emissions. The average NO_x emission performance of 100MW level units was 2.91g/kWh, and which of 1000MW level units was 0.48g/kWh. The larger units performs better in terms of emissions because they apply better technology and install more advanced pollution abatement facilities.

In order to accurately reflect the influence of coal combustion emissions on atmospheric environment, the CALPUFF model was used to simulate the emission and transportation processes of PM₁₀ emitted from different coal-combustion sources and to obtain the influencing weight-coefficient of every fine-sorted coal combustion source to ambient PM₁₀ Then, the weight-coefficients were applied to construct a more representative coal combustion source profile. Finally, source apportionment of PM₁₀ during the heating season in Urumqi was conducted by chemical mass balance (CMB) model by combining the chemical compositions in ambient PM₁₀ and two sets of PM₁₀ source profiles (i.e., source profiles which were constructed by traditional method and by environmental implication considered method). The results indicated that:the weight-coefficients of coal-fired power plant, industrials and domestic heating were 0.02, 0.59 and 0.39, respectively. The results of source apportionment based on traditional source profiles were as follows:coal combustion dust (27.2%), fugitive dust (19.1%), secondary sulfate (15.7%), residential coal combustion (9.9%), secondary nitrate (9.5%), vehicle exhaust dust (7.6%), steel dust (1.2%) and cement dust (0.2%). While based on environmental implication considered source profiles, that results ranked in secondary sulfate (20.1%), fugitive dust (20%), coal combustion dust (18.9%), residential coal combustion (11.5%), secondary nitrate (10.5%), vehicle exhaust dust (9%), steel dust (1.7%) and cement dust (1.4%). In terms of influencing weight-coefficients of fined-sorted coal combustion sources to ambient PM₁₀, the result of source apportionment of coal-combustion sources was further fractionized, and the result suggested that the contribution of residential coal combustion was up to 11.5%, the contribution of coal-fired power plant was up to 0.4%, the contribution of industrial heating was up to 7.4% and the contribution of industrials was up to 11.1%.

Research on a diesel bus certified to China V emission standards, run China city bus cycle on a heavy chassis dynamometer, the bus was fueled with D100 (the pure diesel), biodiesel blends B5, B10 and B20 (the volume mixing ratio are 5%, 10% and 20% of waste cooking oil based biodiesel blends), to carry out the emission characteristics of Particulate Matters (PM) carbonaceous components. The results show that China five bus's exhaust particulate carbonaceous components include Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental Carbon (EC), where OC account for 73%~82%, and the main components of OC are OC2 and OC3. Biodiesel has no effect on the OC composition ratio of vehicle exhaust particulate matter; With the increase of biodiesel mixing ratio, the emissions of bus exhaust OC and OC+EC have a decreasing trend, EC emissions have increased, wherease B10 has higher OC emissions; In four particle diameters as PM_0.05-0.1, PM_0.1-0.5, PM_0.5-2.5, PM_2.5-18, OC and EC have the highest emissions in PM_0.1-0.5, EC has almost zero emission in PM_2.5-18, biodiesel can improve OC emission of ultrafine bus exhaust particles (PM_0.05-0.1), which has virtually no effect on the emission of bus exhaust particulate matter; The OC/EC of using biodiesel decreases, especially in PM_0.05-0.1 and PM_0.5-2.5, which weakens the impact on the secondary air aerosol.

The new Cu-Mn-Zr composite catalyst with four molar ratios of different metals was prepared by sol-gel method. The catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD and XPS. The catalytic activity of Cu-Mn-Zr composite catalyst on the simulated gas of ethyl acetate was evaluated by a fixed bed tube reactor. The degradation products of the catalytic reaction were detected qualitatively. Addition of Mn significantly increases the specific surface area and total pore volume of the catalyst. The N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm of the catalyst is type IV. Copper oxide crystals and tetragonal zirconia crystals in the Cu-Zr (1:1) catalyst were observed. The copper oxide crystals decreased with the decrease of Cu ratio, and the addition of Mn resulted in the disappearance of tetragonal zirconia crystals. The catalyst was amorphous and had good dispersibility. Increasing the Mn/Zr molar ratio reduces the binding energy and improves the catalytic activity. Cu-Mn-Zr composite catalyst had good low temperature catalytic activity for ethyl acetate, and the proportion of appropriate components will increase the catalytic activity of the catalyst. The catalyzed oxidation effect of Cu-Mn-Zr (1:1:1) catalyst for ethyl acetate was the best, and its selectivity of CO₂ reached 96.7% at 200℃. The analysis results of degradation products showed that the intermediate products of ethyl acetate degradation were acetic acid and ethanol, and the final degradation products were mainly CO₂ and H₂O.

In this paper, a series of Ce-Co-O_x catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method and the CO-SCR performance was studied. The influence of Co and Ce ratio on the activity of CO-SCR was investigated and the Ce(0.3)-Co(0.7)-O_x sample showed the highest NO conversion efficiency of 84% at 250℃. According to characterization results, it was proposed that the active sites for CO-SCR is Co in Ce(0.3)-Co(0.7)-O_x. There were two reasons responsible for the enhanced catalytic performance by Ce doping into the Ce-Co-O_x catalyst. Firstly, the specific surface area and adsorption capacity were increased with Ce doping. Secondly, a solid solution was formed in Ce-Co-O_x catalyst, resulting in the enhanced oxygen migration rate. In situ DRIFTs results suggested that the CO-SCR is likely to follow a mechanism that gaseous or weakly-adsorbed CO reacts with adsorbed NO species in the forms of bridging bidenate nitrite and chelate nitrate.

Tetrabutyl titanate as raw materials, adopted dip-coating method to prepare the glass fiber photocatalytic filler loaded with TiO₂, effects of catalytic degradation was examined by initial solution of pH, initial concentration of phenol, UV-LED consumed power and the aeration intensity. The results shown that, while the solution pH of 3, phenol initial concentration of 10mg/L, UV-LED output power of 2.968W and the aeration intensity of 1.8L/min, the degradation rate of phenol can reach 97.05%, the degradation process follows the first order reaction kinetic model. In addition, this photocatalytic reactor has advantage, such as low energy consumption, and better stability loaded with catalyst.

The effect of organic matters and nitrite on the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)-denitrification coupling process was studied in a continuous flow reactor and batch tests. During the continuous flow experiment, the effect of glucose on the nitrogen removal performance of the anammox granules reactor was investigated with the addition of sufficient nitrite. As a result, the granules performed excellent anammox-denitrification coupling activities with the COD concentration of 100mg/L. While the COD concentration was improved to 200mg/L, the granules performed bad anammox-denitrification coupling activities. With the COD concentrations of 100 and 200mg/L, the corresponding ammonium removal activities of granules through anammox process were 0.096 and 0.071kg NH₄⁺-N/(kgVSS -d). The nitrite removal activities of granules through anammox process were 0.153 and 0.092kg NO₂^--N/(kgVSS -d). Meanwhile, the corresponding denitrification activities of the granules were 0.111 and 0.212kg NO₂^--N/(kgVSS -d). As for the batch tests, the effect of carbon sources and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/NO₂^--N ratios on the nitrogen removal performance of the anammox-denitrification coupling granules was analyzed. With the carbon source of glucose and the COD/NO₂^--N ranges of 1 to 4, the anammox bacteria performed greater nitrite competitive ability than denitrifiers. However, with the carbon source of sodium acetate and the COD/NO₂^--N ranges of 1 to 4, the anammox bacteria performed lower nitrite competitive ability than denitrifiers.

Anaerobic granular sludge bed membrane bioreactor (AnGMBR) with simulated domestic wastewater was studied at room temperature. With the influent COD of 260mg/L, the effluent COD of AnGMBR could remain stable under 30mg/L; Even if the HRT was reduced to 5h, it could still meet the level A Emission Standard. The total methane conversion of AnGMBR was between 0.234 and 0.271L/g COD_R, about 61% to 70% of the influent COD was converted into methane. The particle size and mechanical strength of granular sludge were not different during the operation of AnGMBR, and granular sludge could keep stable. After a period of continuous operation, AnGMBR's TMP kept stable at about 35kPa. The performance of membrane was restored effectively after cleaning. The energy consumption required for the fluidization of granular sludge in AnGMBR was lower, and the permeate water was the main energy consumption required part. The energy output could meet the energy demand. Thus, the AnGMBR system had great potential as an energy positive wastewater treatment system.

This study focused on the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal characteristics in simultaneous nitrification-endogenous denitrification and phosphorus removal (SNEDPR) system treating low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio (<3) wastewater. In order to achieve an efficient nutrient removal, an extended anaerobic/low aerobic (dissolved oxygen:0.5~1.0mg/L) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with municipal sewage was started up and optimized by regulating the influent C/N ratio. The population dynamics of functional microorganisms were also analyzed. Results indicated that when the influent C/N ratio raised from 4.3 to 5.15, the N and P removal performance of the system became better with total nitrogen (TN) and PO₄^3--P removal efficiencies up to 89.3% and 90.6%, respectively; with C/N ratio reduced to <3, the nutrient removal performance decreased firstly and then increased in the following operation. However, the effect of low C/N on the phosphorus removal performance of PAOs (phosphorous accumulating organisms) was higher than the endogenous denitrification capability of DGAOs (denitrifying glycogen accumulating organisms), showed as the TN and PO₄^3--P removal efficiency reduced to 21.4% and 3.4% firstly, and lately increased to 92.9% and 94.1% gradually. In the stable phase of the system, the average phosphorus release per COD and SNED efficiency reached to 437.1mg/L and 89.1% respectively, with the average effluent concentration of NH₄⁺-N, NO_x^--N and PO₄^3--P was 0, 4.4, and 0.2mg/L, respectively. After 136-day operation, PAOs, GAO, AOB (ammonia oxidizing bacteria) and NOB(nitrite oxidizing bacteria) accounted for 16%±3%, 8%±3%, 7%±3% and 3%±1% of total biomass, respectively, which ensured the P uptake, nitrification and denitrification. Additionally, the occurrence of simultaneous partial nitrification-endogenous denitrification at the low aerobic stage of the system interpreted the efficient nutrient removal from low C/N (<3) wastewater.

The phosphorus removal is a series complex biological and chemical reactions in actual wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In order to analyze the effects of various factors on total phosphorus (TP) removal, response surface methodology (RSM) was used. The water quality parameters such as carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N), carbon/phosphorus ratio (C/P), organic load ratio (F/M), and process parameters such as sludge discharge amount (m), agent dosage and external reflow ratio (R) were all investigated. Phosphorus balance model was also established according to the material conservation. The results showed the optimal ranges of C/N, C/P and F/M were 5.50~7.00, 50.00~70.00 and 0.06~0.08d^-1, respectively. From operation aspect, the optimal ranges of m, agent dosage and R were 14.3t/10⁴m³, 35~40mg/L and 65%~70%, respectively. Through analyzing phosphorus balance model, it was found influence degree on phosphorus removal was C/N, F/M, R, m, C/P and agent dosage from largest to smallest. When the main influence factors such as C/N and F/M were in optimal ranges, and WWTP was stable, the model could predict the effluent TP concentration precisely.

This study reported the variety of total phosphorus (TP), protein and polysaccharide of soluble microbial products (SMP) in excess sludge of anaerobic digestion process. Furthermore, the distribution of SMP components was studied by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra and liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) technology. The relationship between TP and components of SMP were also investigated by grey correlation degree. As anaerobic time went on, the concentration of protein and polysaccharide gradually increased, whereas TP concentration increased firstly and then decreased after its maximum level 14.15mg/gVSS reached at day 4, which indicated that there was an optimal time for phosphorus release in the sludge anaerobic process. The fluorescence intensity of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like substances increased during the anaerobic period, but the fluorescence intensity of microbial metabolites increased first and then decreased. The high molecular weight substances contained by biopolymers and humics increased gradually, the middle molecular weight substances increased firstly and then decreased while the low molecular weight organics appeared an inverse tendency. The variation of protein, polysaccharide and Humics concentration showed a significant correlation with TP release.

The microbial community structure in two bioreactors of a decentralized urban water infrastructure systems in Germany was investigated through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The PICRUSt software was then used to deduce the function of the microbial community. In winter, the average COD removal rate reached 52% at 20℃, the influent COD was 712mg/L in the anaerobic membrane reactor (AnMBR) and the biogas production rate was 122L/kgCOD. At 37℃, the biogas production rate was 374L/kgVSS and the COD was 3007mg/L in the primary sludge digester (PSD). Similar microbial compositions were observed in both bioreactors, with Synerigistaceae having the highest relative abundance at the family level among bacteria (AnMBR:24.0%±10.0%; PSD:11.0%±3.1%) and Methanobacteriaceae having the highest relative abundance among archaea (AnMBR:0.6%±0.3%; PSD:13.8%±1.8%). The functional genomic composition was also similar in both reactors, with the H₂reductive CO₂ pathway being the main approach for methane production. The relative abundances of H₂ reductive CO₂ pathway related genes, F420synthesis related genes and coenzyme M synthesis related genes in the PSD reactor were higher than those in the AnMBR reactor.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were obtained from the reduction of silver nitrate by sodium borohydride in the stabilizing agent of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The as-prepared AgNPs demonstrated an excellent property of dispersibility, with the nanoparticle size of (14±3) nm. The AgNPs were used to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on phosphorus uptake and release of phosphorus-accumulating bacteria (PAB) and toxic effect. The results showed that 7mg/L of AgNPs totally inhibited the growth of PAB (P <0.01), and 10mg/L of AgNPs completely suppressed the phosphorus uptake ability of PAB under aerobic condition (P=0.01). Under the anaerobic condition, AgNPs with concentration higher than 20mg/L only partly inhibited the phosphorus release of PAB (P <0.05). The results indicated that AgNPs decreased the ROS level of PAB, and made the partial collapse of bacteria surface structure by the SEM. These revealed that AgNPs can decrease the ROS of bacteria besides the direct effect on the bacteria surface membrane structure, which both might be the important reasons for AgNPs toxicity on PAB.

To reveal the effects of organic loading rate (OLR) on the performance of upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor and syntrophic propionate-degrading consortia, this study investigated the effects of OLR increase on the treatment efficiency of UASB containing sugar refinery wastewater as substrate. The succession of syntrophic propionate-degrading consortia as OLR increasing was analyzed by quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that the COD removal reached above 92.0% in UASB at OLR of 6.0~54.0kgCOD/(m³·d) conditions. qPCR explored that at least three identified species of propionate-oxidizing bacteria (Pelotomaculum schinkii, P. propionicum, and Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens) existed in the UASB system. S. sulfatireducens was dominated in UASB and its quantity was 126~1.2×10³ 16S rDNA copies per ng DNA, accounting for 47.9%~58.6% of the total detectable propionate-oxidizing bacteria. OLR increase from 6.0 to 54.0kgCOD/(m³·d) resulted in all detected propionate-oxidizing bacteria significantly decreased. In addition, Methanospirillum hungatei and Methanosaeta concilii were the dominant hydrogenotrophic methanogens and acetotrophic methanogens. The number of methanogens was significantly increased with OLR increase and achieved a maximum at OLR of 54.0kgCOD/(m³·d) condition.

The degradation of reactive black 5, an azo dye, in aqueous solutions was investigated using novel magnetic nano-Fe₃O₄@α-MnO₂catalyst, which prepared by two step hydrothermal method. The catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). TEM and XRD results of as-synthesized catalyst showed the nano-α-MnO₂ coated Fe₃O₄ was successfully prepared. VSM indicated the saturation magnetization of nano-Fe₃O₄@α-MnO₂ was reach up to 39.89emu/g. As all the Fe₃O₄, α-MnO₂ and nano-Fe₃O₄@α-MnO₂ was applied to assess the individual and interaction effects of metals, the higher catalytic efficiency of nano-Fe₃O₄@α-MnO₂ implied the synergistic effect between Fe and Mn. Several operating parameters (catalyst dosage, PMS concentration and initial pH value) on the treatment efficiency and reaction kinetics of RBK5were also studied. As results, the RBK5degradation process via Fe₃O₄@α-MnO₂ activated PMS is consistent with the pseudo-first-order reaction. The degradation efficiency of RBK5 (30mg/L) could reach 91% within 60min under the condition of the catalyst dosage was 1.2g/L, the PMS concentration was 4mmol/L, and the initial pH value was 7.0. Under this situation, the degradation rate constant of RBK5also reached the highest value of 0.023min^-1. Moreover, the main active species in RBK5degradation in Fe₃O₄@α-MnO₂/PMS system was identified as SO₄^-· by adding radical quencher such as methanol, tert-butanol and nitrobenzene.

A self-developed hydrodynamic cavitation generator with triangular multi-orifice plates in the Hydraulics Laboratory at Zhejiang University of Technology was used to sterilize raw water in Shengli River of Hangzhou. Pressure in hydrodynamic cavitation working section were measured by the pressure data acquisition system. Morphological changes in coliform were observed by the biological microscope. Total colony count was detected by plate counting method, and enzyme substrate technique was used to detect total coliform and Escherichia coli. Effects of cavitation number, different initial concentration of raw water, number of orifice, size of orifice and arrangement of orifice on killing pathogenic microorganisms by hydrodynamic cavitation were experimentally studied. Choosing the appropriate initial concentration, increasing the orifice number, decreasing the orifice size and improving orifice arrangement could further increase the killing rates of pathogenic microorganism in raw water. The killing rate of the bacteria colony can reach stable and efficient killing value at 5min. At 15min the killing rate of total colony count reached 80%, and more than 90%, even 100% total coliform and Escherichia coli were killed.

Chitin was modified into carboxylated chitin by 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) with hypochlorite (NaClO) and sodium bromide (NaBr) for enhancing adsorption performance of Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution. Carboxylated chitin prepared was characterized by FTIR, solid ¹³C-NMR, XRD and SEM-EDX. Batch experiments with various parameters of the carboxylated chitins modified with different volume of NaClO, pH value of solution, initial concentration of Pb(Ⅱ), contact time and ionic strength on the adsorption performance of Pb(Ⅱ) were investigated. The surface characteristics of carboxylated chitin before and after Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption were examined using XPS. The results showed oxidation modification did not change the crystal structure and crystallinity of chitin and the carboxyl groups were introduced onto the surface of chitins. The volume of NaClO and pH had significant influence on the adsorption capacity. When the pH value of solution was in the range of 4~6, the adsorption capacity of carboxylated chitin prepared with 30mL NaClO reached a high level and the maximum adsorption was 233.64mg/g at room temperature. The adsorption process reached equilibrium within 60min and could well be described by pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Frendlich isotherm models. The Pb(Ⅱ) removal mechanism on carboxylated chitin included electrostatic interaction, chelation and ion exchange.

To explore the multivariate effects of seawater constituents on the photochemical transformation of antibiotics, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the multivariate effects of water constituents (i.e., dissolved organic matter (DOM), HCO₃^-, NO₃^-, and Cl^-) on the photodegradation of sulfapyridine as a representative of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs). The results showed that at p < 0.05significance level, both DOM and HCO₃^--NO₃^- interaction significantly impacted the photogradation of sulfapyridine. HCO₃^- can quench ·OH that is photo-induced formation by NO₃^- resulting in the inhibitive effect of HCO₃^--NO₃^- interaction. Radical scavenging experiments unveiled that the enhancive effect of DOM on the photodegradation of sulfapyridine was mainly attributed to triplet-excited DOM (³DOM^*). Steady experiments conducted by DOM proxies (aromatic ketones) demonstrated that the relationship between logarithms of photolytic rate constants of sulfapyridine and the oxidation potentials of triplet-excited DOM proxies was positive correlated well. Further experiments found that the triplet-excited reactivity of SAs was determined by their energy gaps of HOMO-LUMO.

The evaluation of quality grade of groundwater involving various uncertainty factors is of fuzzy, random and discrete characteristics. In order to reflect distribution characteristics of evaluation indexes and improve the rationality and reliability of groundwater quality classification, a connection cloud model coupled with extension theory was proposed here to describe conversion situation in the classification ranks. Firstly, digital characteristics of connection cloud model based on the classification standard were identified, and the connection cloud mapping in the finite intervals was generated to simulate the classification standard. Namely, certainty and uncertainty relationships between the measured evaluation indicators and their quality grades might be depicted by a connection cloud from a unified perspective. Then combined with index weight, the extension matrix based on the connection cloud was constructed to analyze the relationship between measured evaluation indicators and quality grades. Next, quality grade was specified by the comprehensive cloud correlation degree, credible degrees of the evaluation results were also given. Finally, case studies and comparison with the projection pursuit based on fuzzy matter-element method were conducted, the results with less than 0.01confidence factor obtained by the model proposed here do well agreement with those by the projection pursuit method, and are more feasible and effective. Moreover, it can overcome the shortcomings of the extension theory that cannot reflect the fuzzy characteristic of the evaluation index.

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effects of compost amendment on hydrocarbon degradation and microbial communities in petroleum contaminated soil. Petroleum hydrocarbons were analyzed using gravimetric method and GC-MS. Illumia Miseq technique was used to detect the microbial community structure of petroleum-polluted soil during the remediation. Results showed the removal efficiencies of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), alkane, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were respectively (12.4±0.01)%, (10.2±0.01)%, and (9.38±0.02)% in the compost amendment soil (SC), compared to (3.21±0.02)%, (-3.00±0.01)%,and (-6.59±0.02)% in the control experiment (CK) after 42days of incubation. In response to compost amendment, the Shannon index, ACE index, and Chao1index increased from 4.30, 3489.3, 2691.0 to 5.80, 4684.7, and 3851.8, respectively. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria phyla decreased from 47.3% to 28.2%, and Bacteroidetes phyla increased from 0.78% to 16.2%. At the genus level, the relative abundance of the dominant genus in the petroleum contaminated soil including promicromonospora, Exiguobacterium, Nocardioides, Mycobacterium, and Citrobacter decreased significantly. Some new genus including Azomonas, Luteimonas, Pseudosphingo bacterium, and Parapedobacter appeared in the compost treated soil. The results indicated mature compost amendment effectively promoted petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in the soil, and soil microbial communities shifted significantly.

Taking the V4region of 18S rDNA as the target gene, we designed the primer V4 (F/R) and adopted high-throughput sequencing technology to evaluate the diversity and relative abundance of the eukaryotic phytoplankton community in different seasons of the year 2014 in Liaodong Bay. The results showed that there were 29 toxic algae in Liaodong Bay, including 8kinds of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) algae, 2kinds of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) algae, 3kinds of yessotoxic (YTX) algae, 2kinds of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) algae, 13kinds of hemolysin, and a kind of exopolysaccharide (EPS) algae. Of these, 19toxic algae were reported to have caused either red or brown tides. Eight of the toxic algae, most of which belonged to Dinophyta, were capable of causing large-scale fish deaths. We found 18algal species that had been previously undetected or unreported in Liaodong Bay, in which 9algal species even had not previously appeared in other Chinese waters. The algal species had different trophic modes, including 8kinds of autotrophs, 20kinds of mixotrophs, and a kind of heterotroph. There were high risks from PSP, YTX, and NSP in summer;high risks from NSP in autumn; high risks from DSP in spring and summer; and the eastern and western waters of Liaodong Bay were prone to shellfish toxicity disasters. During spring, the water temperature was significantly and negatively correlated with the biomass of YTX and NSP algae. During summer, some environmental factors, such as chemical oxygen demand, oil, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), lead, and cadmium, were significantly and positively correlated with toxin-producing algae, but zinc, arsenic, oil, and DIN were positively correlated with toxic algae in the winter. The environmental factors were not significantly correlated with toxic algae in the autumn. The correlations between toxic algae and environmental factors should be further explored.

To gain an improved understanding of the mechanisms and species that drive brown tides, we used the V4region of 18S rDNA as the target gene to design the V4(F/R) primer and evaluated the diversity of the composition and relative abundances of the eukaryotic phytoplankton community in Liaodong Bay in different seasons with high-throughput sequencing technology. We found that some of the species in Liaodong Bay, such as Aureococcus anophagefferens, Ostreococcus tauri, Nannochloris sp., Nannochloropsis granulata, Micromonas pusilla, Pycnococcus provasolii, Chlorella vulgaris, and Chaetoceros calcitrans., had the potential to cause brown tides. Of these species, the risks were higher from Aureococcus anophagefferens and Nannochloropsis gaditana, which are distributed in the southwest and southeast of the bay, respectively. Aureococcus anophagefferens and Micromonas pusilla live with mixotrophs and other six potential brown tide species live with autotrophs.The abundance of Micromonas pusilla was the largest, with an average of 161445 ind/L, mainly occurring in autumn. Aureococcus anophagefferens and Ostreococcus tauri, with average abundances of 13912 and 13717 ind/L over the four seasons,respectively, mainly occurring in spring. Chlorella vulgaris and Chaetoceros calcitrans, with average abundances of 5498 and 5234 ind/L, respectively, were most abundant in autumn. Nannochloropsis gaditana. and Nannochloropsis granulata were absent in the winter and were present at only low abundances in other seasons. The correlations between the abundances of the brown tide species and environmental factors, such as the water temperature, water depth, N/P ratio, and inorganic nitrogen content, were significant. And the relationship between community structure succession and environmental factors need to be studied further.

Phosphorus adsorption index (PSI), phosphorus adsorption saturation (DPS) and phosphorus release risk index (ERI) were used to study the phosphorus adsorption capacity and potential release risk in surface sediments of Haizhou Bay in 2016 (October) and 2017 (May). The results showed PSI varied from 99.58 to 199.39[mgP/(100g)]/[μmol/L], DPS varied from 23.118% to 34.289% in 2016, while in 2017 PSI varied from 130.29 to 198.57[mgP/(100g)]/[μmol/L], DPS varied from 25.545% to 42.135%, which revealed PSI and DPS had opposite plane distribution trend. PSI had evidently positive correlation with Al_ox and Fe_ox that indicated Al_ox, Fe_ox were the main factors affecting the adsorption of phosphorus in surface sediments, and Fe_ox played the Dominant role. DPS had remarkably negative correlation with Al_ox and extremely remarkably negative correlation with Fe_ox,respectively, which illustrated the increasing of Al_ox and Fe_ox could reduce the phosphorus adsorption saturation of surface sediments. ERI varied from 11.59% to 34.18% in 2016, and from 12.86% to 32.34% in 2017, respectively, that explained the risk of phosphorus release from surface sediments in Haizhou Bay was moderate as a whole.

To investigate the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption characteristics, sources and spatial-temporal patterns in Dongping Lake, 35surface water samples were collected in August and December of 2013 and March of 2014, respectively. The water quality parameters, spatial distribution of the CDOM absorption coefficient at 440nm, carbon-specific CDOM absorption coefficient[a^*(440)], the value of relative molecular size M, as well as the relationships between the CDOM and water quality parameters were studied. The[a(440)] exhibited that the seasonal pattern was dry season > wet season > level period. The spatial distributions were similar to that of[a^*(440)]. The value of relative molecular size M exhibited that the seasonal pattern followed:dry season > level period > wet season. Significant correlation was found between the CDOM absorption coefficient and Chla in wet period. The correlation between CDOM absorption coefficient and DOC in both wet season and level period is also significant. In wet season, the CDOM was affected by both exogenous and endogenous inputs and endogenous input dominanted the CDOM pool, which mainly came from phytoplankton degradation products. The exogenous characteristics in the area of Laohu Town were obvious. In level period, the CDOM was affected by both exogenous and endogenous inputs, however, the degradation of phytoplankton was not the main source of the CDOM. The CDOM in the Northern lake was dominanted by exogenous input. In dry season, the CDOM was mainly affected by endogenous input, and the degradation of phytoplankton was not the main source of the CDOM. It was speculated that its autogenetic characteristics may be related to the increase of suspended matter caused by dredging activities. The Southeast lake showed strong exogenous characteristics which was influenced by Dawen River. Inferring the concentration of DOC by the CDOM concentration was somehow feasible in the wet season and level period in Dongping Lake.

The accumulation, dissipation and oxygen consumption of algal blooms would result in ecological disaster in the littoral zone. In order to discuss the effects of the vegetation and topography on the accumulation and dissipation of cyanobacteria bloom, different forms of enclosure, together with aquatic plants were constructed in the coastal zone of Lake Taihu, we observed the fluctuation of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and the synchronous change of nutrients. Results showed that stagnant environment was conducive for algae proliferation and accumulation, where built soft enclosure, and aquatic plants could promote algae accumulation. Algal bloom was the most earliest and serious in the emerged and floating-leaved aquatic plants restoration area. Chl-a raised to 457.42μg/L, the content of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) increased to 11.04mg/L and 1.32mg/L, and it was second serious in the enclosure, where restorated floating-leaved aquatic plants. Algal bloom was less accumulating in the floating-leaved and submerged macrophytes area. There was insignificant difference in the fishing net zone and control point. During the process of algal blooms, cyanobacteria continued to proliferate, then Chl-a raised more than TN and TP, and with the growth of algae and the denitrification effect of ecosystem, dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus decreased. When algal bloom dissipated, nutrients released into water, and dissolved nutrients raised most in the rubber enclosure. This study showed the risk characteristic of algal bloom in lakes. And the result will help to prevent the bloom risk and produce the control policy.

In order to study the diffusion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between sediment and water in landscape waters of different functional areas in Wuhu, 25landscape water in Wuhu were selected to collect sediment and water samples in February 2017, 16kinds of PAHs listed as Priority Control Pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were tested and analyzed by fugacity method and response coefficient. The effects of total organic carbon (TOC), BC_CTO (black carbon measured by chemical thermal oxidation) and BC_Cr (black carbon determined by wet chemical oxidation) were investigated at different concentrations (measured value, lowest value, average value, maximum value). The results showed that 2-4rings PAHs were diffused from sediment to aqueous, and the sediments were secondary sources of PAHs. 5~6rings PAHs were diffused from aqueous phases to sediment. With the increase of the concentrations of TOC and BC, PAHs tended to diffuse into sediments and the order of sensitivity was BC_Cr > BC_CTO > OC. The diffusion process of sediment-water revealed the important mechanism of migration and diffusion of PAHs in water environment, which could provide basis for the scientific management of environmental pollution.

In order to investigate rainfall runoff pollution level and effluent characteristics of different underlying surfaces in urban community, three kinds of underlying surfaces, such as road, roof and grass land at a cultural and educational area in Xi'an, Shaanxi province were selected as sampling areas, and runoff samples over the whole time range of 3storm events and 2 snowmelt events were collected by the manual time-interval sampling method from Aug. 2016 to Feb. 2017. The concentrations of SS, COD, TN, TP, Pb, Zn Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr, PAHs, dissolved COD, dissolved heavy metals and dissolved PAHs, as well as particulate matters size d₅₀ of samples were determined. Pollution characteristics were compared between rainfall runoff and snowmelt runff. The results showed that the main contaminants of urban surface runoff were SS, COD, TN, Pb and Cr. The average event mean concentrations (EMCs) of SS in road and grass land rainfall runoff exceeded grade two level of integrated wastewater discharge standard, and the EMCs of COD, TN, Pb and Cr exceeded grade Ⅲ level of environmental quality standards for surface water. The event mean concentration (EMC) of PAHs in road, roof and grass land rainfall runoff were 266.8~389.8ng/L, 254.9~303.0ng/L and 231.2ng/L respectively, which were at medium pollution level compared with domestic related research. The concentrations of SS, COD, Zn, Pb, Cu and PAHs in road runoff were higher than which in roof runoff. However, the concentrations of TN, TP and Cr in road runoff were slightly lower than roof runoff, which indicated that TN, TP and Cr mainly derived from atmospheric dry and wet deposition,while the main sources of SS, COD, Zn, Pb, Cu and PAHs were traffic pollution emission. Pollutants effluent characteristics of these three kinds of underlying surfaces rainfall runoff were different obviously. The pollutants concentration of road runoff were rather high in the initial duration of runoff, and fluctuated violently affected by traffic pollution emission in the later runoff. However, the pollutants concentration of roof runoff continuously decreased with runoff time and finally tended stablely. While the pollutants concentration of grass land runoff were rather stable during the whole time. The impact of rainfall intensity on the total pollutants concentration emission were greater than on the dissolved pollutants, and d₅₀ showed a good correlation with rainfall intensity. Pollutants concentration of road snowmelt runoff were far greater than rainfall runoff, due to pollutants accumulated continuously during the snowfall events and snowmelt runoff flow was rather small. Nevertheless, water quality of roof snowmelt runoff was better than rainfall runoff, owing to the ability of carrying contaminants of snowmelt runoff were more weak than rainfall runoff.

A representative conceptual model for water flow and contaminant transport in the aquifer-monitoring well system under the condition of leachate leakage was constructed. The Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity (EHC) method was used to describe the water flow and head distribution in the dual-medium system, while the ADE equation and the 1-D solute transport equation for pipe flow were, respectively, used to simulate pollutants migration and distribution in the aquifer and in the wellbore, and eventually a governing equation describing the distribution of pollutants in the monitoring well-aquifer system under leachate emission conditions was constructed. A finite-difference method for this equation was developed based on the Fortan platform. This program was then used to simulate and analyze the effects of monitor well on the regional flow and solute movement in the interior and around the monitoring well, as well as its influence of the wellbore on the flow and solute transport. The results show that The wellbore effect affects the local groundwater flow field and the concentration field around the hole, which leads to the concentration increase in the inner and lower parts of the borehole, and the decrease of the concentration in the certain area outside the wellbore; the effect of the wellbore effect decreases with the increase of the distance. from well to leakage point. The monitoring error caused by the wellbore effect is not more than 20% when the distance is greater than 2times the thickness of the aquifer. The influence of well diameter on wellbore effect is rather complex, not monotonic. In this case, wellbore effect increases with the increase of well diameter, reaches the maximum at 0.1m, and then decreases. The greater the permeability coefficient of the aquifer and the greater the specific storativity, the smaller the influence of wellbore effect. Therefore, the effect of wellbore is less in the gravel and coarse gravel media aquifers with strong permeability and greater porosity, and the effect of wellbore effect on the monitoring effect is greater for the weakly osmosis or medium permeability sand and sand clay aquifers.

The sol-gel method was used to prepare the copper and zinc composite oxide (Cu/ZnO), nanoparticles of which were loaded on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) to synthesize Cu/ZnO-RGO nanocomposites. The characterization analysis of Cu/ZnO-RGO nanocomposites showed that the Cu/ZnO nanoparticles were loaded on the RGO surface successfully. The morphology of the Cu/ZnO nanoparticles did not change after the load and the purity of CuZnO-RGO nanocomposites was higher. Furthermore, Cu/ZnO-RGO nanocomposites exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by destroying bacterial cell membrane, causing the outflow of bacterial content and preventing bacteria entering the obvious logarithmic growth phase within 24h. When the mass fraction of RGO was 15%, the usage of Cu/ZnO-RGO nanocomposites was 120μg/mL, and the treating time was 2h in the circulating cooling water, the antibacterial rate of Cu/ZnO nanocomposites reached 99.76%.

Male Wistar rats were exposed to SO₂ (7mg/m³) for 28 days, 4 hours per day in SO₂ group. Rats in SO₂+NALC group were exposed to SO₂ and NALC (50mg/kg b.w., i.p.) every other day, which was dissolved in saline. Rats in control group were exposed to filtered air and saline. The mRNA levels of complexes IV and V subunits (CO1 & ATP6) and three mitochondrial transcript factors (PGC1-α, NRF1, TFAM) were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR after exposure. And the protein levels of the above three mitochondrial transcript factors were detected by Western blot. The results showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of PGC1-α, NRF1and TFAM were decreased significantly after SO₂ inhalation, combined with the down-regulations of CO1 & ATP6 on mRNA levels. But NALC could alleviate the depressions of these genes. It indicated that SO₂ exposure could impact the transcription of mitochondria DNA through PGC1-α-NRF1-TFAM down-regulation, interfere the synthesis of important components of oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanism might be related to the production of free radicals. Antioxidants could be used to alleviate sulfur dioxide-induced mitochondrial damage in rat hearts.

In the present study, the semi-static exposure test method was used for elucidating the effects of different concentrations of nonylphenol polyethylene glycol ether (NPEO) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) of adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results showed that the expressions of GnRH2, GnRHR1, GnRHR2, GnRHR4, FSHβ and LHβ genes in the brain, as well as the expression of LHR gene in the testis of zebrafish were significantly up-regulated under the exposure of NPEO at the experimental concentrations. The expressions of GnRHR and LHR genes were sensitively to the NPEO exposure at relatively low concentrations and the most sensitive biomarkers were the expressions of GnRHR4 and LHR genes, which were significantly induced under the exposure to 0.001mg/L of NPEO. The expression of CYP17 gene was significantly inhibited in the testis of fish exposed to NPEO at 0.1 and 10mg/L NPEO and on the contrary, the expression of CYP19a gene was significantly induced in the 10mg/L of NPEO group. Up-regulation of GnRH gene indicated that the exposure to NPEO could induce the secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus and stimulate the secretion of GtH in the pituitary of zebrafish in turn. The exposure to NPEO could promote the synthesis of endogenous estrogen in zebrafish by up-regulating the expression of CYP19a gene and inhibit the synthesis of testosterone (T) by down-regulating the expression of CYP17 gene, and therefore disrupt the sexual hormone homeostasis in zebrafish. The increased levels of estrogen in the testis of zebrafish could produce the negative feedback to the pituitary gland and then stimulated the secretion of GtH in the pituitary, suggesting that NPEO at the experimental concentrations (0.001~10mg/L) could affect the feedback regulation of the HPG axis in male adult zebrafish.

After water-soluble nickel salt (NiCl₂) was spiked to 11representative Chinese soil samples, the spiked soil samples were incubated and treated with or without artificial rainwater leaching in order to simulate field conditions. The toxicity of these soil samples to barley root elongation was studied by a bioassay method, and the extractability of the added Ni in the soils was evaluated using single or sequential three Mehlich-3extractions. The results showed that the extractability of Ni added to soil was affected by soil pH, and Mehlich-3extractable Ni is as a function of total added Ni in soils and soil pH significantly. The phytotoxicity thresholds based on Mehlich-3extractable Ni were significantly affected by soil properties. In other words, the effective concentration causing 50% inhibition based on Mehlich-3extractable Ni varied with ≥ 38-fold difference among soils. Regression analysis indicated that the soil citrate dithionate extractable Fe, Al and Mn, and clay content in soils were the most important factors to affect the phytotoxicity based on single Mehlich-3extractable Ni, and that soil pH and organic content were the most important factors to affect the phytotoxicity based on sequential three Mehlich-3extractable Ni. The influence of soil properties on the phytotoxicity based on Mehlich-3extractable Ni was associated with the number of extraction times. Finally, the predictive models for phytotoxicity thresholds based on Mehlich-3extractable Ni to barley root elongation were developed. The results indicated that the extractable Ni in soil can be used as criteria in order to improve the accuracy and scientificity of Ni ecological risk assessment in soil.

Based on the regression analysis prediction model and the source classification prediction model, the biomass gas production and the energy structure proportion between 2020 and 2050 were predicted. And the scenarios of carbon emission reduction potential were analyzed. The results showed that the regression analysis had a smaller prediction error, which stepwise regression prediction was 9.34%, slightly less than 13.99% of the multiple linear regression. The source classification model was more accurate. By 2050, biogas would increase by about 176%. And increasing the application of biomass gas in the low-carbon scenario can reduce the carbon emission by 10% in the future scenario, indicating that the vigorous development of biomass gas has a significant positive effect on carbon emission reduction and carbon cycle. Based on the status, we put forward several policy suggestions on economy, technology and market to provide theoretical guidance for further exploring of market potential on biomass gas.

Based on 48energy-saving and emission reduction technologies, a bottom-up integrated dynamic optimization model was developed with constraints of energy, water, SO₂, NO_x, and PM_2.5 reduction targets. This model, in which the energy and water demand, as well as SO₂, NO_x, and PM_2.5 emissions were predicted, was used to optimize the technology pathway of the iron and steel industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2015 to 2030. Results showed that 22technologies that presented co-control effects on energy, SO₂, NO_x, PM_2.5, and water, such as coke dry quenching and small pellet sintering, should be given priority in promotion. The model also predicted that implementation of 48technologies could potentially result in energy conservation and air emissions reduction in the iron and steel industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and could save 1008million cubic meters of water by 2030. Although the cost of water accounts for only about 2% of the total industry cost, the water impacts of energy-saving and emission reduction technologies should be emphasized because apart from air pollution, water scarcity also poses a serious threat to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

To find the key factors of the carbon emissions from energy consumption in three northeastern provinces, a hybrid approach was applied by combining the extended Kaya identity method and the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition method. Firstly, an optimized carbon emission decomposition model was developed to measure and decompose the carbon emissions and carbon emission intensity of three northeastern provinces during 2005~2016. Then, by performing a comparative analysis of three northeast provinces and the whole China, the impacts of the following factors on the carbon emissions were examined:the energy structure, the energy intensity, the industrial structure, the economic output and the population. The empirical results showed that, during 2005~2016, the total carbon emissions of three northeastern provinces accounted for 8.84% of the total carbon emissions of China, and the average carbon emission intensity of these three provinces was higher than that of China. Moreover, both economic output and population had significant positive effects on the carbon emissions; meanwhile, the largest contribution of economic reached 188%. The economic development and urbanization did not reduce the carbon emissions in these three provinces. In addition, the industrial energy intensity, energy structure and industrial structure had significant negative effects on carbon emission in which the maximum effect of energy intensity reached 59%. It was also found that there exists a large adjustment space in the industrial energy intensity. In summary, to promote the development of low-carbon economy, we suggested to reduce energy consumption, adjust the internal structure of the industry and improve the economic policy system in three northeastern provinces.

A provincial allocation model for carbon emission rights was established in this paper. Under the constraints of China's 2020 and 2030 carbon intensity targets, the provinces' allocation of carbon emission rights was carried out in stages. The results show that the distribution of carbon emission rights varies from region to region in China from 2016 to 2020. The five provinces with the most carbon emission rights quotas are Guangdong, Jiangsu, Inner Mongolia, Shandong and Shanxi, where the economic development level and historical carbon emissions are among the highest in the country. The five provinces with the lowest quota are Anhui, Jilin and Gansu. Ningxia and Guizhou. The pressure on emission reduction varies greatly across regions. Shanxi, Shandong, Liaoning and Shaanxi have serious shortage of carbon space at the initial node in 2016, and they need to bear greater pressures to reduce emissions. Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shanghai have relatively low emission reduction pressures. From 2021 to 2030, the distribution of carbon emission rights in each province is basically the same as that in the first stage. All provinces have surplus in carbon emission space in 2030. As of 2030, some regions (such as Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Jilin, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Guizhou, etc.) have relatively limited carbon emissions, and there are still significant pressures to meet the emission reduction targets on time. Considering that different provinces and regions face different emission reduction tasks and pressures, formulating differentiated emission reduction policies and giving appropriate support to policies is the key to ensuring the smooth achievement of China's emission reduction targets.

The convergence of industrial green innovation exists the regional heterogeneity and spatial convergence underthe unbalanced development of China's provincial internal openness. By constructing evaluation index system of internal openness and using combined evaluation method on 30provincial internal openness to establish a comprehensive evaluation, and through some coefficient variation indexes to compare internal openness of different provincial regions, we use provincial panel data from 2005 to 2014 to establish a spatial econometric model to test the space convergence of industrial green innovation under internal openness constraints. We Find that China's provincial internal openness shows the development characteristics of increase to decrease in the time dimension, while the spatial dimension has the heterogeneity characteristics of east-high-west. The eastern region has the largest difference in internal openness, and followed by the west, the smallest in the middle. Degree of dispersion of industrial green innovation of China and its eastern region will change over time, while the industrial green innovation of its mid and west regions fluctuates. Therefore, these regions still need further improvement. Industrial green innovation of China and its three regions will achieve long-term equilibrium, and due to the similarities of economic development, technical environment, R & D level in adjacent areas, so there is a long term convergence. Above all, we conclude that it is an important factor to promote the improvement of industrial green innovation ability in the whole and eastern region of China. Improving the level of economic development and the appropriate environmental control intensity are important factors to promote the improvement of industrial green innovation in the central and western regions. To reveal the regional heterogeneity source of spatial convergence and the industrial green innovation under the constraint of China's provincial internal openness. It is very helpful for our country to narrow the gap between provinces and regions in the new era and accelerate the opening up to the inside, further improve the industrial green innovation ability.