The spatiotemporal variation characteristics of daily maximum eight-hour average ozone concentrations (O₃-8h) from 338cities in China during 2016 were analyzed by rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis. Based on the results of REOF analysis focusing on pollution seasons (May to October) in 2016, ten regions were identified in China. The temporal variation patterns of ozone in each region were independent with each other, affected by local meteorological, photochemical or pollution features. A rising trend for annual averaged O₃-8h was observed during 2014 to 2016 for all regions, except for South China region and the Tibetan Plateau. The regionalization results of ozone were found to be influenced greatly by terrain features, indicating significant terrain and landforms effects on ozone spatial correlations. Among the 10regions, Huanghuai Plain, the North China Plain, Central Yangtze River Plain were realized as priority regions for mitigation strategies, due to their higher ozone concentrations and densely population.

Based on the data of CE-318 sunphotometer at Tianjin boundary layer station from 2013 to 2014, the distribution characteristics of aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent were analyzed. The results showed that, the average value of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) under 440nm and 500nm spectral band were 0.99±0.34 and 0.87±0.30, respectively. The monthly average of AOD under 500nm was highest in June 2013 the value equal to 1.41±0.79 and lowest in November 2013 the value equal to 0.49±0.92. For the reason of sand and dust weather the Ångström exponent was lowest in spring which value equal to 0.85±0.32. For the reason of high temperature weather the Ångström exponent was highest in summer which value equal to 1.16±0.29.The urban-industrial aerosol was the dominant type in Tianjin by the analysis of the distribution characteristics of Ångström exponent. By the joint effect of fine mode and coarse mode aerosol, AOD was higher than 2in spring. By the main effect of fine mode aerosol, AOD was higher than 2in summer. And hygroscopic character of aerosol made AOD increased in summer. The situation of AOD higher than 2in winter also by the effect of fine mode aerosol but the partical size was larger than summer. In the condition of haze day the AOD and Ångström exponent were higher than dust day and non-pollution day which value were 1.41±0.68 and 1.17±0.29. In the condition of dust day the AOD was 0.99±0.62 and the Ångström exponent was 0.55±0.22 which was lower than haze day and non-pollution day. In condition of non-pollution day the AOD was lower than dust day and haze day which the value was 0.53±0.46. Increasing with AOD the Ångström exponent had trend of increased at first and decreased subsequently.

WRF-Chem model was used to analyze the characteristics and formation mechanism of a pollution episode with high concentrations of PM_2.5 and O₃ over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region on October 27, 2014. It was found that the stable weather condition which was favorable for the accumulation of air pollutants occurred over the PRD region because of a high-pressure ridge in 850hPa height and a high-pressure system in the ground. The western PRD regions, including southern Zhaoqing, Foshan and northern Jiangmen, were the most polluted areas due to the easterly prevailing winds. The high O₃ concentrations in southern Zhaoqing and northern Jiangmen were associated with gas phase photochemistry, while the high O₃ levels in Foshan were related to physical processes. Photochemical O₃ formation in areas with high O₃ levels was VOCs-limited, and VOCs transported from urban centers and biogenic VOCs from local emissions in Jiangmen was conducive to photochemical O₃ formation. On the other hand, the high concentration of PM_2.5 was related to its high initial concentrations, as well as the high production rates of secondary inorganic aerosol (i.e., sulfates and nitrates) through the oxidation of SO₂ and NO₂. The increment for the concentrations of sulfates and nitrates were mainly related to local generation and regional transport, respectively.

Single particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) was deployed to continuously observe the ambient aerosols over the suburb of Nanjing during the autumn of 2015. 4groups of particles were selected:EC-rich particles (EC), OC-rich particles (OC), K-rich particles (K-rich) and Metal-rich particles (Metal), accounting for 29.39%, 9.53%, 26.55% and 8.54% of total number, respectively. The particle number and size distribution of 4groups were analyzed under different weather conditions. Backward trajectory model and concentration weighted trajectory method were employed to obtain the potential source region of particles. The results showed that, the average number of total particles were about 2900, 1300, 6450 and 5950h^-1, for clean, rainy clean, polluted, and rainy polluted days. The number of all groups of particles increased significantly and their size distribution shifted to larger size, except for OC. Heavy precipitation have obvious scavenging effects on all groups of particles, especially for the large size. However, the effects varied with particle size and were not notable in the rainy polluted days. Particles carried by the air mass from different source regions have different number and categories of fine particles. Oceanic air mass was mainly cleaner than continental air mass. Air mass was significantly influenced by the local emissions when it passed through the land. The potential source region of the fine particles were mainly located locally in Nanjing and southwest areas, around Ma'anshan of Anhui Province. The potential source region of 4groups of particles had distinct spatial distribution.

Based on transport characteristics of air mass 72h back trajectories and statistical data filtered method, measurement data of atmospheric CH₄ obtained at Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional background station in Beijing during 2010 and 2014 were analyzed for non-pollution and pollution events. About 42% of the complete data set was filtered as pollution data, and the remainders not polluted by local emission sources were flagged as "representative background data". Variations of background CH₄ concentrations at SDZ station can be obtained based on the "representative background data". The annual mean background CH₄ concentrations varied from 1884.0×10^-9 in 2010 to 1916.4×10^-9 in 2014 observed at SDZ, with the averaged growth rate of 8.5×10^-9/a. Background atmospheric CH₄presented obvious seasonal fluctuations, the higher and lower levels of seasonal CH₄ cycle appeared in Jan-Feb and Jun-Jul, respectively, with the peak-to-peak amplitude of 32.8×10^-9. The seasonal variations of atmospheric CH₄ might be owing to the variations of OH concentration in atmosphere. Furthermore, the annual and "detrended" monthly CH₄ background concentrations observed at SDZ were higher than those of MBL at the same latitude and WLG global baseline station.

The emission factors of CO, CO₂, NO_x, C_xH_y and PM_2.5 in rice, wheat, beans, rape, maize and cotton were measured by indoor simulation experiment. In addition, the crop straw yield and the amount of field combustion were calculated, based on the statistical yearbook, in order to estimate total emissions of various types of pollutants from open burning of straw in eight provinces of subtropical China during 2005~2014, and temporal and spatial trends were analyzed. The results showed that the average emission factors of CO, CO₂, NO_x, C_xH_y and PM_2.5 from combustion of crop straw were 159.55, 1234.96, 1.88, 31.27 and 7.62g/kg, respectively. The highest average emission factor of each pollutant was for cotton (172.40g/kg), beans (1348.77g/kg), rape (4.08g/kg), rice (66.78g/kg) and beans (10.15g/kg). The output of crop straw and the total amount of field combustion in subtropical areas of China were 1221.281Mt and 261.729Mt, respectively during the study period. Emissions of CO, CO₂, NO_x, C_xH_y and PM_2.5 were 40890.56, 324104.01, 370.79, 14329.36 and 1835.94kt, respectively. The emissions of NO_x and other pollutants from rice straw burning in the field accounted for more than 60% and 75% of the total emission in the study area. The emission contribution of wheat and cotton was less than 5% of the total emitted pollutants. There was also spatial variation in emission of different pollutants. The emission of pollutant exhibited a downward trend in Zhejiang, Fujian and Guizhou while rising trend was observed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Jiangxi.

Speciated VOCs emission inventory of a chemical industry park in the PRD area was developed by field monitoring and emission factors.Then the ozone formation potential (OFP) and the secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation potential were estimated to assess the influence of VOCs emission on the atmospheric environment. Total emissions of VOCs in the park was 9118.61t, and the emissions of each enterprise ranged from 2.98t to 4176.97t. There were 58kinds of VOCs in the park. The top 3species were ethylene glycol, methyl propionate and xylene, which contributed 52.3% to the total VOCs emissions. The total OFP in the park was 27733.42t, of which the largest contributor was ZR storage and transportation Co. Ltd, accounting for 45.90%. The top 10OFP species in the park were xylene, ethylene glycol, toluene, 2-propyl-1-pentanol, decanal, trimethylbenzene, octanol, methyl propionate, nonanal and 2,4-dimethyl phenol, which contributed 94.11% to the total OFP. The total SOA formation potential in the park was 11187.41×10^-2t, and the largest contributor was ZR, accounting for 37.25%. The top 10SOA formation potential species in the park were xylene, toluene, 2,4-dimethyl phenol, ethylbenzene, trimethylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, cumene, sec-butylbenzene, methyl tert-butyl ether and eicosane. They contributed 98.93% for the total SOA formation potential. Using VOCs emission inventory and MIR and FAC to estimate the regional OFP and SOA formation potential helps us to comprehend the regional pollution accurately, and it plays a significant role in formulating VOCs emission reduction policies.

In order to evaluate the effect of the total SO₂ and NO_x emissions control on the decrease of acid deposition, we analyzed the trends of sulfur deposition and nitrogen deposition on the basis of the throughfall from 2011 to 2016 at Tieshanping catchment, Chongqing. The sulfur deposition significantly reduced from 6.70kmol_c/(hm²·a) in 2011 to 2.34kmol_c/(hm²·a) in 2016. In comparison, the nitrogen deposition did not have obvious decrease, with the values of 2.41kmol_c/(hm²·a) and 2.11kmol_c/(hm²·a) in 2011 and 2016, respectively. Therefore, although the total acid deposition has declined in Chongqing, the control of nitrogen deposition still need to be strengthened.

A horizontal scanning Lidar experiment was performed in Shijiazhuang city, Hebei province, on June 11, 2015, and the location and the transportation of regional pollution sources were determined by using dynamic threshold method. The results showed that the aerosols near the ground are uneven distributed and the pollutants from heavy industrial emission sources can transport as far as 4km. The horizontal scanning scenario can obtain high resolution spatial distribution of near surface aerosols, without affecting by the surface types. Observations at different elevation angles indicated that the observation platform should be placed as high as possible and the scanning should be in horizontal manner. During the extraction of pollution area, the background atmosphere visibility could be used to determine the dynamic threshold of the extinction coefficient, thereby enhancing the extraction of regional pollution characteristics.

This study investigated the characteristics and spatial-temporal variation of heavy metals in atmospheric dry and wet deposition in China based on literature review. Relevant results that were published over the last two decades (i.e., from 1995 to 2015) were searched through databases including CNKI, ISI Web of Science, Wanfang, CQVIP and Google Scholar and comprehensively analyzed and compared. The average or median concentration and annual flux of heavy metals were reported in this study. Our results showed that Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Ni and Hg concentrations in atmospheric dust were higher than the Level 1standards of Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995) over the last twenty years with multiple of 3.0, 7.4, 7.9, 1.1, 16.5, 1.5, 1.2 and 2.3, respectively. At the same period, Pb and Hg concentrations in rainfalls exceeded the Class I standards of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002). Compared to 1995~2005, Pb, Cr, Cd, As Mn and Ni concentrations in atmospheric dust decreased by 32%~50% within 2006~2015. It is noteworthy that Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni and Hg concentrations in atmospheric dust of south China were 60.9%, 44.2%, 137.5%, 34.2%, 68.0%, 7.3% and 25.0% higher than that in north China. Nevertheless, As and Mn concentrations were lower in south China.The annual fluxes of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Mn, Ni and Hg in atmospheric dry and wet deposition were (10.99±14.74), (78.87±313.23), (21.81±64.53), (10.38±48.10), (0.37±1.84), (2.54±3.85), (48.00±193.40), (4.79±13.56) and (0.04±0.16)mg/(m²·a), respectively; The annual fluxes of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Mn in atmospheric dry and wet deposition between 2006 and 2015 were increased by 11.6%, 37.3%, 39.1%, 95.9% and 117.6% when comparing with these between 1995 and 2005; While As, Ni and Hg were reduced by 41.0%, 21.8% and 50.0%, respectively; When comparing different regions of China, the annual fluxes of Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Mn and Ni in atmospheric dry and wet deposition in north were 42.6%, 16.3%, 96.8%, 130.5%, 307.1% and 124.2% higher than these in south respectively. By contrast, Pb and Cd annual fluxes in south were 22.9% and 30.3% higher than these in north. Thus, Cd, Pb and Hg have high priority in preventing heavy metals in soil from atmospheric dry and wet deposition.

In order to clarify the characteristics of carbon contents (OC,EC) in the fly ash generated from coking process, the fly ash samples from three typical coking plants in Shanxi Province were collected. The contents of OC and EC were tested by carbon element analyzer and the EC/OC as well as emission factors were studied. The mass concentration of OC was higher than EC in fly ash. The concentration ranges of OC and EC in fly ash were 4.03×10²~4.34×10²mg/g, 3.25×10²~3.74×10²mg/g, with the mean values of 4.2×10² and 3.52×10²mg/g, respectively. The EC/OC in fly ash emitted from different coking plants ranged from 0.80 to 0.88 with an average of 0.84. The ratios obtained in this study are obviously higher than those from industrial coal combustion, and the EC content in fly ash is higher than that in flue gas during coking processes. Emission factors of OC and EC in coking process were 2970~3205g/t and 2395~2756g/t, with the mean values of 3100 and 2596g/t, respectively. According to the emission factors, the estimated emissions of the OC and EC from fly ash during coking process in Shanxi Province in 2016 were 253725.1 and 212467.7t, respectively.

To assess the gaseous and particle emission characteristics of a city bus equipped with DOC+CDPF after-treatment fueled with diesel and biodiesel with 5% blend ratio while the driving distance increases, a study has been performed using portable emission measurement.The results show that the decreasing amplitudes of CO, THC, and PM increased first and then decreased with the increase of mileage. The degraded amplitude of THC continuously enhanced before 25000km, and then decreased. It became lowest at 80000km, which was 41.05% lower than the first test. The decreasing amplitudes of both CO and PM continuously increased before 35000km, and then decreased. The degraded amplitudes of CO and PM were respectively 20.24% and 11.74% at 80000km. The reduction of NO_x and PN both showed the downward trend with the increase of mileage. The reduction amplitudes of NO_x and PN both became lowest at 80000km, which were respectively 33.83% and 10.35% lower than the first test. The gaseous and particle emissions emitted from the city bus fueled with B5equipped with DOC and CDPF increased obviously at around 80000km, and the decreasing amplitudes were sharply down, so the DOC+CDPF after-treatment should be maintained to extend life cycle and reduce emissions.

This work aims to study the enhancement of phosphorous (P) release from the waste activated sludge containing ferric phosphate (FePO₄) by adding sodium sulfide (Na₂S). First, effects of Na₂S dosage and temperature on P release from FePO₄ precipitation were investigated. Then, anaerobic fermentation of the sludge containing FePO₄ was studied with different Na₂S dosage, focusing on P release. The results showed that adding more Na₂S could increase P release, and 100% of P can be released from iron phosphate when S/Fe molar ratio was 5:1 or more. Temperature mainly affected the reaction rate. During the anaerobic fermentation of the mixed sludge containing FePO₄, when S/Fe molar ratio was 1:1, 3:1 and 5:1, P release efficiency was 60%, 93% and 100%, respectively; compared to the sludge without Na₂S addition, the efficiency was increased by 26%, 59% and 73%, respectively. In addition, Na₂S addition could promote volatile fatty acids production. When the S/Fe molar ratio was 3:1 and after 7days fermentation, the total VFA concentration was 4.3times of that without Na₂S addition. However, Na₂S addition has negative effect on methane production.

Anaerobic granular sludge was introduced to phosphorus removal system, creating a new process for phosphorus removal with the combination of biological medium addition and calcium hydroxyphosphate crystallization. The effects of pH, Ca/P ratio, HRT on the performance of new process were investigated to optimize process parameters. The results demonstrated that the optimal parameters were pH=12, Ca/P=3.34 (mole ratio), HRT=60min for synthetic wastewater with phosphorus concentration of 30mg/L. Under the optimal condition, phosphorus removal efficiency was 99.81% and the effluent phosphorus concentration was 0.057mg/L. The new process was operated for the phosphorus removal from piggery wastewater, which phosphorus removal efficiency was 85.85% and the effluent phosphorus concentration was 4.67mg/L.The phosphorus was enriched in the product, especially in the top and central part of reactor. The phosphorus of product mainly existed in the form of hydroxyapatite and its content by P₂O₅ was 37. 68% and 36.57% respectively, which has reached the standard of high quality phosphate rock and has a high value for phosphorus reuse.

Lab-scale completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process was operated in Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). The tests leading to two started strategies of CANON filter, R1 was filled with filler with matured ANAMMOX bacteria and inoculated nitrite flocculent sludge, R2 started with mixing nitrification filter and anaerobic ammonium oxidation filter with weight ratio of 2:1. The inlet water of R1 and R2 was domestic sewerage after the A/O phosphorus removal treatment and keeping the temperature between 15~21degree and ammonia nitrogen concentration within 35~55mg/L. The R1 and R2 made use of 37d and 19d to keep ammonia removal rate stable at 95%. After operated 100d, the effluent of reactor almost did not contain ammonia and the maximum effluent total nitrogen concentration of R1 and R2 was 15.8mg/L and 12.1mg/L because of excessive proliferation of NOB. Specially the more worse of R1, and effluent of R2 met the first level A emission standards. The start-up strategy of mixed media reduced two thirds of the amount used in the anaerobic ammonium oxidation filter media, accelerated the start-up of the reactor, inhibited the activity of nitrite oxidation better, and achieved the long-term nitrogen emission standards.

A two-sludge system combined anaerobic/anoxic/oxic with moving bed biofilm reactor (A²/O-MBBR) was used to treat real domestic wastewater. By adding sodium acetate to adjust influent carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N), the transformation and utilization and metabolic pathways of organic matter in the system were investigated. When the influent C/N ratio varied from 3.11 to 6.09, the system all achieved efficient COD removal with the maximum removal of 83.85%. However, from the perspective of VFA and PHAs transformation, the influent C/N ratio should not exceed 5.42. Additionally, the material balance analysis of carbon also revealed that when the influent C/N ratio was below 5.42, COD removal percentage in the A²/O reactor was up to 70.10% and that in the MBBR reactor only accounted for 4.32%~5.89%, where the efficient utilization of carbon source was the key to improve microbial community optimization and enhance denitrification and phosphorus removals under the condition of low C/N ratio. The results of dissolved carbon source component distribution and three-dimensional fluorescence properties manifested that proteins and polysaccharides transformed although COD changed gently along the reactor, in which proteins-like substance was the dominant.

Pilot-scale bio-filters were constructed to removal of high-iron, manganese and ammonia nitrogen (8~10℃, TFe 6~14mg/L, Mn 0.8~1.5mg/L, NH₄⁺-N 2.0~3.0mg/L) from groundwater and the oxidation kinetics was analyzed. The results showed that Aeration and Filter process and Aeration and Double Filtration process failed due to lack of dissolved oxygen (DO). Biological Aerated Filter was the worst process due to aeration on the water flow turbulence; Biological Aerated Filter and Filtration process was successful, However, the filter rate was only 6.0m/h; Double Aeration and Double Filtration (DADF) was the best process, which was successful to removal of high-iron manganese and ammonia nitrogen from groundwater (8~10℃, TFe 17.66mg/L, Mn 1.71mg/L, NH₄⁺-N 3.37mg/L), and the maximum filter rate of the first stage and the second stage were 13.25m/h and 12.75m/h. Moreover, which also could be applied to the purification of low-temperature groundwater (5~6℃, TFe 9.72mg/L, Mn 3.29mg/L, NH₄⁺-N 3.44mg/L), and the maximum filter rate of the first stage and the second stage were 10.0m/h and 8.0m/h. The Oxidation kinetics demonstrated that, iron was oxidized and removed followed the first-order chemical oxidation kinetics, and the oxidation kinetics constant was (1.02~1.18)×10, and the removal of manganese and ammonia nitrogen followed the kinetic law of zero-order enzymatic reaction, and the oxidation kinetics constant were (0.15~0.83)×10^-1 and (0.31~1.20)×10^-1. The oxidation rate of iron was the fastest and was first removed. The order of oxidation and removal of manganese and ammonia nitrogen was greatly affected by substrate concentration.

Copper doped ordered mesoporous carbon (Cu-OMC) was prepared by evaporation induced self-assembly and presented high catalytic activity for the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS).At the condition of catalyst dosage 0.1g/L, PMS concentration 0.5mmol/L,the removal of 20mg/L bisphenol A (BPA) could be achieved 91% in 60min.The reaction can be performed under a wide pH range around 3-11 and little influenced by anions including Cl^-,SO₄^2-,HCO₃^- and PO₄^3-.The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the reaction process were analyzed by radical quenching tests and electron spin response (EPR).It was found that apart from sulfate radical (SO₄^·-) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH),singlet oxygen (¹O₂) also contributed to the degradation of BPA.

The purpose of this article was to investigate the mechanism responsible for the formation of brominated polymeric products from oxidation of bromophenols by aqueous potassium permanganate. Experiments were conducted to determine brominated oxidation products of 2-bromophenol by aqueous potassium permanganate using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that four polymeric products of m/z 341/343 (at m/z 79) and 343/345 (at m/z 81) containing two bromine atoms were detected by the precursor ion scan (PIS) approach at m/z 79 and 81, respectively, and their abundance was about 1:1, consistent with the natural isotope of bromine atom. The four polymeric products were isomers, and they were formed by the C-O and C-C coupling of 2-bromophenoxy radicals, where the C-C coupling products eluted faster than the C-O coupling ones in LC-MS/MS. According to phenolic coupling theory, there would be eight brominated polymeric products. However, they were partially detected, probably due to the difference in coupling rates of phenoxy radicals.

2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) produced by cyanobacteria and actinomycetes is a saturated bicyclic-tertiary alcohol, which can cause earthy/musty taste and odor in surface water. Moreover, 2-MIB is usually difficult to be decomposed and removed by conventional water treatment process. In this paper, hydroxyl radical (·OH) generated by a strong ionization discharge process at atmosphere pressure was used to degrade 2-MIB in water, of which the removal efficiency including dose effects and contact reaction time were investigated. The intermediate products formed in ·OH treatment process were analyzed by GC-MS, and the oxidative degradation mechanism of 2-MIB by ·OH was discussed. Results show that the removal rate for 2-MIB with initial concentration of 150and 300ng/L could reach 96% and 97.6% within 6.0s, while the total reactive oxidant (TRO) dose were 1.8and 2.3mg/L, respectively. After ·OH treatment, the concentration of 2-MIB in water was lower than 10ng/L (lower than the human olfactory threshold). The degradation effects of 2-MIB were obviously reduced by the ·OH scavengers tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), indicating that ·OH should be the main oxidant for 2-MIB oxidative degradation. By analyzing the intermediates produced in the oxidative degradation process, it was found that the bridge ring structures of 2-MIB could be destroyed by ·OH and finally mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O.

The detection method of the disinfection by-product dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) was established by mean of liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatograph (LLE-GC) method using aspartic acid as the precursor, and the DBAN formation mechanism and its influencing factors were also discussed. The results showed that the production of DBAN was little when the acidity was strong and the production of DBAN rapidly increased with the increase of pH when the pH value was in the range from 6 to 7, while the production of DBAN gradually decreased at the alkaline conditions. The impact of temperature on the formation was minor at 10~30degrees conditions. Bromide ion concentration was found an important influencing factor, the production of DBAN increased with the bromide ion concentration increasing. After the total 8steps of the process, such as substitution, decarboxylation and oxidation, the aspartic acid was finally formed into DBAN.

The dissolved organic matter (DOM) released from ultrasonic lysis of sludge was used to remove the heavy metals in the waste activated sludge. The effects of DOM on the removal efficiency of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) were investigated under different DOM concentrations, pH, shaking and washing time. The physicochemical properties of sludge before and after DOM leaching were also taken into comparisons. Moreover, changes of Cd and As speciation of sludge were analyzed by using continuous extraction of Tessier. Under optimal conditions:DOM concentration 1200mg/L, pH 6, leaching time 24h and the ratio of liquid to solid 40:1, the removal efficiencies of Cd and As were 36.12% and 23.75% (single washing) and improved to 62.35% and 39.45%(triple washing), respectively. The contents of organic matter and total nitrogen in the sludge increased, but the contents of total phosphorus, total potassium and pH decreased after triple leaching. The fractions of cadmium and arsenic distribution in sludge was changed before and after triple washing. Moreover, the available contents of Cd and As in sludge was significantly reduced.

Several effective inorganic and organic chemicals were screened to stabilize MSWI fly ash from a MSWI plant of Jiangsu province. The aim is not only to investigate the stabilization effect of heavy metals, but characterize the mineralogy of MSWI fly ash under different chemical treatments to determine the heavy metal (Pb, Cr, Cd, et al.) fractions in mineral and non-mineral phases. The results indicated that phosphoric acid was the best inorganic chemical to reduce the lead leaching from 97.55mg/L to 2.16mg/L in this experiment, while such three single organic chemicals (polydithiocarbamate) with the addition of 2%~3% can markedly decrease the heavy metal leaching. In the original MSWI fly ash, the distribution of lead and cadmium were in the mineral phases, whereas the copper, chromium and zinc in non-mineral phases. The inorganic and organic chemicals resulted in matrix materials dissolution, soluble ions diffusion and secondary mineral transformation. After chelating treatment, the non-mineral fraction raised from 14.41% to 21.52%. Meanwhile the chromium in the non-mineral fraction was transformed to chromates. The cadmium in the mineral fraction increased due to the precipitate formation. The distributions of heavy metals in mineral phases were analogical behaviours that the chromium, zinc and lead were presented in calcite and chromium and copper in hematite.

This study is designed to pinpoint the effect of salinity (NaCl and Na₂SO₄, add at salinity levels of 0%~5%, respectively) on methylation of exogenous Hg (Ⅱ) in wastewater-irrigated areas of Tianjin City. Solutions containing stable isotope tracers of ¹⁹⁹Hg²⁺ were spiked into the soils at the concentrations of 80% of the total soil mercury. The formation of CH₃¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ (MeHg) was measured in time series experiments using gas chromatographic separation and isotope-specific detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results manifested that, generally, changes in concentrations of CH₃¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ in soil with incubation time were similar in direction and pathways, and three regions (retarded-sharp-stable) could be distinguished. Logistic equation can well fitted kinetic experimental data of concentrations of CH₃¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ formed during the incubation time. According to Logistic model, the maximum amount of formed MeHg of control soil (without salinity addition) was 0.698μg/kg, while the maximum methylation rate of exogenous Hg was 0.217μg/(kg·d). In NaCl spiked soils, methylation rate of exogenous Hg increased first and then decreased with the increasing salinity level of NaCl. It found that the maximal amount of formed MeHg and the methylation rate of exogenous Hg were significantly higher in 0.2%~0.6% NaCl spiked soils by comparison with control soil. The highest amounts of them were in 0.4% NaCl soil, which accounted for 3.589μg/kg and 0.415μg/(kg·d), respectively. The maximal amount of formed MeHg over incubation time and the methylation rate of exogenous Hg in 1%~2% NaCl spiked soils were close to them in control soil. It also found that high salinity level of NaCl (5%) inhibited the methylation of exogenous Hg. In Na₂SO₄ spiked soils, salinity (>0.2%) constrained the availability of mercury for methylation. The results of these studies demonstrated higher MeHg production potentials in comparatively lower salinity environments, which may enhance Hg bioavailability in the soil and cause a hazard to human body through the food chain.

Field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar application on the functional diversity of microbial community in rhizosphere and bulk soils. The average well color development (AWCD) during microbial carbon metabolism, Richness index, Shannon-Wiener index, Evenness index, Simpson index of microorganisms in rhizosphere and bulk soils were analyzed by the biolog-ECO method under application of different amounts of biochar. Results showed that the metabolic activity of microbial carbon in rhizosphere soil was increased due to biochar application. When the biochar addition was equal or above 40t/hm², the metabolic activity of microbial carbon was increased significantly. Biochar application had no significant effect on the metabolic activity of microbial carbon in bulk soil. Meanwhile, the Richness index, Shannon-Wiener index, Evenness index of microbial communities in both rhizosphere and bulk soils were not significantly affected. Biochar application enhanced the ability of soil organisms in rhizosphere to utilize carbohydrates, amino acids and carboxylic acids as carbon sources, while it did not significantly influence the carbon utilization ability of soil organisms in bulk soil. Organic carbon was the main factor that controlled the metabolic activity of microbial carbon. Biochar addition of 40t/hm² was the most suitable application amount.

In this report, fine particle fractions of sand, silt, coarse clay, and fine clay in lead-polluted soil were extracted through wet extraction. Particle size distribution, heavy metal content, mineral composition, and morphology, as well as their chemical mobility, accumulation factor and ecological health risk were studied using laser particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and BCR sequential extraction methods. It is found that the amount of total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy metals in different size fractions of the fine particles increases as the particle size decreases. Accumulation factor, mobility factor and ecological health risk follow the same trend. More importantly, the amount of oxidizable lead also increases as the particle size decreases. Whereas, exchangeable chromium, copper and zinc are mostly accumulated in larger sized soil fine particles. In general, heavy metals in finer particles of lead-polluted soil have higher ecological risk, but especially for Cu and Pb in nano-sized clay particles, which have the greatest accumulation factor and mobility. Therefore, effective remediation and control of heavy metal pollutants in Lead-Polluted Soil should be carried out.

In order to investigate the influence of dioxins emitted from iron-steel sintering machines on soil pollution, both monitored data by a steel plant in Hebei Province in 2016 and CALPUFF simulations are used to design a method to estimate the amount of sintering-emitted dioxins that is deposited in the surrounding soil. Results show that the toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) of dioxin in exhaust gas from the sintering machines of this steel plant is 0.017~0.025ng-TEQ/Nm³. The emission factor is 0.044~0.081ug-TEQ/t. The concentration of dioxins in three soil samples ranges from 0.82 to 2.4ng/kg, which is consistent with the simulated results by CALPUFF (1.46~3.44ng/kg).

In this study,soil samples from the reclaimed land filled with coal gangue (SS) with different reclamation years (2015,2010,and 2001 years) in Xuzhou mining area and from normal farmlands which were not affected by coal mining subsidence (SSC) were collected.The sequence numbers of bacterial community were determined by the Illumina PE250sequencing method,and the vertical structure and time structure were analyzed.The results showed that:(1) Reclamation decreased the number of bacteria species and the community diversity,but the goodness between SS and SSC increased with the age of reclamation.(2)Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominated in SS at the phylum level,the number of Firmicutes increased after reclamation and Firmicutes also likely transferred from 20~40cm to 0~20cm soil layer.(3)Bacilli predominantly existed in soils at the class level,the number of Bacilli in 0~20cm soil layer was higher in SS than in SSC samples,and the number in 20~40cm soil layers of SS samples decreased with the increase of the reclamation years.(4)Lactobacillales and Bacillales dominated in SS at the order level.Desulfuromonadales played an important role in the remediation of heavy metal pollution and its number in 0~20cm soil layer of SS was 74.81~99.59% less than that in SSC samples.(5) In SS samples,Bacillus,Enterococcus and Streptococcaceae were the dominant family,while Bacillus,Enterococcus and Lactococcus were the dominant genus,and Bacillus sp.JH7,Enterococcus faecium and Lactococcus piscium were the dominant species.All of these in SS samples were less in number than SSC samples especially in 0~20cm soil layer,while the number in 20~40cm soil layer of SS decreased with the increase of the reclamation years.(6) Dehydrogenase activity was negatively correlated with the number of Firmicutes.spp,but was positively correlated with the number of Actinobacteria and the number of Gammaproteobacteria.Also,the type of dominant soil bacteria did not change,but their quantitative structure varied over time.Owing to Firmicutes are suitable for growth in the absence of water and extreme environments,but Proteobacteria is conducive to soil nitrogen and energy cycling.Therefore,the soil quality was improved by adjusting soil bacterial community structure and shorten the recovery period.

Heterotrophic bacterium, the strain JQ1004 exhibiting simultaneous nitrification and aerobic denitrification were isolated from activated sludge and identified as Acinetobacter by 16S rDNA. This study was focused on the characteristics of nitrogen removal under aerobic condition by Acinetobacter sp. JQ1004. Clearly, a significant decrease of ammonium and COD was observed by 33h, with 99.45% and 92.54% removal efficiency respectively while NH₄⁺-N was used as sole N-source and sodium succinate was used as organic carbon source. Besides, while the strain utilized NO₃^--N as nitrogen source, the removal efficiency of NO₃^--N was 84.42% and total 93.11% of COD was decreased during 34h of incubation. It was interesting to note that higher C/N ratio was required in the degradation of nitrate than ammonium with the same initial concentration under aerobic conditions. Based on the description by modified Compertz model for the experimental data, it was found the isolate using ammonium as a sole nitrogen source showed higher rate of converting nitrogen than using nitrate, with 7.93mg/(L·h) and 4.08mg/(L·h) respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) experiments proved that efficient nitrogen removal and growth of strain JQ1004occurred with succinate as the carbon source, pH 7.33, 31.80℃, and high C/N ratio of 7.76and dissolved oxygen (with shaking speed of 154.54r/min).

A high-efficient diesel degrading bacterial strain isolated from oil-contaminated soil in Liaohe oil field was identified as Acinetobacter sp. and named as L7. The strain could efficiently grow with diesel, n-tridecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane and n-nonadecane as its sole carbon and energy source. The cultivation conditions of the strain L7 in diesel basic salt medium were investigated. The suitable pH value for the growth of the strain ranged from 6.0~9.0 with the optimum value of 7.0. The optimum temperature and salinity for the cultivation of the strain was 30℃ and 1%, respectively. The degradation efficiency of diesel oil was 61.5% under the optimum conditions. Based on the whole-genome DNA sequence analysis of the bacterial strain, an alkane hydroxylase gene, alkB, was identified. To study the function of the alkB gene in n-alkane utilization by the bacterial strain, the pME6032-alkB plasmid was constructed and electroporated into another bacterial strain Pseudomonas KT2440, which could not grow in diesel. The electroporated bacteria Pseudomonas KT2440 could grow in diesel basic salt medium. Through gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis, the degradation capacity of the bacterial strain L7 for n-alkanes and the roles of the alkB gene were determined. The results indicated that the n-alkanes were degraded by the strain L7 via the terminal oxidation and β-oxidation pathway.

The distribution characteristics of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and the related environmental factors (T, S, pH, DIN, SiO₃^2--Si, PO₄^3--P) were examined for seawater samples obtained from the Yellow Sea (YS) and the Bohai Sea (BS) in the summer of 2013, the autumn of 2013 and the spring of 2014. The results showed that Chl-a concentration ranged 0.918~9.28μg/L in the summer of 2013 with an average of 3.527μg/L, 1.837~5.966μg/L in the autumn of 2013 with an average of 3.524μg/L and 1.477~6.435μg/L in the spring of 2014 with an average of 3.467μg/L; Chl-a spatial distribution showed a decreasing trend from inshore area to offshore area; The GA-SVM model was used to investigate the Chl-a response relationship with the above environmental factors and the results confirmed the good performance (R²>0.9, MSE<0.01). The influence of parameters on the distribution of Chl-a had a significant seasonal variation. The two most significant variables to the distribution of Chl-a were PO₄^3--P and T in summer, SiO₃^2--Si and S in autumn, S and PO₄^3--P in spring and S and PO₄^3--P in all three seasons which demonstrated that the terrestrial input were most tightly related to the distribution of Chl-a in the BS and the YS.

The exchange fluxes of nutrients between sediment and water interface were studied in Haizhou Bay, where 3 stations were sampled in May 2016 to further investigate the characteristics of nutrients fluxes exchange based on orthogonal experiment method. The effects of sediment type, temperature, DO and pH on the exchange fluxes of nutrients between sediment and water interface were analyzed. The primary and secondary relations of various factors above affecting nutrient fluxes could be observed. With respect to NH₄⁺-N, its influencing factors were shown as follows, DO > temperature > sediment type; for NO₃^-+NO₂^--N, sediment type>DO>temperature; for PO₄^3--P, DO > sediment type > temperature; for SiO₃^2--Si, temperature > pH. The interaction among these factors was found as an important effect on the fluxes of nutrients, which should be taken into account in the establishment of the sediment-water interface nutrients exchange model. Results in this study on the effect of sediment types, temperatures, dissolved oxygen, and pH on the nutrient exchange fluxes in Haizhou Bay were basically consistent with the investigation data of Haizhou Bay in former years.

Indoor simulation experiments of different chromatic light (red light, blue light, and white light) were designed based on the underwater spectra of sampling sites at Meiliang Bay (M1, M2) and Gonghu Bay (G1, G2) during summer blooms, so as to investigate effects of chromatic light on the growth and colony maintenance of Microcystis. Results showed that the background turbidity at sampling sites was relatively high, and the underwater spectra shifted to the band of yellow and red light. Results of indoor simulation experiment showed that Microcystis colonies of red light group were larger than those of blue light group and white light control after 24days. Data showed that red light was favorable to increase the content of polysaccharides (total polysaccharides and binding extracellular polysaccharides). As for Microcystis aeruginosa unicells (FACHB-469), cell concentration of white light control kept the highest level, followed by the red light group, and then the blue light group. Based on the field observation and indoor simulation, the underwater spectra at sampling sites were favorable for maintaining of Microcystis colony size and growth rate, which may possibly result in the differences of habitat heterogeneity between outdoor colonial Microcystis and indoor unicellular Microcystis. Changes of underwater spectra can influence the formation and maintenance of Microcystis colonies.

Microcystins (MCs) and other toxic metabolites, released from cyanobacterial blooms, can be transferred to farmland via irrigation and therefore may have adverse effects on terrestrial crops. In the present study, the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductivity and chlorophyll fluorescence, as well as the ultrastructural features of leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) at vegetative stage were investigated under the exposure to a series of concentrations of MC-LR (0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 100.0 and 500.0μg/L) and Microcystis aeruginosa crude extracts (0.002 lysate, 0.02 lysate and 0.2 lysate) for 21days. Results showed that exposure to pure MC-LR can produce significant inhibitory effects on the photosynthetic characteristic parameters of rice, and the transpiration rate and stomatal conductivity are the most sensitive indicators in rice to MC-LR exposure. In contrast, different effect characteristics of photosynthesis parameters, even the stimulating and promoting effects, were found in rice under the exposure to Microcystis aeruginosa crude extracts (e.g. significant induction of the transpiration rate and stomatal conductivity of rice under the exposure to 0.02lysate). In addition, a series of ultrastructural alterations were also found in rice leaves exposed to high levels of the pure MC-LR and Microcystis aeruginosa crude extract. These results suggested that the toxicity mechanism of Microcystis aeruginosa crude extracts to rice is different from pure MC-LR and the decrease of biological toxicity might be due to the changes of MCs bio-availability caused by the interactions with other components co-existed in crude extract solution.

The characteristics of DOM in the decomposed process of Hydrilla verticillata's leaf and stem were studied by the combination of three-demensional fluorescence spectrum (3DEEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) with parallel analysis (PARAFAC). And the effect mechanism of aquatic plants decomposition on the water was further revealed. The results showed that the leaf decomposed quicker than the stem and released more TN and TP. Drying treatment of stem and leaf slowed the release of their TN (P<0.05) while it had no obvious influence on the TP (P>0.05). One protein-like component C1 and two components (C2 and C3) in the leaf, two protein-like components (C1 and C3) and two humic-like components (C2 and C4) in the stem were identified by PARAFAC. In the beginning of decomposition (0~40d), the protein-like substances were dominant and the ratio of it in leaf and stem was 1:1.5, and the content of DO in water was low, but the concentration of DOC and NH₃-N rised. During 40~60d, both components were present. At the end of decomposition (60~90d), the humic-like acids had a high proportion, the ratio of content in leaf and stem was 1:1, and the value of CDC, TN and PO₄-P increased, DOM in the decomposed process of submerged plants may affect the value of DO and pH in water.

In order to illustrate nutrient removal and physiological response of aquatic macrophytes under different pollution loads, water lettuce and water hyacinth were selected to study on their water purification characteristics, physiological and biochemical response to tailrace of sewage. TN, TP and TK concentrations reduced from 11.97, 1.69, 8.10mg/L to 5.23, 1.10, 4.73mg/L when the sewage run through the purification pond cultured with water lettuce and water hyacinth alternately. With nutrient concentration decreasing in sewage, leaves turn yellow, chlorophyll a content in stems and leaves of water lettuce decreased significantly, while no significant changes on chlorophyll a content of water hyacinth were found. A significant negative correlation existed between NPK concentration in sewage and nitrate reductase, Na⁺-K⁺ATPase, H⁺-K⁺ATPase in roots of macrophytes. The enzyme activity of aquatic plants may be improved to meet with their efficient nutrition absorption when nutrient concentration is low in the environment. While AKP in water lettuce roots appeared positive correlation with NPK concentration in sewage. Compared with the beginning, Na⁺-K⁺ATPase and H⁺-K⁺ATPase of water hyacinth increased by 88.92% and 103.20%, respectively.

A quantitative relation between light attenuation coefficient and water transparency was established based on the principle of water optics; described the relationship between nitrogen-phosphorus nutrients and algae based on the principle of mass conservation; constructed an eutrophication model accounting for the interaction effect of light and nutrients, which coupled the driving mechanisms of light and nutrients on algae growth. The model was calibrated and verified using water quality data monitored from April to July 2015 in the Meihu Lake. The model was then used to analyse the effect of change in light-nutrient content on algae growth, under different scenarios. Results showed that the algae had a good growth tendency under different light-nutrient conditions which was simulated by the established eutrophication model; there was an inhibitory action for algae under low light intensity when the nutrient concentrations increased, the effect of TP concentration was more important than TN concentration on algal growth when nutrient concentrations increased the same multiple; as a whole, algae growth is more affected by light intensity than nutrients, and more affected by total phosphorus than total nitrogen. The best scenario for algae growth is where illumination is 89.6klx, TP concentration is 0.168mg/L and TN concentration is 2.72mg/L.

The concentration and distribution of bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A and three kinds of alkylphenols in surface water and sediments from Taihu Lake and its tributaries were investigated by solid phase extraction and high liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that NP and BPA were the main Contaminants with an average content of 29.6ng/L (0~121ng/L) and 17.5ng/L (0~55.1ng/L) in surface water, respectively. The average concentration of NP in sediment was 240ng/g (0~2045ng/g), followed by TBBPA, with an average of 81.0ng/g (0~901ng/g). The correlation analysis showed that the total of the targets was positively correlated with the TOC in sediments. Overall, the pollution of its tributary and North Taihu Lake were more serious. In addition, the ecological risk assessment results showed that the entropy risk entropy of the targets in Taihu Lake and its tributaries was relatively high, and its ecological risk can't be ignored. However, the risk assessment for human health showed that the EEQ_t < 1ng E2/L, which does not have a significant risk.

The concentrations of 209 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in 16surface sediments collected from Zhushan Bay and the inflow rivers (Taige Canal, Caoqiao River, Yincun River and Shedu River) of Lake Taihu were determined by a modified GC-μECD method and the distribution characteristics were discussed. Results showed that 115 PCB congeners were detected and the concentrations of total PCBs ranged from 11.02ng/g to 84.05ng/g(d.w.) at the 16sampling sites. In general, the total PCBs were Yincun River < Caoqiao River < Shedu River < Taige Canal < Zhushan Bay. The average concentration was 26.42ng/g (d.w.) and the dominant PCB congeners were monochlorobiphenyls and dichlorobiphenyls, which accounted for 34.26% and 23.19% of the total mass, respectively. In addition, tri-to hexa-chlorobiphenyls accounted for 14.86%, 6.76%, 7.37% and 9.61%, respectively. The lowest were hepta-to octa-chlorobiphenyls, which only accounted for 3.95% in total mass. Meanwhile, source apportionment of PCBs in the surface sediments was conducted by principal component analysis (PCA), which revealed that PCBs in the sediments originated mainly from leakage of capacitor, transformer oil and sewage discharged from oil paint and paper mill or other industries. Moreover, the congener compositions of the sediments were different from known commercial Aroclors. Ecological risk in the study area was assessed using toxicity equivalent factors and Canadian sediment quality guidelines. PCBs pollution in the sediments from Zhushan Bay and 4 inflow rivers of Lake Taihu was likely to cause some potential ecological risks.

The seasonal change of the diversity and structure of sediment bacterial communities in sandy Weihe River and the influences of sediment particle characteristic, sediment nutrient content and the quality of overlaying water were investigated using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed significant seasonal variations of sediment characteristics and water quality. Total nitrogen content in sediment increased one order of magnitude with a decrease of spatial heterogeneity (RSD=17%) in wet season, while N:P in sediment was moderately correlated with N:P in overlying water. Based on T-RFLP, the Shannon index of sediment bacterial communities in mainstream ranged between 2.02 and 3.18. Spatial change pattern of bacterial diversity was also considerably different between hydrological seasons. Sediment bacterial communities in wet season had the strongest heterogeneity (RSD=37.4%) and the lowest Bray-Curtis similarity (17.4%). Most of the dominant fragments belong to species within the phyla of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Properties of sediment strongly influenced bacterial communities in normal and dry season, while the quality of overlying water had a close relationship with sediment bacteria community in wet season. All these results indicated the complexity of sediment bacterial community variation in seasonally sandy river, and significant impacts of sediment characteristics and overlying water quality.

By collecting up-to-date global emissions scenario results, we analyzed the range of global carbon budget of 2℃ and 1.5℃ target set by the Paris Agreement, and compared mitigation requirements of key time points, time of emission peaking and carbon neutral, and scales of negative emissions technologies application, of different emissions pathways. Compared to 2℃ target, global remaining carbon budget will be halved, more rapid mitigation will be required from 2020 onwards, and negative emissions technologies will be more heavily relied on. Delaying near-term mitigation action will strongly reduce future carbon budget, thus require deeper mitigation in mid and long term. Annual reduction rate will be required to increase by 1.2%, and net-zero emissions need to be reached 20years earlier; global carbon budget could be allocated to countries through different effort-sharing schemes. Regional distribution of global carbon budget is closely related to the chosen effort-sharing schemes. Resource-sharing schemes are more favourable for the United States and Europe, while burden-sharing ones are more favourable for China and India.

Using nature gas and air source heat pumps (ASHP) to replace the household coals and coal-fired boilers for heating was proposed in this study. The primary energy efficiencies, pollutant emission reductions and economic viability of different heating systems were calculated and analyzed based on Jing-Jin-Ji Region's scenario. The results showed that the primary energy efficiencies of the nature gas-based and ASHP-based heating systems could be improved by 31and 44percentage points, respectively, comparing to the original coal-based heating system. The emissions of the main pollutants could be significantly reduced. Specifically, the nature gas-based heating system and ASHP-based heating system could decrease the PM, SO₂ and NO_x emissions by 74.6, 332.6, 80.6 thousand tons, and 74.8, 332.1, 93.6thousand tons, respectively. The economic performance revealed that though the initial investment costs of ASHP-based heating system were greater than that of nature gas-based heating system, the annualized fuel costs were much lower. Besides, the specific costs of the pollutant emission mitigations of the nature gas-based heating system were 14.2 Chinese Yuan/kg higher than ASHP-based heating system, meaning that the ASHP-based heating system features better comprehensive performance as compared with the nature gas-based heating system.

Based on China High Resolution Emission Gridded Data (CHRED), the spatial pattern and agglomeration characteristics of carbon dioxide emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei region and Yangtze River Delta region are analysed by means of exploratory spatial data analysis techniques (ESDA) and spatial regression model. By mean of significant test, we explore the spatial lag regression (SLM) and spatial error regression (SEM) method to reveal the influence factors of carbon emissions in urban agglomeration. The carbon emission in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region proves to be more in spatial randomness and structural instability with index of Moran's I value -0.131. However, the spatial agglomeration effects in the Yangtze River Delta region are obvious with index of Moran's I value 0.106 that neighbour regions pose great effect on carbon emissions. Population and economic factors are the main influence factors of carbon emissions in above mention two urban agglomerations. In general, the diffusion effect of carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Delta region proves to be more apparently. However the agglomeration effect of carbon emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei region is still obvious. Turning to multicentre of regional development is one of the important measure to solve the metropolitan malaise. And metropolitan region should strengthen the object control of divergent effect of carbon emissions, promote the integration of low-carbon development, and achieve regional carbon emissions balance.

This paper, based on industrial gross output and the emission of industrial waste gas, wastewater and solid waste of 25 industrial sectors in 31 provinces during 2005~2014, explores the general environmental pollution score by grey correlation analysis. According to frequencies of top 10 industrial sectors contributing to regional pollution, this paper classifies the industrial sectors into 4 levels:high-frequency, medium-high frequency, medium-low frequency, and low-frequency. We classify industrial sectors, based on principal factors of production, into labor-intensive industry, capital-intensive industry and technology-intensive industry, and distinguish the main type of main local pollution industry in all regions. The result shows that the contribution to industrial pollution of different sectors varies greatly among provinces. Production and supply of electric power and heat power has the highest frequency in 31 provinces, which needs special monitoring at the national level; Since the top 10 general-environmental-pollution industries have more than 0.66 contribution degree to local pollution, the local government should take targeted measures to prevent and control pollution. Regions with labor-intensive and capital-intensive industrial pollution should promote the optimization of the internal industrial structure and eliminate backward production capacity when developing economy; regions with technology-intensive industrial pollution should accelerate the industry upgrading and develop tertiary industry to achieve green and sustainable development.

Water resources in the megacities could be affected by policies under certain circumstances, especially the water shortage cities in North China. A dynamic model of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) integrated with policy, water resource, economic and population indicators was built using Stella software. The model was based on the method of system dynamics to simulate the response characteristics of WRCC with or without policy interventionsandtake Beijing as a case study. The results showed that the South to North Water Diversion policy will bring an early water security state in Beijing for twenty years in advance, which reflects that the water resources in megacities are strongly affected by human intervention. The optimum point of water transfer is 1.6 billion cubic meters.Beyond that, the effects of increasing water-transfer will be diminishing. Contribution in drought year is more prominent. The evaluation results can provide reference for the optimization of the water resources between north and south, and help to ensure the water security of the megacities.

With the high frequency automatic monitoring of surface water quality, a technique for early warning of water pollution incidents was developed using the water quality soft measurement and abnormal detection of time series. This technique takes the assumption that water pollution incidents would cause the change of typical automatic monitoring water quality parameters, and then establishes the linear relationship between the water quality parameters and online high frequency monitoring water quality parameters. Using the artificial neural network, the change of water quality parameters in a short duration was predicted; using the time series of residual error, the threshold of abnormal change was determined. Finally, early warning of pollution incidents could be achieved through detecting abnormal change based on sequential leader clustering algorithm. To verify the technique, this study takes the online monitoring data obtained from the Potomac River in Virginia, USA as a case study. The analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) shows that the detection accuracies of double and triple abnormal levels can reach 62.7% and 92.5%, respectively. Because the concentration level of a water pollution incident is usually significantly higher than 3times, this technique can provide a relative high accurate early warning. Compared with traditional abnormal detection methods, this technique can shorten the detection time. Along with increasing improvement of automatic monitoring facilities, this study provided a new avenue for early warning of, and prompt response to, pollution incidents.