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2022 Vol.42 Issue.3,Published 2022-03-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Environmental Toxicology and Health
Carbon Emission Control
Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technology Column
Air Pollution Control
993 Multivariate comparative analysis of typical haze weather episodes in Nanjing
CHENG Hao, KANG Na, ZHANG Jia-xin, ZHANG Jia-yue
This paper selects three typical haze weather processes occured in Nanjing during winter of 2017~2020. A comprehensive analysis with the influence mechanism and characteristic changes of pollutants, meteorological elements, and boundary layer conditions in the haze pollution process are investigated. The results show that the peak values of the air quality index(AQI) values were found during the three pollution processes with 304(severe pollution), 227(severe pollution), and 176(moderate pollution).These were consistent and associated well with the changes of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. The ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 was greater than 0.7 signifies the dominant presence of fine aerosols in the winter period at Nanjing. During the pollution episode, the relative humidity(RH) was found maximum with greater than 70%, and the minimum wind speed was about 1 m/s. The high RH, low temperatures, and calm with stable winds provided favorable meteorological conditions for the occurrence of haze weather in the winter. During the three pollution processes, the mixing layer height observed low. During the first and second processes, the lowest height of mixing layers was only 34 m and 70 m, and the third time was 204 m. On the whole, the high value of PM2.5 concentration corresponds to the low mixing layer height. Combined with the temperature inversion, it inhibits the vertical diffusion of pollutants and forms accumulation, resulting in increase of pollution. In Nanjing, aerosol sources were mainly from sand dust and polluted sand dust, accompanied by some continental pollution sources such as small amount of smoke, dust, and marine clean air. The analysis of backward trajectory and potential source shows that the haze pollution weather during winter in Nanjing was mainly affected by regional pollution, and the long-distance transportation of airmass from the northwest.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 993-1004 [Abstract] ( 162 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2772KB] ( 401 )
1005 Remote estimation of PM2.5 based on GaoFen-4 satellite data in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration
YAN Ying-ting, LU Xiao-man, WANG Jia-jia, CHEN Ming-nan, ZHOU Li-guo, MA Yu-chun
This paper used 6 SV model and dark target algorithm to retrieve AOD with a high spatial resolution based on GaoFen-4(GF-4) geostationary satellite data. Afterwards, combined with the PM2.5 concentration data of the ground air quality observation sites, meteorological factors and other data, physical correction methods and linear mixed effects(LME) model were used to monitor the large-scale and spatial continuous PM2.5 concentration in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration(YRDUA). The results showed that the retrieved GF-4 AOD has good spatial resolution and spatial continuity, and the correlation coefficient(R) with AERONET ground-based monitoring data reached 0.82. The LME model based on GF-4 AOD showed a good agreement between the estimated PM2.5 concentration and the in situ observed values(R2=0.74). The 10-fold cross-validation R2 of spring, summer,autumn and winter were 0.67, 0.59, 0.64 and 0.72, respectively; and the mean absolute error(MAE) were 10.40, 7.42, 10.10 and 13.34μg/m3, respectively, which indicates that GF-4 can be used for regional PM2.5 concentration monitoring.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1005-1012 [Abstract] ( 130 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1849KB] ( 461 )
1013 Multi-time scale variations of the PM2.5 in Beijing and its key mechanisms during 2008 to 2017
GUO Ying-chao, QUAN Jian-nong, PAN Yu-bing, PU Wei-wei, FENG Jin, ZHAO Xiu-juan, YUAN Tie
The variation of PM2.5 concentration during 2008 to 2017 in Beijing urban area was investigated collectively using the Morlet wavelet method to understand the multi-time scale oscillations of PM2.5. PM2.5 in Beijing owned clear temporal variations(on diurnal, week, to seasonal timescales), especially in autumn and winter. Further analyses of wind, planetary boundary layer(PBL),and air stagnation index(ASI) revealed the mechanisms that affect multi-scale temporal oscillations of the PM2.5. The analyses indicated: the diurnal PM2.5 variation was closely related to boundary layer process with high concentration at nighttime and low concentration at daytime. The diurnal variations of PM2.5 in autumn and winter was higher than that in spring and summer; the weekly PM2.5 variation was closely related to synoptic process, and the PM2.5 concentration was anti-correlated to wind speed and PBL height; the seasonal variation of PM2.5 was caused dominantly by the seasonal variation of atmospheric diffusion capacity with high concentration in autumn and winter and low concentration in summer and spring.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1013-1021 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1730KB] ( 385 )
1022 Impact of the coal-to-electricity policy on PM2.5 concentration in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
ZHANG Ru-ting, CHEN Chuan-min, WU Hua-cheng, ZHOU Wei-qing, LI Peng
Based on the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry(WRF-Chem) model and combined with the meteorological parameters, the variation of PM2.5 emission before and after the implementation of the coal-to-electricity policy during the heating period(November 2018 to March 2019) over the BTH region was simulated and analyzed from the aspects of the PM2.5 concentration reduction and its spatial-temporal variation characteristic. The WRF-Chem model well stimulated the variation of PM2.5 concentration over the BTH region, and the correlation coefficient between simulated values and observed values in Beijing,Tianjin and Shijiazhuang were 0.66, 0.66 and 0.52, respectively, showing a good correlation. The implementation of the coal-to-electricity policy had an obvious effect on the reduction of PM2.5 concentration in key areas over the BTH region. The average daily mean reduction of PM2.5 was 0.2~6.1μg/m3, and the average reduction ratio was 1.2%~7.8%. The variation of the PM2.5 hourly mean concentration showed that the average reduction of PM2.5 in December 2018 was 0.4~8.3μg/m3, and the average reduction ratio was 2.3%~7.7%. Particularly, the emission reduction in Daxing District of Beijing reached 8.3μg/m3, while the reduction ratio in Tianjin area reached 7.7%. Under special meteorological conditions, the scope of the coal-to-electricity policy over the BTH region could spread to Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan and the western of Shanxi, and the maximum hourly mean reduction of PM2.5 was more than 50μg/m3.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1022-1031 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3201KB] ( 333 )
1032 Analysis of potential sources of PM2.5 in Linfen based on multi-site hybrid receptor model
WANG Yan, GAO Xing-ai, PEI Kun-ning, SUN Hong-ping, YAN Shi-ming, GUO Wei, WANG Xiao-lan, JIANG Yun-sheng
This paper used the PM2.5 concentration data of multiple sites in the heavily polluted city Linfen from 2018 to 2019 to study the PM2.5 concentration characteristics, spatial autocorrelation and agglomeration patterns in different seasons, and finally analyzed the potential source area of PM2.5 by introducing multi-site receptor model. The study found that the PM2.5 pollution in Linfen mainly concentrated at 8 sites in the Linfen Basin, including Yaodu, Xiangfen, Hongtong, Huozhou, Houma, Guxian,Quwo and Yicheng. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 exceeded 50μg/m3, and the average concentration in winter exceeded 100μg/m3. The spatial distribution characteristic of PM2.5 closely related to the topography, and the eight sites in the Linfen Basin had a high degree of spatial autocorrelation. The high PM2.5 concentration areas(high-high clustering) were mainly concentrated in the basin. Pollution in neighboring counties was an important reason for the high PM2.5 concentration in the main urban area of Linfen. Combined with the multi-site mixed receptor model(MS-PSCF and MS-CWT), we analyzed the potential source areas of Linfen and found that the potential sources of Linfen in spring were mainly concentrated in the northeast,southwest and southeast, most of which were medium and long distance transmission; In summer, the potential sources were significantly lower than the other three seasons, mainly in the east; The potential sources in autumn were mainly concentrated in some areas in the southwest; The potential sources in winter were mainly concentrated in the southeast and southwest and the close area in the north of Linfen. Except for summer, the common potential source area for the other three seasons was central and southern Shaanxi(located in the southwest), and the PSCF values all exceed 0.7, indicating that the probability of pollution in Linfen exceeded 70% during the southwest wind.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1032-1039 [Abstract] ( 143 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 7123KB] ( 482 )
1040 Characteristics and sources of atmospheric VOCs during spring of 2021 in Nanchang
ZHANG Hao-ran, LIU Min, WANG Xiao-man, YANG Shu-di, LI Yu-xiao, LUO Li
Total of 114 volatile organic compounds(VOCs) were measured by AQMS-900 VCM online monitoring system from February to April 2021 in Nanchang. We analyzed concentration and diurnal variations of VOCs species, estimated the Ozone formation potential(OFP) by various VOCs, and explored the possible sources of VOCs by Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) model. The volume concentration of total VOCs(TVOCs) in Nanchang spring was(146±40.1)×10-9. Alkanes, oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) and halogenated hydrocarbons were the main contributors of VOCs, accounting for(56.6±19.1)%,(14.9±6.13)% and(14.8±5.12)% of TVOCs, respectively. Daily TVOCs concentrations were higher than those during night,suggested the influences of human activities on TVOCs. The estimated OFP was mainly affected by alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and OVOCs, and their potential contributions to ozone generation were 36.0%, 29.5% and 23.0%, respectively. PMF results showed that combustion source(22.5%), natural source(22.1%), oil and gas volatilization source(21.1%), motor vehicle emission source(17.7%) and solvent use and industrial source(16.6%) were the main sources of atmospheric VOCs in Nanchang in spring of 2021.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1040-1047 [Abstract] ( 153 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 937KB] ( 424 )
1048 VOCs emission characteristics and environmental impact analysis of fastener industry
ZHENG Hai-sheng, WANG Xiao-qi, WANG Rui-peng, WANG Kai, SHEN Ze-ya, CHENG Shui-yuan
In order to study the VOCs emissions characteristics of fastener industry and its impact on air quality, typical industries were selected and a sampling project was conducted. 102 species of VOCs were analyzed utilizing GC-MS/FID. The VOC spectrums of fastener industries were established. The emission inventory, emission factors and its impact on air quality were estimated.Results indicated that the alkane was the dominant component of VOCs in all processes of fastener industries with proportions ranging from 29.58% to 68.94%. Alkanes including n-dodecane, ethane and propane, aromatic hydrocarbons including o-xylene and p-xylene, and oxygenated hydrocarbons including butyl acetate and acetaldehyde were the components with high emission load. Aromatics were the major contributors to the potential of ozone generation, while alkanes were the main contributor to the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols. The VOCs emission factor of the fastener industry was 1.51 kg/t. The national annual VOCs emissions of fastener industry from 2018 to 2020 were 11, 496.84, 13, 301.89 and 14,365.69 tons in respective, with the annual growth rate of 11.85%.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1048-1056 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 573KB] ( 344 )
1057 Causes and sources of heavy ozone pollution in Chengdu
SONG Meng-di, FENG Miao, LI Xin, TAN Qin-wen, SONG Dan-lin, LIU He-fan, DONG Hua-bin, CENG Li-min, LU Ke-ding, ZHANG Yuan-hang
Based on the method of source analysis, a relatively serious ozone pollution event in Chengdu in 2020 was studied. The results shown that, the pollution event showed a trend of clean-pollution-clean, and the pollution event lasted for 9 days, with the maximum hourly ozone concentration reaching 258.8μg/m3. Meteorological conditions played a vital role in the formation of O3 in Chengdu. Among them, temperature and O3 concentration shown a significant positive correlation. The northeast wind mainly appeared before and after the pollution event, which might dilute and diffuse the concentration of ozone; the southeast wind mainly appeared during the pollution event and had a transmission effect on O3. Alkenes and aromatics played a leading role in the O3 formation in Chengdu which were important precursors for ozone pollution control. Gasoline vehicle emissions(+combustion sources) were the primary source of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in Chengdu(27.3%~58.7%), and had a significant increase during the pollution event. Chengdu should focus on effective control measures for gasoline vehicle emissions(+ combustion sources) in the treatment of ozone pollution. In the heavy ozone pollution events, accurate identification of the cause of O3 pollution is a prerequisite for pollution control. Based on the comprehensive analysis of meteorological factors and ozone sources in Chengdu, two pollution scenarios were found:scenario of synergy between local production and transport, and scenario of regional transport.Therefore, under the pollution scenario of synergy between local production and transport, it is necessary to take measures to control the emission of precursors, pay close attention to the transmission of ozone, and strengthen joint prevention and control. Under the pollution scenario of regional transport, the control measures should be focused on regional joint prevention and control.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1057-1065 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2736KB] ( 665 )
1066 Estimation of light-duty vehicles total evaporative emissions in Beijing
ZHU Qing-gong, LIU Jun-nu, ZHAO Xiao-chun, LUO Jia-xin
Evaporative emission tests were performed to obtain the actual emission factors within hot-soak and diurnal-loss stages of light-duty gasoline vehicles. Based on the MOVES model, the total evaporative emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing was estimated with vehicle preservation and activity data as input. Evaporative emission factors of China-Ⅴ and China-Ⅵ vehicles were 1.03 g/test and 0.37 g/test, respectively. The evaporative emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles showed no evident deterioration trend with the increase of mileage. The total evaporative emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing were 8299.7 t, about 68.3% of the annual tailpipe THC emissions attributed to light-duty gasoline vehicles. A reduction of 13.7% in the total evaporative emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing is projected with China-Ⅵ vehicles replacing the in-service models certified to China-Ⅲ.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1066-1072 [Abstract] ( 140 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 414KB] ( 460 )
1073 Laser split point shift in measuring carbon components of fugitive dust by thermal-optical method
WANG Jing, XU Bo, GUO Li-yao, LI Li-ming, MA Yin-hong, LIANG Han-dong, YANG Wen, BAI Zhi-peng
In order to study the characteristics and causes of laser split point shift(LSPS) of Organic Carbon(OC) and Elemental Carbon(EC) in fugitive dust by thermal-optical method(IMPROVE_A TOT), and to propose two data processing methods, we collected 607 fugitive dust samples(road dust, urban dust, soil dust) from number of cities, including Xining, Shenyang, Zibo,Shiyan, and areas of Xinjiang Wu-Chang-Shi. We used resuspension chamber to collect PM2.5 filter samples from the fugitive dust.The results showed:road dust and urban dust samples mainly occurred early split of EC/OC, and the proportion was less than 10%.Carbonate carbon(CC) and metal/mineral elements were the main influencing factors. When the proportion of CC to total carbon(TC) was more than 9%, CC could be removed by adding acid. The soil dust samples mainly occurred late split of EC/OC, and the proportion was between 40% and 90%. The reason was that its EC was low(EC/TC<10.7%), resulting in the interference of laser by the remaining heat resistant Fe2O3 was greater than the absorption of laser by EC. We proposed two data processing methods to correct LSPS:(1) Setting OPC to zero(OPC0); or(2) a replaced value(OPCre). Based on the comparison with the reference values,the relative deviations of OC were 0.1%~10.3% and 2.1%~52.5%, and EC were 0.1%~2.9% and 0.1%~20.6%. They were much lower than the relative deviations caused by LSPS:0.6%~13.8% and 66.6%~149.6%. And the OPCre was better than OPC0.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1073-1081 [Abstract] ( 145 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 622KB] ( 267 )
1082 In-situ experimental study on poison gas diffusion in subway station under different ventilation modes
WANG Lei, GUAN Jian, PENG Meng, ZHANG Kun, HAN Hao, KANG Jian, XU Jia-yu
To fully understand the influence of ventilation system on poison gas diffusion in subway station, full scale experiments were carried out in a subway station in Beijing. Three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer was used to analyze the flow field in the station under mechanical ventilation and emergency ventilation. Then the gas diffusion and subsiding of heavy gas were studied based on the methods of SF6 release and sampling in chronological order, which provide suggestions for emergency response. The results showed that in emergency ventilation, the wind speed was greater, which was 1.2~2 times that of mechanical ventilation.When SF6 diffused under mechanical ventilation, obvious settlement was observed, and SF6 was accumulated on the ground to form an area, concentration of which was higher than 50×10-6 for a long time. After the emergency ventilation was turned on, the settled SF6 accelerated upward transmission and quickly filled the whole station hall and the maximum concentration was more than 200×10-6. During emergency disposal, it was necessary to evacuate passengers to the upper or reverse area as soon as possible. It is strictly prohibited to open the emergency ventilation to avoid the diffusion of ground gas to the breathing area.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1082-1087 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1022KB] ( 287 )
1088 Characteristics and influence factors for the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic of precipitation in inner mongolia
GUO Xin, LI Wen-bao, DU Lei, JIA De-bin, LIU Ting-xi
In order to study hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes (δD,δ18O) composition characteristics of summer atmospheric precipitation in Inner Mongolia,and responding to meteorological factors,a total of 82atmospheric precipitation samples in6regions were collected in the summer of 2017~2019,including Inner Mongolia Alxa Left Banner,Hohhot City Urban Area,Zhenglan Banner,Keshiketeng Banner (Dali Lake),Tongliao Horqin Left-wing Middle Banner,and Hulunbuir New Barhu Right Banner (Hulun Lake).This paper analyzed the regional differences and their main influencing factors inδD andδ18O changes of atmospheric precipitation in Inner Mongolia,combining theδD andδ18O data from 6regional atmospheric precipitation samples in Baotou’s and Zhangye’s the Global Precipitation Isotope Observation Network (GNIP).The results showed that:TheδD andδ18O of the local atmospheric precipitation in Inner Mongolia tended to be negative from west to east.Among them,theδD andδ18O of the atmospheric precipitation in the Hulunbuir,New Barhu Right Banner were the most negative;in contrast,theδD andδ18O of the atmospheric precipitation in the western Alxa Left Banner were the most positive;The slope and intercept of the local atmospheric precipitation line in Inner Mongolia also showed a positive trend from west to east,indicating that the influence of secondary evaporation had decreased and the local evaporation water vapor mass had a significant impact on atmospheric precipitation in the western region.For example,the local evaporation air masses in Alxa Left Banner that was located in the area affected by the westerly circulation account for 100%of the water vapour masses in some single atmospheric precipitation sources in August.But the East Asian summer monsoon circulation had the most impact on the local atmospheric precipitation in Inner Mongolia in July.Although the secondary evaporation caused by regional atmospheric humidity changes was a key factor affecting the local atmospheric precipitation process in Inner Mongolia,atmospheric precipitation had the most important influence on the stable isotope composition of summer atmospheric precipitation.That was,the influence of atmospheric humidity changes on the deuterium surplus index d-excess was stronger than the influence of atmospheric temperature changes in the East Asian summer monsoon region,while the influence of atmospheric precipitation on the d-excess in the East Asian summer monsoon circulation area was relatively significant.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1088-1096 [Abstract] ( 200 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2131KB] ( 321 )
1097 Mechanism of the variable γ radiation air absorbed dose rate in the atmosphere
LIN Wu-hui, WANG Shi-yue, HUANG Ya-ping, HE Xian-wen, HUANG Jin-xiu, YAN Jin-pei
In this study, the high-frequency and long-term continuous monitoring data of the γ radiation air absorbed dose rate nearby the three nuclear power plants in Guangxi(Fangchenggang City) and Fujian(Fuqing City and Ningde City) Province was comprehensively discussed from the perspective of different time scales to explore the variable characteristics and regulation mechanism of the γ radiation air absorbed dose rate. At the interannual scale, the γ radiation air absorbed dose rate had a reverse relationship with solar activity on the basis of long term monitoring at Yushandao station in Ningde City from 2014 to 2020. At the seasonal scale, the East Asian monsoon dominantly contributed to the seasonal characteristics of low in summer and high in winter for the γ radiation air absorbed dose rate. At the diurnal scale, tide significantly affected the diurnal fluctuations of the γ radiation air absorbed dose rate. At the hour scale, rainfall event would remove the radon progenies of 214Pb and 214Bi from the atmosphere to the surface soil, leading to a sudden increase in the γ radiation air absorbed dose rate.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1097-1103 [Abstract] ( 123 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1381KB] ( 320 )
1104 Performance of Ag-PANI/BiOI photocatalyst for wet removal of gaseous elemental mercury
LIU Yan-wen, ZHANG Qian-qian, ZHANG An-chao, LI Cheng-wei, DAI Bing-jie, MEI Yan-yang, ZHANG Sen, SU Sheng, XIANG Jun
Series of novel ternary Ag supported PANI/BiOI hybrids synthesized by an in-situ photoreduction and facile chemisorptions method were utilized to explore their activities for the removal of toxic elemental mercury (Hg0) under simulated flue gas condition.The effects of Ag content,reaction temperature and flue gas composition on Hg0 removal activity were investigated.The physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized via N2 adsorption desorption,XRD,TEM,XPS and DRS et al.The Hg0 removal activity of photocatalyst was greatly increased because of the addition of PANI.After the load of 4wt%Ag,the mercury removal efficiency of Ag(4%) PANI/BiOI can reach as high as 98%.The inhibition of Hg0 removal performance of photocatalyst was less by inorganic anions,such as NO3-,Cl-and SO42-,while CO32-possessed a greater inhibition on the activity of photocatalyst,with the Hg0 removal efficiency decreasing to 82%.Compared with PANI/BiOI,the specific surface area and total pore volume of Ag(4%) PANI/BiOI increased,indicating that Ag nanoparticles were highly dispersed on the surface of PANI/BiOI.Ag-PANI/BiOI photocatalyst showed a strong light absorption capacity.Adding Ag nanoparticles resulted in an effective separation of e--h+pair on PANI/BiOI surface.The reason for the higher efficiency Hg0 removal of hybrid photocatalyst could be ascribed to the good band gap matching between PANI and BiOI and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of Ag nanoparticles.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1104-1112 [Abstract] ( 133 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1022KB] ( 389 )
Water Pollution Control
1113 Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of aerobic granular sludge for nitrogen and phosphorus removal
LI Dong, LI Yue, LI Yu-meng, YANG Jing-wei, ZHANG Jie
Flocculent sludge was inoculated at room temperature in SBR reactors R1, R2, and R3 running in gradient, fast, and slow feeding, respectively. Using artificial water distribution as the influent substrate, the impact of the feeding method on the carbon source storage performance and pollutant removal effect was explored. The results showed that the gradient feeding had better internal carbon source storage performance and denitrification effect. After successful startup, the CODin, SNED rates and the average removal rates of TN, COD and TP in R1 were 99.69%, 81.52%, 79.07%, 92.35%, 96.03%, respectively. The average removal rate of TP was ond only to 98.43% of R3. This was because the contribution of PAO to the internal carbon source storage(Ppaos) under slow feeding was the majority(54.41%), while the gradient water Ppaos was only 47.90%. The sludge concentration in R1 was 5 mg/L, which was lower than the 6389 mg/L in R2, but its MLSS/MLVSS was 0.90, indicating that the gradient influent granular sludge had a higher biomass. The EPS analysis results showed that the composition of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) changed with the change of the feeding method, and the gradient feeding contained higher PN, so the particles were more hydrophobic and the particle structure was more stable.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1113-1119 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 741KB] ( 315 )
1120 Partial nitrification-anaerobic ammonia oxidation for the treatment of moderately concentrated ammonia-nitrogen wastewater: Effect of intermittent aeration on nitrogen removal performance
ZHOU Meng-yu, PENG Dang-cong, HAN Yun, Lü Kai
A one-stage PN/A(partial nitrification coupled with anaerobic ammonia oxidation) process was successfully implemented using a lab-scale MBBR reactor with the intermittent aeration. The total nitrogen removal efficiency reached 83.74% under the condition of 35℃, 150.00 mg/L influent ammonia nitrogen, 0.24 kg/(m3·d) influent nitrogen loading rate and(1.41±0.24)mg/L DO concentration. The maximum activity of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AnAOB) and ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB) in biofilms were 3792.00 and 5166.00 mg/(m2·d), respectively, while nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) activity was not detected. The results of high throughput analysis showed that the AnAOB was mainly Candidatus Brocadia with a relative abundance of 1.33%,and the dominated AOB and NOB were Nitrosomonas at 0.17% relative abundance and Nitrospira at 0.003% relative abundance,respectively. The efficient PN/A process could be achieved in MBBR reactors at moderate ammonia-nitrogen concentration, and the augmentation of DO concentrations by the intermittent aeration could effectively improve the nitrogen removal performance.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1120-1127 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 579KB] ( 433 )
1128 Studies on the application of ozone in the pilot-scale in-situ sludge reduction system
SUN Xiang-juan, LIU Bin-han, ZHANG Ling-jun, Kyohei Aketagawa, XUE Bin-jie, REN Yin-ji, BAI Jian-feng, ZHAN Yong, CHEN Si-si, DONG Bin
The effects of partial ozonation of returned sludge via high-and low-concentration ozone on effluent quality and sludge reduction rate in a pilot-scale system were explored. The pilot-scale system of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic(A/A/O)+ozonated sludge recycle(OSR) process was operated under 5 conditions for 183 days. This system showed superior operation performance when 20%of the total volume of returned sludge in the A/A/O module was treated by the dosage of 13 mg/g MLSS(25 mg/g MLVSS) per day.Under this condition, the COD, NH4+-N and TN of effluent could reach the first-class B standard of "Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant"(GB18918-2002) with the treatment of both low-and high-concentration ozone(150 mg/L and 380 mg/L, respectively). In addition, compared with the low-concentration ozone treatment, the reduction in nutrients removal rate via high-concentration ozone treatment was lower, indicating the advantage of high-concentration ozone treatment in nutrients removal. The optimal SRT for low-concentration ozone treatment was 25 days, and the reduction rate of organic matters in excess sludge was 14.07%, and of total excess sludge was 8.33%. The optimal SRT for high-concentration ozone treatment was 75 days, and the reduction rates of organic matters and total excess sludge were 41.53% and 25.92%, respectively. At the same ozone dosage, the sludge reduction efficiency after high-concentration ozone treatment was obviously higher than that of low-concentration one. In addition, low temperature had no significant effect on the reduction rate and effluent quality when high-concentration ozone treatment was applied. Thus, the application of the "A/A/O+OSR" system was not significantly affected by temperature. The application of high-concentration ozone in WWTPs in this study provides practical guidance for the improvement of in-situ sludge reduction technology.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1128-1137 [Abstract] ( 111 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1027KB] ( 334 )
1138 The structure and metabolic pathway of functional bacteria for nitrogen and carbon removal in Anammox
CHANG Yao-feng, GUO Meng-lei, XIE Jun-xiang, XIE Jia-wei, CHEN Zhong-jun
In order to clarify the differences of the nitrogen and carbon removal functional bacteria community structure and metabolic pathway in the anammox granular sludge system with different concentrations of organic matter(50~150 mg/L) and bamboo biochar, the microbial distribution and gene expression of carbon and nitrogen metabolism were studied by metagenomic sequencing in this paper. The results showed that the bamboo charcoal addition was significantly increased the relative abundance of anammox when the COD concentration was 50 and 150 mg/L, the relative abundance of Candidatus_Kuenenia increased from 2.0%and 1.8% to 2.9% and 4.5%. In addition, compared with the control group only with organic matter(without bamboo biochar), the bamboo biochar addition was significantly changed the microbial community structure. The abundance of DNRA(dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium process) bacteria was decreased, while the abundance of denitrifying bacteria and carbon metabolism-related bacteria were increased, which indicated that bamboo biochar addition was helpful to maintain the stability of nitrogen metabolism pathway community structure of anammox, denitrification and DNRA. The network analysis of microorganisms was showed that the removal efficiency of TN was increased by the synergetic effect of different nitrogen removal bacteria groups.However, the resistance of Candidatus_Brocadia and Candidatus_Jettenia could be improved by Halomonas enrichment with bamboo biochar addition. The KEGG annotation indicated that bamboo charcoal addition would be enhanced the carbon and nitrogen metabolism efficiency of anammox granular sludge system in the presence of organic matter, especially promoted the connection between EMP(glycolytic pathway) and TCA(tricarboxylic acid cycle).
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1138-1145 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1182KB] ( 313 )
1146 Study on photocatalytic performance of cephalotaxus shell biochar/g-C3N4 activated persulfate
ZHANG Ting-ting, XU He, CAI Dong-qing, CHEN Shi-yan, WANG Hua-ping
g-C3N4/biochar composite photocatalysts with high catalytic activity were prepared by a simple one-pot thermal polymerization method using cephalotaxus shell and melamine as raw materials, which was applied to activate peroxynitrite(PS) for the degradation of acetaminophen(AAP) wastewater under visible light. The optical properties of the composite catalyst were investigated by UV-vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectroscopy(UV-vis DRS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy(PL), which showed that the visible light absorption boundary of g-C3N4 was enhanced from 483 nm to 553 nm and improved the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs due to the introduction of biochar. The results of scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) showed that the microstructure of g-C3N4 was improved by the introduction of biochar. The removal efficiency of AAP was enhanced by the introduction of persulfate into the reaction system. The results show that the degradation rate for AAP under visible light irradiation was 8.9 times higher than that without PS addition, indicating that the catalytic system can effectively activate PS to produce more highly reactive oxidants. The radical capture experiments showed the presence of ·O2-, h+, ·OH and ·SO4-reactive substances in the catalytic system. The improvement of composite material performance was attributed to the effective inhibition of electron-hole recombination by biochar as an electron acceptor.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1146-1156 [Abstract] ( 124 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1878KB] ( 331 )
1157 Ozone resistance of polyethersulfone（PES） and polyvinylidene fluoride（PVDF） ultrafiltration membranes
LI Kai, XU Wei-hua, SU Qian, WEN Gang, HUANG Ting-lin
The effect of ozone on permeability, retention ability and mechanical properties of polyethersulfone(PES) and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) membranes were investigated by static immersion experiments, and the changes in chemical composition and properties of PES and PVDF ultrafiltration membranes were analyzed. The pure water permeability of PES membrane increased to more than 3 times of the original membrane and the retention rate of humic acid(HA) by ozonated membrane decreased to about 0 after exposed to saturated ozonated water for 2h at room temperature(20±1)℃. Combing the analysis of composition and properties of the membrane surface, the hydrophilic additives polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) were oxidized, while PES molecules were seriously degraded, leading the destruction of the structure and function of PES separation layer. For the PVDF membrane, the pure water permeability of ozonated membrane was about 1.4 times of the original membrane and the HA rejection rate decreased from 61.1% to 41.2% after exposure to saturated ozonated water for 1 h. Moreover, the performances of the ozonated membranes did not further decrease with the extension of the exposure time. The analysis of the composition and properties of the membrane surface showed that the damage of the separation layer of PVDF membrane was mainly caused by the oxidation and loss of PVP, and PVDF matrix was not decomposed. The ozone resistance of PVDF membrane separation layer was significantly higher than that of PES membrane, but the mechanical properties of both membranes were significantly decreased by ozonation.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1157-1163 [Abstract] ( 347 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 680KB] ( 442 )
1164 Influencing of aquatic organic matters on UV photocatalytic reduction efficiency of bromate
HU Hang-kai, XU Hao-dan, LU Xiao-hui, WANG Li-zhang, MA Jun, SONG Shuang, WANG Da
TiO2 and TiOF2 were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method and their efficiencies of BrO3− reduction under UV photocatalysis were investigated in water matrix. In pure water, 78.5% of BrO3− was reduced by UV/TiO2 after 120min, which was significantly higher than that on UV/TiOF2 (57.0%). While in water contained refractory organic pollutant (atrazine, ATZ) or natural organic matter (humic acid, HA), the results were opposite to those in pure water. UV/TiOF2 achieved superior simultaneous ATZ degradation and BrO3− reduction when refractory organic pollutant co-existed with BrO3−. The ATZ degradation and BrO3− reduction rates reached 48.5% and 99.0% after 120min when 20 μmol/L ATZ and 20μmol/L BrO3− co-existed in the solution. The BrO3− reduction efficiencies of UV/TiO2 and UV/TiOF2were 13.8% and 29.8% when 5mg/L of HA was added into the solution, demonstrating that compared with UV/TiO2, UV/TiOF2 revealed robust BrO3− reduction ability in the complex water constituents. TiOF2 presented stronger resistance to water matrix applied in UV photocatalytic advanced water purification system.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1164-1172 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1880KB] ( 306 )
1173 Inhibit the photoreactivation of three pathogenic Aspergillus spores in water by UV: kinetics and mechanism
WU Ge-hui, ZHAO Hui, WAN Qi-qi, XU Xiang-qian, CAO Rui-hua, HUANG Ting-lin, WEN Gang
Three kinds of Aspergillus spores(Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus) commonly found in drinking water were used as research objects, and UV was used as the disinfection method to study their inactivation efficiency and mechanism. Control of photoreactivation for three Aspergillus spores inactivated by UV was also evaluated. The different inactivation degree was due to the different size, pigment and hydrophobicity. The resistance of the three Aspergillus spores inactivated by UV was:Aspergillus flavus > Aspergillus niger> Aspergillus fumigatus. In addition, the inactivation rate constants k of the three Aspergillus spores were consistent with the Chick-Watson model, in which the k of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus were 0.027, 0.026 and 0.031 cm2/m J, respectively. The order of the inactivation rate constant k of the three Aspergillus spores was the same as the difficulty of inactivation. UV penetrates cell wall and cell membrane, which blocks DNA replication and transcription, ultimately causing membrane damage and the increase of intracellular high ROS level. After inactivation, the spores showed obvious sinking and wrinkle on the surface. Photoreactivation rate constant and maximum survival ratio of the three Aspergillus spores: Aspergillus niger>Aspergillus flavus > Aspergillus fumigatus. The discrepancy of photoreactivation among the three Aspergillus species was caused by the difference of the number and activity of intracellular photolyase.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1173-1181 [Abstract] ( 184 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1317KB] ( 549 )
1182 Comparison of UV/NaClO and UV/Sodium percarbonate processes for degradation of salicylic acid
MA Xiao-yan, YANG Fan, LI Qing-song, YANG Qing-yun, CHEN Guo-yuan, LI Guo-xin
The degradation of salicylic acid (SA) in aqueous solution by UV/NaClO and UV/SPC processes was investigated. The effects of oxidizer types and dosage on SA removal were compared. The free radicals in the two processes were identified by quenching method and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR) spectroscopy. The second-order rate constants of •OH and CO3•- with SA and the contributions of different components in the reaction system were determined by competitive kinetics. The removal of SA was compared in terms of environmental water samples simulation, acute toxicity and economic benefit. The pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constants of UV/NaClO and UV/SPC processes were 0.4378 and 0.3794min-1, respectively. •OH and Cl• were detected in UV/NaClO process, while O2•-, •OH and CO3•- were detected in UV/SPC process. The second-order rate constants of •OH and CO3•- with SA were calculated to be 3.97x109 and 8x107L/(mol×s), respectively. Reactive chlorine species (RCS) (79.91%) functioned a dominant role in the removal of SA in UV/NaClO process, while O2•-(51.75%) and •OH (41.42%) functioned a dominant role in UV/SPC process. The degradation of SA in environmental water samples by UV/NaClO and UV/SPC processes was inhibited, and the removal rates were reduced by 67% and 74%, respectively. The inhibition rate of UV/SPC process (25%) was 38% lower than that of UV/NaClO process(63%). The cost of UV/SPC process[37.1$/(m3×order)] was 9.3 times higher than that of UV/NaClO process[4.0$/(m3×order)] when SA degradation rate was above 97.5%. UV/NaClO process had higher economic benefit than UV/SPC process.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1182-1190 [Abstract] ( 106 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 965KB] ( 338 )
Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technology Column
1191 Effect of air duct on nitrogen removal performance of a constructed wetland system with CANON process
ZHAO Zi-jian, CHENG Rui, HE Kai-wen, HU Jing-jing, HU Ying-ying, WANG Zhen
This study was conducted to explore the effects of air duct on nitrogen transformation mechanisms and the associated microbiological characteristics in a tidal flow constructed wetland (TFCW) with CANON process when treating digested swine wastewater. The results showed that, the air duct number significantly affected quantities and activities of the functional microbes in the TFCWs. Correspondingly, nitrogen transformation rates in the systems fluctuated at the different five numbers of air duct. On the premise that the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) was no more than 0.18m3/(m2·d), the redox microenvironment gradually optimized in the bed of the TFCW as the air duct number increased from 0 to 6, which was conductive to the enhancement of nitritation and the enrichment of ANAMMOX bacteria (AnAOB). Subsequently, the simultaneous nitrification, ANAMMOX, and denitrification (SNAD) processes occurred in the TFCW, resulting in the improvement of nitrogen removal in the system. However, as the air duct number was more than 6, the stabilization of nitritation in the TFCW was impaired partly owing to the proliferation and increased activities of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and then the ANAMMOX process and the denitrification process were both inhibited with the nitrogen removal performance of the system declined. Regarding to the TFCW operating with HLR of 0.18m3/(m2·d), as the air duct number was 6, the relative abundances of Nitrosomomas (the major bacteria of AOB) and Candidutus Brocadia (the major bacteria of AnAOB) could respectively reach up to 20.05% and 18.38% in the system, while the relative abundances of Nitrospira (the major bacteria of NOB) was at a low level of 1.92%. Correspondingly, the CANON process was enhanced effectively in the system, and this process could be coupled with the denitrification process dominated by Denitratisoma (the major bacteria of denitrifiers) with the relative abundance of 15.18%, resulting that the TN and NH4+-N removal rates of the TFCW were (90.29±3.70)% and (93.30±2.97)%, respectively.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1191-1201 [Abstract] ( 106 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1325KB] ( 315 )
1202 Selective separation of cations of different valence during electrodialysis of electrolytic manganese wastewater
HE Fei-yang, XIANG Wen-yu, CHEN Shu-qi, HU Xiao-yu, HAN Le
Towards cleaner production and resource utilization in electrolytic manganese industry, this work investigated the influence of monovalent selective cation exchange membrane (CSO) on separation of Mn2+, NH4+ and Mg2+ via electrodialysis (ED). PNH4+Mn2+ was found far less than 1, in line with the fact that CSO membrane realized the facile separation of NH4+ and Mn2+, maintained a much higher migration amount of NH4+ than its counterpart during the desalination period. Due to the difference of ion diffusivity in the boundary layer, the perm-selectivity of Mn2+ over NH4+decreased with the increase of current density and total ion concentration, with the former factor more significant. In the Mn2+, NH4+ and Mg2+ tertiary system, the order of sequence for the migration rate was NH4+> Mn2+> Mg2+, in consistence with the level of their corresponding ion hydration energy. Furthermore, the voltage variation which exhibted an S-shaped could be used to evaluate the migration extent of monovalent during ED process.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1202-1208 [Abstract] ( 104 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 657KB] ( 291 )
1209 Effect of mixed organic coordination agents on the removal performance of Cd2+ in water with heavy metal flocculant DTSPAM
WANG Lu-lu, WANG Gang, YANG Li-juan, ZHOU Ya-qi, YANG Kai
Polyacrylamide, formaldehyde, sodium bisulfite, carbon disulfide, and sodium hydroxide were used as raw materials to prepare a novel heavy metals flocculant, named dithiocarboxyl sulfomethy-polyacrylamide (DTSPAM). The effect of coexisting organic complexing agent (EDTA + sodium pyrophosphate, EDTA + sodium citrate, sodium pyrophosphate + sodium citrate, and EDTA + sodium pyrophosphate + sodium citrate) on the removal of Cd2+ by DTSPAM were studied. The results showed that when EDTA + sodium pyrophosphate or EDTA + sodium citrate coexisted in water samples containing Cd2+, the inhibition of EDTA on the removal of Cd2+ was stronger than that of sodium pyrophosphate or sodium citrate at all pH values, and the inhibition increased with the increase of EDTA concentration and decreased with the increase of initial pH value. When sodium pyrophosphate and sodium citrate coexisted in water samples containing Cd2+, the effect on the removal of Cd2+ by DTSPAM was more complex, and the promoting or inhibiting effect was closely related to the initial pH value of water samples and the dosage of DTSPAM. When EDTA + sodium pyrophosphate + sodium citrate coexisted in the water sample containing Cd2+, the effect on the removal of Cd2+ by DTSPAM depended on the concentration of EDTA, the dosage of DTSPAM and the initial pH value of the water samples. EDTA had a strong inhibition at each pH value, and the effect of EDTA on the removal of Cd2+ by DTSPAM was dominant in the mixed system.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1209-1219 [Abstract] ( 106 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 345KB] ( 470 )
1220 Adsorption performance and mechanism of mercaptoacetyl corn straw for Cu（Ⅱ） in aqueous solution
LIU Xiu-yun, WANG Gang, LEI Yu-xin, XU Min, ZHANG Yong-ping
The influences of different conditions on the adsorption of mercaptoacetyl corn straw (MACS) for Cu(Ⅱ) in water sample were studied in this work. The removal efficiency of Cu(Ⅱ) could reach 97.94% at the oscillation rate of 250r/min, the adsorption temperature of 40℃, the adsorption time of 60min, and the initial pH value of 6.0. The quasi-second-order kinetics could accurately describe the adsorption process when the adsorption reached equilibrium at 60min, and the R2 value could reach 0.9994 at 45℃. Furthermore, the adsorption process conformed to Freundlich isotherm adsorption model at the low temperatures of 25~35℃, and the adsorption process was non-spontaneous and exothermic. At the high temperatures of 40~60℃, the adsorption process conformed to Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, and the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that lots of pores and channels in MACS were filled after the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ). Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis detected Cu existed in MACS after adsorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the S-H vibrational peak and hydrogen bond of MACS weakened after adsorption. The main adsorption mechanism of MACS for Cu(Ⅱ) was the chemical coordination between oxygen-containing and sulfur-containing groups on the surface of MACS and Cu(Ⅱ), accompanied by physical adsorption and electrostatic adsorption.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1220-1229 [Abstract] ( 113 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 991KB] ( 315 )
1230 The degradation of di-n-butyl phthalate in suspended particulate matter contained waters
HUANG Wei, RAN Yan, HE Yi-xin, LIU Meng-zi, HE Qiang, HU Xue-bin, LI Hong
A microcosm scale study was established to explore the adsorption, photodegradation and biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in suspended particulate matter (SPM) contained waters. The water and SPM samples were collected from the Yulin River, a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Twelve columns containing the same amount of water were prepared, and were divided into 4 treatments. 1) containing water and 5mg/L DBP, which were used as controls; 2) containing water, 5mg/L DBP, and NaN3; 3) containing water, 5mg/L DBP, and SPM; 4) containing water, 5mg/L DBP, SPM and NaN3. The water volume, SPM and NaN3 concentration was equivalent for the 4treatments. The results showed that the DBP in the water phase can directly absorb photoelectrons or the chromophore (benzene ring, carboxyl group, etc.) in the colored soluble humus (including fulvic acid and humic acid-like, etc.) could absorb electrons to generate active intermediates, which induced the photocatalytic degradation of DBP. In the raw water-NaN3 experimental group, photocatalytic degradation was responsible for 82.86% degradation of DBP in the water after 24 days. The adsorption of DBP by the SPM was insignificant and triggered 0.63% reduction of DBP in the water, this may be due to the competition of adsorption sites between DBP photodegradation products, soluble organic matter and DBP. The joint effect of adsorption and biofilm degradation by the SPM attached biofilm effectively degraded 89.81% DBP in the water. Although the overall removal efficiency of DBP in the four treatments displayed slight difference (in the range of 82%~89%), the concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the SPM added group but without the addition of NaN3was significantly higher (P<0.05) than others, indicating the degradation of DBP from the water.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1230-1239 [Abstract] ( 121 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1231KB] ( 305 )
Solid Waste
1240 Food waste treatment technology and resource solution options in China
JIN Chen-xi, SUN Shi-qiang, SHENG Wei-jie, YANG Dian-hai, MA Ya-dong, HE Wen-zhi, LI Guang-ming
This paper introduced the production and characteristics of food waste in China, and the current status, advantages and disadvantages of food waste treatment technologies including crushing and direct discharge, landfill, incineration, feed, insect farming, composting, energy conversion and high value utilization were analyzed. It was shown that the resource treatment of food waste was the future development trend, among which the feed method should be one of the resource treatment technologies to be promoted in the future. Besides, the characteristics of the two mainstream resource recovery modes, anaerobic digestion and composting, were compared. Anaerobic digestion and composting were suitable for centralised large scale treatment and decentralised, small to medium scale, source reduction treatment scenarios respectively. Finally, a combined technology solution of biodiesel from waste oil + methane production from anaerobic digestion + composting of digestate was proposed, which was suitable for the recycling of food waste in China, and provided some reference for the efficient resource treatment of food waste.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1240-1251 [Abstract] ( 399 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 643KB] ( 791 )
1252 Study on anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste based on solid-liquid separation pretreatment
ZHANG Jing-xue, LI Pan-pan, YU Yang, CENG Su, YU Ran, YANG Guang-ping
A semi-continuous anaerobic digestion (AD) experiment was set up to evaluate the methanogenesis potential of kitchen waste (KW) after different pretreatment modes. After the solid, liquid and oil three-phase separation pretreatment, the liquid-phase KW achieved a higher volatile solid (VS) removal rate, experimental methane potential (EMP) and methane conversion rate than the mixed one of solid-liquid phases, which were 91.2%, 531.5mLCH4/gVS, and 54.3%, respectively. The results indicated that the medium-temperature wet AD displayed a satisfying effect on KW reduction and resource utilization when using the liquid-phase KW as the feedstock. The microbial community analysis showed that the microbial community succession in the AD system was affected by the KW pretreatment method. The ammonia concentration was the key factor to induce the variation and abundance shifts of the archaeal community. The hydrogenotrophic methanogen, methanoleus was the dominant methanogens in the AD system with the KW liquid phase as the feedstock. The methanosarcina, which was reported to be able to resist high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen was the dominant methanogens in the AD system with the feedstock of the KW solid-liquid phase mixture.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1252-1258 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 593KB] ( 379 )
1259 Synergistic effect of kitchen waste and sludge anaerobic fermentation for methane production
CHANG Cheng, MING Lei-qiang, MOU Yun-fei, HUA Zhi-liang, LI Xian-guo, ZHANG Da-hai
Excess sludge and kitchen waste were co-fermented to evaluate the synergistic effect of anaerobic fermentation. Based on the volatile solid suspension, excess sludge and kitchen waste ratios of 1:0, 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 0:1 were employed to conduct the biochemical methane potential experiments. The synergistic methanogenic effect was evaluated by combining the changes of pH, COD, TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N, gas production, carbon migration and transformation, and microbial community structure before and after anaerobic fermentation. During anaerobic fermentation of excess sludge, the addition of kitchen waste could significantly improve the sludge degradation ability of microorganisms and increase methane production. The maximum methane production at the ratio of 1:4was 274.37mL/g-VSS, with a synergistic growth rate of 27.41%. The addition of kitchen waste delayed the methanogenic time, promoted the transfer of carbon elements from solid phase to liquid phase to gas phase, and increased the growth and reproduction of methanogenic bacteria (Methansaeta) and their auxiliary bacteria (Longilinea, etc.).
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1259-1266 [Abstract] ( 142 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1047KB] ( 398 )
1267 Biochars enhancing anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge pyrolysis liquid and cow dung: influences of inorganics in biochar raw materials
YUE Xia, CHEN De-zhen, AN Qing, QIN Pei
4 biochars obtained from Phragmites australis and Sporobolus alterniflora were added to the anaerobic co-digestion system of SSPL and cow dung matrix. Batch experiment revealed that biochar addition brought forward the peak day of daily methane yield by 4~8 days and increased the cumulative methane yield by 78.8%~157.2% compared with the controlled group without biochar addition. The promoting effects of the biochars were inversely correlated with the inorganic contents in their raw materials. Biochar addition weakened the microbial bioavailability of SSPL in the liquid by adsorbing its toxic compounds, providing supports and trace elements for microbials, and promoting the interspecific electrical transmission of microbials. The higher the inorganic contents in biochar raw materials, the worse the adsorption performances on SSPL of biochars, which resulted in the higher the organic contents in residues after anaerobic digestion. Biochar raw materials containing alkaline earth metals had better promoting effects on anaerobic digestion than alkali metals when their inorganic contents were similar.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1267-1277 [Abstract] ( 136 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2515KB] ( 262 )
Soil Pollution Control
1278 Effect of the released soil colloids on the interception of heavy metals during runoff infiltration
DU Xiao-li, LIU Dian-wei, CUI Shen-shen
Black soil in Jilin, loess soil in Beijing and sandy soil in Hebei were used as the media in the simulated infiltration columns. Effect of the released soil colloids on the interception of heavy metals under the conditions of pH, flow velocity and ionic strength in influent was investigated, and the mechanisms were also detected. The results showed that the electrostatic repulsion between the soil colloids and soil particles was the main factor affecting the release of soil colloids, and the highest concentrations of the released colloids were 216.5, 182.4 and 272.2mg/L for black soil, loess soil and sandy soil at pH 7.0, respectively. The concentration of the released soil colloids was significantly negatively correlated with the amount of heavy metals intercepted in the infiltration columns (r>0.70, P<0.05). The lower pH and higher flow rate of the influent, the lower the amount of heavy metals retained in the columns and the more the amount of heavy metals carried by soil colloids to migrate. The higher concentration of Na+ in influent, the less soil colloids was released and the easier the heavy metals were retained in the soils. Compared with the other two soil colloids, the black soil colloids had higher absolute zeta potential, higher stability and higher mobility, and were more capable of carrying heavy metals to migrate.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1278-1286 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 824KB] ( 442 )
1287 Pollutant identification of water and soil of uncontrolled landfills in Shenzhen
ZHOU Rui, WU Ling, BU Si, LI Ting-ting, LIU Fang-yuan, REN He-jun
Based on on-site investigations, personnel interviews and data collections, characteristic pollutants of 24 uncontrolled landfills in Shenzhen were identified, of which the soil and groundwater quality was evaluated by Nemerow index method. The assessment results of soil and groundwater environmental quality showed that:5 pollutants exceeded the standard in soil, including 2moderate pollutants of cadmium and arsenic, of which pollution indexes were 2.970 and 2.141 respectively, and 3 light pollutants of vanadium, nickel and lead, of which pollution indexes were between 1.348 and 1.777; and 22 pollutants exceeded the standard in groundwater, including 13 heavy pollutants of coliform, ammonia nitrogen, manganese, iron, lead, aluminum, permanganate index, thallium, total dissolved solids, iodide, nickel, sulfate and beryllium, of which pollution indexes were between 3.860 and 832.581, 6 moderate pollutants of arsenic, total hardness, nitrate, fluoride, chloride and selenium, of which pollution indexes were between 2.039 and 2.993, and 3 light pollutants of antimony, sodium and mercury, of which pollution indexes were between 1.804 and 1.147. Groundwater pollution was far more serious than soil pollution. The characteristic pollutants of the uncontrolled landfills in soil were 6pollutants of fluoride, arsenic, nickel, lead, vanadium and cadmium, and those in groundwater were 16 pollutants of total hardness, total dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride, and fluoride, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, iron, manganese, arsenic, lead, nickel, aluminum, thallium, permanganate index and total coliform. 5 pollutants of fluoride, lead, nickel, thallium and aluminum showed typical regional characteristics. The results of this study can provide data support for the encironment quality management of the uncontrolled landfills in Shenzhen.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1287-1294 [Abstract] ( 132 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 407KB] ( 303 )
Environmental Ecology
1295 Monitoring of water level variation in Tai Lake from 2002～2018 based on satellite altimeter data
CHANG Xiang-yu, CAI Yu, KE Zhang-qing
Due to the shortcomings of traditional water level monitoring methods and the actual needs of monitoring water level change in Tai Lake, based on Envisat and Cryosat-2 altimeter data, Morlet wavelet analysis and Mann-Kendall test were used to analyze the changes in water level and its periodicity from June 2002 to December 2018. The altimeter-derived water levels were compared with in-situ data to estimate the accuracy. Afterwards, we analyzed the change trends of water level at different time scales and discussed the causes of the changes from aspects of climatic factors and anthropogenic influences. Results indicated that the water level derived from Envisat/RA2L2GDR data and Cryosat-2/SIRAL L2GDR data had high accuracies. The correlation coefficients between altimeter-derived water levels and in situ water levels were 0.559 and 0.845, respectively, at seasonal and annual scales. Therefore, altimeter data can be used monitor the change of water level in a long time series. From 2002 to 2018, the average water level of Tai Lake was 1.379m, the highest water level was 2.252m in June 2016, and the lowest water level was 0.832m in October 2011. Besides, the water level gradually increased from January to April every year, reached the peak around June, and then began to decline, and slightly increased again at the end of the year. Tai Lake had the highest water level in spring, the lowest in summer, with a difference of 0.041m. In the recent 20years, there were three kinds of periodic changes in the water level of Tai Lake:10~20months, 15~30months and 40~60months, in which the changes in the 40~60months scale were the strongest. Before April 2015, the water level had a significant downward trend, and experienced significant mutations in March 2003 and December 2004, respectively, while after that, water level had an upward trend. In the first decade of the 21st century, the water level of Tai Lake was mainly controlled by climatic factors. After that, the influence of human interventions gradually increased, causing the water level to show a different change pattern.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1295-1308 [Abstract] ( 112 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2496KB] ( 307 )
1309 Spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter in sediment and overlying water of water source reservoir
WANG Bin, HUANG Ting-lin, LI Nan, GAO Yue, YE Yan-zhong, ZHAI Zhen-qi, CHEN Fan, YANG Peng-cheng
To explore the composition and source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water source reservoir, the Shenzhen Xikeng Reservoir was taken as an example, using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) combined with parallel factor analysis three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (EEMs-PARAFAC) analyzed the DOM spectral characteristics of the surface sediments of the reservoir and its overlying water. The results showed that:PARAFAC had identified three types of fluorescent components, namely C1 (Ex/Em=270/304nm, protein-like), C2 (Ex/Em=285,235/360nm, protein-like) and C3 (Ex/Em=270,340/442nm, humus-like). The fluorescence characteristic index indicated that the sediments of the Xikeng Reservoir and the DOM of the overlying water were affected by both the new endogenous and terrestrial inputs, but mainly endogenous. The protein-like concentration and humus-like concentration in the surface sediments were much higher than the overlying water, and the surface sediments might release small molecules of DOM. The UV-vis spectrum and three-dimensional fluorescence characterization results were consistent, and the DOM molecular weight, degree of humification, aromaticity and hydrophobicity of the surface sediments were all lower than that of the overlying water. Correlation analysis showed that the C1 and C2 components of the overlying water were significantly correlated (P<0.05), and there was homology between them. The study of the DOM spectral characteristics of the sediments of the Xikeng Reservoir and its overlying water can further analyze the characteristics of the organic matter pollution of the reservoir.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1309-1317 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 590KB] ( 347 )
1318 Spatio-temporal variation and the impacts from parameters analysis of net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs in Henan province
MA Hua, LEI Qiu-liang, DU Xin-zhong, YAN Tie-zhu, PEI Wei, ZHANG Tian-peng, LI Ying, LUO Jia-fa, ZHOU Jiao-gen, LIU Hong-bin
In order to explore the status of net anthropogenic phosphorus input in Henan province, this study was based on the statistics data of 18province-administered towns and used the net anthropogenic phosphorus input (NAPI) model to calculate the phosphorus flow in the province from 1990~2019. NAPI of Henan Province had an overall upward trend from 1990 to 2015 and a slight decrease from 2015 to 2019. However, the NAPI of Henan Province was always higher than the national average in China, with an average annual growth rate of 2.86%. On a spatial scale, the east was higher than the west, and gradually decreased in a radial pattern to the north, west, and south. The main cities that affected NAPI in Henan Province are the Zhoukou, Xuchang, Shangqiu, Puyang, and Luohe cities, accounting for 47.05% of the total NAPI in Henan Province. A detailed analysis demonstrated that phosphate fertilizer application was the main contributor to NAPI, with the average annual contribution rate of 85.78% that was highly correlated with NAPI (R2>0.8). The second and third most important sources were food/feed and non-food inputs, accounting for 10.63% and 2.56%, respectively. Furthermore, among the input components of the NAPI model, the net phosphorus input of food/feed was most affected by the parameters, where its variation ranged from -23.48% to 66.81%; The second input was fertilizers, which varied in a range of -1.76% to 3.52%, affected by the parameters; The higher the proportion of components in the NAPI model, the more sensitive their parameters are, and the sensitivity index of the parameters contained in the Pfer components is higher than that of Pim and Pnf.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1318-1326 [Abstract] ( 128 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 680KB] ( 296 )
1327 The stability of microbiological indicators in aerobic and anaerobic environment
ZHANG Yang, ZHENG Qian-xing, WU Ren-ren, LI Guo-dong, ZHONG Yi, CHEN Zhong-ying, WEI Si-ye, LI Kai-ming
We investigated the variations of pig-associated genetic markers, several microbiological indicators and potential pathogens in anaerobic and aerobic treatments using qPCR and Illumina sequencing methods. The six indicators (Streptococcaceae、Lactobacillaceae、Carnobacteriaceae、Ruminococcaceae、Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae) had a similar decay trend in anaerobic and aerobic treatments, but these taxa persisted longer in anaerobic than aerobic treatments. Hence, the six indicators all can be used for identifying the recent pollution issues in aerobic water environment. The genetic markers including GenBac and Pig-2-Bac showed biphasic decay model in both aerobic and anaerobic treatments, and the first decay stage contributed the majority decay. However, the decay rates of genetic markers were significantly higher in aerobic than anaerobic treatments, which suggests the poor stability of the markers in aerobic water environment. For the identified potential pathogens, the Bacteroidales genetic markers presented higher correlation with Prevotella, Pseudomonas and Erysipelothrix(P<0.05), but only Prevotella showed similar correlation coefficient in both anaerobic and aerobic treatments (0.913~0.953), which demonstrate the usefulness of the Bacteroidales genetic markers for predicting the presence of Prevotella.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1327-1334 [Abstract] ( 156 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1040KB] ( 287 )
1335 Effect of conversion of coastal marsh into aquaculture ponds on ecosystem carbon stocks in the Min River estuary
CAO Qiong, HUANG Jia-fang, LUO Min, TAN Ji, TONG Chuan
In order to scientifically assess the impact of land use/land cover changes on blue carbon pool of coastal tidal marsh, it is valuable to determine the changes of ecosystem carbon stock following conversion of coastal marsh to aquaculture ponds. In the Minjiang River estuary zone, we collected the samples of the aboveground and belowground plants, and the soils (0~100cm) from the Phragmites australis, Cyperus malatensis and Spartina alterniflora marshes, and the top 100cm sediment of the aquaculture ponds reclaimed from above three different marshes. The organic carbon content of plants, and soil / sediment samples were measured. The blue carbon storage of P.australis marsh ecosystem, C.malaccensis marsh ecosystem and S.alterniflora marsh ecosystem was (152.85±8.88), (151.63±6.33), and (155.85±10.82)Mg C/hm2, respectively, and the sediment carbon storage of the aquaculture ponds was (112.69±4.26),(128.24±15.81), and (118.59±8.26)Mg C/hm2, respectively. The blue carbon storage of P.australis marsh ecosystem, C.malaccensis marsh ecosystem and S.alterniflora marsh ecosystem decreased by 26.3%, 15.4%, and 23.9%, respectively, resulting in (145.49±33.00), (120.66±26.49), and (136.76±27.61)Mg CO2-eq/hm2 carbon emissions. Our results showed that conversion of coastal marsh into aquaculture ponds greatly decreased ecosystem carbon storage. We suggested that ecological restoration of aquaculture pond into marsh ecosystem will play an important role in coastal wetland carbon sequestration.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1335-1345 [Abstract] ( 145 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 912KB] ( 339 )
1346 Multi-field coupling simulation of LNAPL migration in cold regions
FU Xiao-qin, SHI Xiao-qing, JIANG Jian-guo, WU Ji-chun
A multi-field coupling model of temperature, flow and chemical fields including water, gas, NAPL, and solid (ice) phases was established to quantitatively simulate the migration and distribution of LNAPL under freezing condition during LNAPL leakage. By comparing the LNAPL flow model under non-freezing conditions, the simulated results found that LNAPL would undergo different migration behavior due to the formed ice under freezing conditions. The formed ice prevented LNAPL from infiltrating and generated freezing potential to make LNAPL migrate to the surface. The difference of LNAPL mass flux was -51.1% when the LNAPL infiltration reached stable under freezing/non-freezing conditions. Under freezing conditions, the speed of LNAPL plume in the horizontal direction was greater than that under non-freezing conditions. The maximum predicted error of LNAPL dissolved and volatilized components during the infiltration process was 2.4% and -24.9%, respectively, if freezing condition was not considered. However, the freezing condition had little effect on the dissolved and volatilized components of LNAPL when the LNAPL infiltration reached stable, and only the volatilized component had an error of 1.8%. But the adsorbed component was reduced, and the error was -6.6%.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1346-1358 [Abstract] ( 165 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2669KB] ( 294 )
Environmental Toxicology and Health
1359 The toxic effects of maternal cadmium exposure on the hormone production of the mouse placentas
XU Peng, GUO Jing, LI Zi-yan, REN Huan, JIN Ya-ling, WANG Feng, DU Hong-li, LI Zhi-lang, LIU Ming, LI Shao-qin, ZHAO Mei-rong, WANG Lan
This study explored the toxic effects of low-dose maternal cadmium (Cd) exposure on the levels of estriol, progesterone and their substrates in the mouse serum and placentas. The mRNA levels of the genes involved in the hormone production were also examined by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the concentration of progesterone, but not estriol, was significantly decreased by 43% and 13% respectively in the serum and placentas from the Cd-exposed mice, despite that the level of substrate for progesterone production remained unchanged in the placentas. The mRNA expression levels of progesterone synthase HSD3B6 gene and its regulatory gene D3 were significantly decreased by 73% and 85% in the Cd-exposed placentas respectively. In conclusion, low-dose maternal Cd exposure can inhibit the progesterone production in the placentas, which is likely to be due to the decrease in the expressions of hormone gene related to the hormone synthesis, such as HSD3B6 and D3.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1359-1368 [Abstract] ( 123 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 703KB] ( 248 )
1369 Effects of polystyrene microplastics on kidney of diabetic mice
LI Huan, LIU Su, ZHANG Jing-li, CHEN Jian-qiu
Diabetic mice were used as model organisms to investigate the toxicity of 100nm and 5μm polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) (200μg/L) after exposure to drinking water for 28days. The results of the study indicated that diabetic mice were more sensitive to the exposure of PSMPs. Exposure to 100nm and 5μm PSMPs led to obvious pathological damage such as inflammatory cell infiltration and congestion in the kidneys of diabetic mice, and 100nm PSMP caused more severe pathological damage to the kidney. In addition, exposure to 100nm PSMPs significantly aggravated the expression levels of renal inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and serum creatinine in diabetic mice, and caused renal metabolic disorders. Compared with 5μm PSMPs, the small particle size toxicity exhibited by microplastics may be related to the easier accumulation of nano-level PSMPs in the kidneys through the intestinal barrier. Moreover, the impaired glycolysis and reduced energy metabolism levels caused by disorders of renal metabolic pathways also increased the burden of PSMPs on kidneys of diabetic mice.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1369-1378 [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2510KB] ( 290 )
1379 Alleviating cadmium toxicity to liver and kidney of mice with dietary supplementation of selenium and calcium in combination
WU Yang-yang, PENG Xiang-wen, SHI Ke-xin, KUANG Wen-jie, SUN Hong, HUANG Lei
To explore the mitigation role of dietary selenium (Se) and calcium (Ca) supplementation in combination in alleviating the biological toxicity of Cd, an in vivo mouse bioassay was performed. Mice (BALB/c, n = 88) that were exposed to Cd via diets at the same concentration of 2mg/kg were randomly divided to 19groups of dietary supplementation of low, medium, and high concentrations of Se and Ca in diets alone or in combination. The growth and development of mice, liver and kidney function, oxidative stress state and histopathological changes of the mice were measured after 30days of intervention. Results showed that the combined intervention of Se-Ca could effectively alleviate the growth retardation of mice caused by Cd exposure. In terms of liver and kidney function and oxidative stress, the combined intervention had a stronger protective effect on AST, GSH, SOD, GSH-Px in the liver and BUN, MDA and SOD in the kidney of mice than single Se or Ca intervention. Additionally, a lower dietary concentration of Se and Ca in combination alleviated pathological damage at a similar extent to that of a high concentration of Se or Ca alone. In general, Se-Ca dietary intervention in combination effectively alleviated the growth retardation and liver and kidney toxicity of mice caused by Cd exposure, and the effect was stronger than that of single element intervention.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1379-1384 [Abstract] ( 120 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2710KB] ( 348 )
1385 Tissue distribution, accumulation, elimination characteristics and toxicity of 2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in blue mussel
GENG Qian-qian, GUO Meng-meng, LI Feng-ling, LIU Xiao-yu, WU Feng, YU Xin, ZHAI Yu-xiu, TAN Zhi-jun
The distribution, bioaccumulation and elimination dynamics of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) tissues were studied, and the toxic effects of BDE-47 on mussel were investigated. Results showed that blue mussel had strong bioaccumulation ability and certain elimination ability to BDE-47, and the accumulation was tissue-specific and concentration-dependent. Digestive gland and gill were the target organs where BDE-47 accumulated. The content of BDE-47 in tissues at accumulation or elimination stage accorded with the first-order nonlinear accumulation/attenuation model. The elimination half-life and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of BDE-47 in mussel tissues were 0.68~7.62d and 3217~140970L/Kg under 0.01~1μg/L exposure solution, respectively. BDE-47exposure induced antioxidant defence system and tissue damages in both digestive gland and gill. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity can be used as candidate biomarkers of BDE-47exposure.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1385-1393 [Abstract] ( 143 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 3649KB] ( 285 )
1394 Effects of triclosan environmental exposure on zebrafish development and lipid metabolism
WANG Yang, WU Guo-hui, QIAN Qiu-hui, ZHAO Chen-xi, YAN Jin, WANG Xue-dong, WANG Hui-li
Herein, we explored in detail the effects of TCS acute exposure at sublethal dosage on zebrafish embryonic development and lipid metabolism. TCS at 200µg/L significantly delayed the 72-hpf embryonic hatching with a decreased hatching percentage of 13.24% and an increased deformity rate of >80%. In the TCS-exposure group (4-120hpf), the main larval malformations were reflected in energy stasis、yolk cyst、dyssorption and swim sac closure, pericardial cyst, spinal curvature and so on. Using metascape online database, the target molecules of TCS, and the underlying GO (gene ontology) function clustering and KEGG (kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) metabolic pathways were analyzed systemically. Most of the target genes were involved in various biological functions, such as carboxylate metabolism, steroid hormone receptor activity, lipid binding, lipid catabolic process, lipid homeostasis and regulation of lipid localization based on the roles in molecular function, biological process and cellular component. Three KEGG signaling pathways were found to be directly or indirectly concerned with lipid metabolism. The changes in biochemical indicators of 120-hpf larvae demonstrated that TCS exposure resulted in the significant increases of the total cholesterol (T-CHO) and triglycerides (TG) levels. By oil red O staining, we observed the prominent accumulation of lipid droplets in larval liver, egg yolk and blood vessels after exposure to TCS, especially in the liver and yolk. Lipid metabolism and energy supply are closely related to motor behavior. Using Noldus behavior analyzer, after TCS exposure, zebrafish voluntary motor activity was obviously inhibited, and the sensitivity to acoustic-optic stimulation was significantly decreased. The aforementioned toxic effects could be alleviated upon addition of 100µg/L sodium deoxycholate. These findings provide compelling evidence that low-dose TCS exposure induced zebrafish lipid-metabolism disorders by affecting hepatobiliary circulation and causing energy-supply obstacle.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1394-1400 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 905KB] ( 437 )
1401 Toxic mechanism of tonalide on Prorocentrum donghaiense
QU Yu-ying, ZHANG Cai-jie, SHEN Qiu-cen, ZHANG Jing, YU Hong
Prorocentrum donghaiense was selected to study the toxic mechanism of tonalide (AHTN) on marine microalgae. Five concentrations (1, 10, 50, 200 and 400μg/L) of AHTN were tested to evaluate its influence on the growth, photosynthetic pigment content, cell morphology and structure, cell membrane permeability and the antioxidant and photosynthetic systems. The results showed that AHTN significantly inhibited the growth of P. donghaiense with high toxicity (96h-EC50= 48.21μg/L). The mechanism of realization of the algal toxicity of AHTN is the inhibition of photosynthetic pigment production, the destruction of cell structure and cell membrane integrity, the induction of antioxidant system response, and the effect of photosynthe performance. However, treatment with 1μg/L AHTN treatment promoted the growth of P. donghaiense. Meanwhile, treatment with 1μg/L and 10μg/L AHTN promoted the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase as well as some photosynthetic parameters. In conclusion, low concentrations of AHTN (1μg/L) may induce red tides of P. donghaiense, while high concentrations of AHTN (10~400μg/L) could inhibit the population growth of this algae and cause a potential threat to marine ecosystems.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1401-1409 [Abstract] ( 117 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 968KB] ( 227 )
1410 Urinary metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants in Guangzhou population: Exposure and health risk
LI Xiao-jing, LI Qin, ZHOU Jin-hua, GUO Zhong-shan, ZHONG Yi, YU Ying-xin
This article was aimed at the 480general population in Guangzhou, using urine as a test matrix to study the concentration levels of metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants (mOPFRs), the potential sources of exposure, and clarified their health risks. Among the co-exposure with other organic pollutants such as phthalates, we tried to identify the chemicals with the highest health risks. The results showed that the mOPFRs were detectable in Guangzhou residents overall, with an average concentration of 6.59ng/mL. The bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate accounted for 68.5% of the total mOPFRs, and was the only mOPFR with detection frequency higher than 50%. A number of factors influenced the levels of mOPFRs. The urban areas had a higher level than the suburban areas, and the levels of mOPFRs in males were higher than those in females. Besides, more mOPFRs were detected in interior decoration than in undecorated areas in the short term, and the levels were higher in workers in the tertiary industry than in primary and secondary industries. Our results also observed a correlation between OPFR exposure levels and region, gender, living, and working environment. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that approximately 25% of the population had a risk quotient higher than a unit, which suggested potential non-carcinogenic risks. The non-carcinogenic risks of phthalates were consistent with that calculated based on the data in the literature. There were 41.0% of the general population had a potential non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to OPFRs and phthalates, suggesting that we should pay more attention to these chemicals. Our current study provided data basis for reducing the health risks caused by these pollutants.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1410-1417 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 464KB] ( 508 )
1418 Identify the natural and socio-economic influencing factors of the new coronavirus pneumonia（COVID-19） incidence rates in Chinese cities
WANG Yue-yao, LIANG Ze, DING Jia-qi, SUN Fu-yue, LI Shuang-cheng
This study explored the effects of both natural and socio-economic factors, such as city size and healthcare capacity, on the spreading of COVID-19 in China’s urban population from January 1 to March 5, 2020. Several statistical models and machine learning methods were used to identify the key determinants of the incidence rate of COVID-19. Based on the interpretable machine learning framework, possible nonlinear relationships between incidences and key impact factors were explored. The results showed that the incidence rate of COVID-19 in cities was influenced by several factors simultaneously. Among the factors, the population inflow rate from Wuhan was the factor that showed the highest correlation coefficient (0.43), followed by the population growth rate (0.38). Population migration size, city size and healthcare capacity were the key influencing factors. Nonlinear relationships existed between the key influencing factors and incidence rates. To be specific, the inflow rate from Wuhan had a S-shaped relationship and reaches an asymptote after 2%; the population density had an approximately linear relationship; the per capita GDP showed an evident inverted U curve with the per capita GDP over 100,000yuan as the inflection point. City development needs to pay more attention to population density control and economic growth in order to bring more health benefits.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1418-1426 [Abstract] ( 134 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1003KB] ( 283 )
Carbon Emission Control
1427 China’s coal power stranded assets under carbon lock-in constraint
WANG Yan-hua, WANG Ke, LIU Jun-ling, ZOU Ji
By modelling of the financial situation of coal-fired plants in unit level, the Net Present Value method was used to calculate stranded assets under the scenarios of early retirement, low utilization, restriction et al. Then temporal and spatial distribution of stranded assets were clarified to provide some support for the transition pathway of coal power. The stock of coal-fired power units was the main cause of stranded assets. Controlling the new coal-fired power would help to reduce stranded assets risk. Under the scenario of early retirement and low utilization, the value of operating and new stranded assets in China was CNY 1.90 trillion and CNY 3.98 trillion respectively; Early retirement and low utilization led to obvious interannual distribution differences of coal power stranded assets. The risk of early retirement was mainly concentrated in 2030~2040, while low utilization was concentrated primarily in 2021~2035; The spatial distribution of coal power stranded assets is extremely uneven. The ten major coal power provinces, including Shandong, Inner Mongolia and Jiangsu, accounted stranded assets for 67% and 70%. Therefore, the low-carbon transition of coal power needed cautious decision-making, paying attention to the stranding of coal-fired power assets caused by early retirement. More importantly, we should prevent and control the impairment of stranded assets caused by flexible transformation. The key provinces such as Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Jiangsu should be focused especially. Formulate coal power transformation strategies according to local conditions to help power related enterprises and the government choose emission reduction policies.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1427-1434 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 887KB] ( 464 )
1435 Impact assessment of power system transition on industrial sectors under dual carbon targets——Take the Greater Bay Area as an example
XU Hong-wei, WANG Peng, REN Song-yan, LIN Ze-wei, ZHANG Cong, ZHAO Dai-qing
This paper develops an empirical assessment of low-carbon electricity transition in China, with specific emphasis on identifying its impact on the industrial sectors associated with three alternative scenarios-baseline, carbon neutrality (CN) and enhanced carbon neutrality (ECN). The case in point for this assessment is provided by Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (thereafter, the Greater Bay Area). The analytical framework for this assessment is based on a dynamic CGE model. The results suggest that attaining net-zero electricity by 2045 (CN scenario) is likely to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 8.9% and 67%, respectively, for the Greater Bay Area when compared with the baseline scenario. This impact would worsen the region’s reliance on electricity imports, adversely affecting its economic growth (3.9% less than the baseline scenario). This economic impact would, however, vary significantly across industrial sectors, reflecting their difference in terms of electric energy substitution, carbon emission reduction contribution and value-added flexibility. The impact on high electricity-dependent sectors is likely to be small (losses of about 79billion yuan in sectoral value-added), when compared with those sectors that are less dependent on electricity (losses of 100billion to 320billion yuan in sectoral value-added). By implication, this suggests that policymakers should consider promoting electrification and fuel-switching in these sectors, in order to reduce the adverse impact of electricity decarbonisation on their future growth. The electricity sector in the Greater Bay Area will attain net-zero emissions by 2040 in the ECN scenario. The strong growth of local renewable generation in this scenario could help reduce the region’s reliance on electricity imports (11% less than the CN scenario), contributing to energy security and socio-economic development (1.5% higher than the CN scenario). This development would particularly benefit industrial sectors that are highly dependent on electricity and promote electrification in other sectors
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1435-1445 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 831KB] ( 359 )
1446 Research on Chongqing’s carbon emission reduction path towards the goal of carbon peak
SONG Peng, ZHANG Hui-min, MAO Xian-qiang
Taking Chongqing as a case, the localization LEAP model was built. Based on this model and further by means of LMDI decomposition, Tapio decoupling elasticity, comparison of emission reduction effect of single measures and cross-elasticity of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, the pathway to peak carbon emission and the corresponding factors were explored in the context of Chongqing City. It is difficult for Chongqing to peak carbon emissions by 2030 under its current measures. If the carbon emission reduction measures are strengthened, Chongqing can achieve a peak of 162 million tons carbon emissions by 2025. It reveals that the intensity of industrial terminal energy, the energy consumption structure, as well as the industrial structure and the power production structure are four key factors affecting Chongqing's carbon peak goal. By comparison, controlling industrial energy consumption and adjusting industrial structure can obtain more significant effects on carbon emission reduction. Furthermore, these two measures prove synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, and should be the priority of Chongqing on its pathway to peak carbon emissions.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1446-1455 [Abstract] ( 178 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 804KB] ( 479 )
1456 An evolutionary game of carbon subsidy policy considering consumption field
WEI Qi, DING Ya-nan
Considering that the low-carbon strategies of enterprises and consumers are often affected by government subsidy policies, this paper constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of consumers, relevant enterprise and the government, and discussed the influence mechanism of various factors on the strategy choice of each subject. The results show that: The low-carbon behaviors of enterprises are positively driven by government subsidies, low carbon preference of consumers, opportunity cost of giving up low-carbon production and market loss, and negatively driven by the cost of production mode change; The low-carbon behaviors of consumers are positively driven by the intensity of government subsidies and the benefit of low carbon preference, and negatively driven by the price difference between low-carbon products and ordinary products; The government chooses to subsidize consumers only when the potential benefits exceed the difference between the cost of consumption subsidy and production subsidy process; otherwise, the government is more inclined to subsidize production. This paper used simulation tools to verify the above conclusions, which helped to promote all mitigation actions countermeasures and suggestions were put forward.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1456-1465 [Abstract] ( 127 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1924KB] ( 425 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
1466 Performance evaluation and obstacle factor diagnosis of Happy River based on UMT
JIN Chun-ling, LI Yan, GONG Li, TIAN Jie, ZHANG Xin
Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, a Happy River evaluation index system involving six levels: healthy river, safe river, enriching people's river, harmonious river, cultural river and livable river was established. Combined with unascertained measurement model and obstacle diagnosis model, Gansu section, Ningxia section and Inner Mongolia section of Yellow River were taken as examples to analyze the construction performance of Happy River from 2015 to 2019 and diagnose the obstacle factors hindering its construction. The Happy River grade index of Gansu province increased from grade IV (unhappy) in 2015to grade II (happy) and the performance index increased from 2.565 in 2015 to 3.471 in 2019. The hierarchy obstacle degree of safe river presented an increasing trend with annual growth rate of 10.94%, while other hierarchy obstacle degrees showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, increasing vegetation coverage rate and soil erosion control ratio should be focused on in the future’s construction. The Happy River grade index of Ningxia region increased from grade III (general) in 2015 to grade II (happiness) and the performance index increased from 2.558 in 2015 to 3.302 in 2019. The hierarchy obstacle degrees of healthy river, livable river and safe river showed an increasing trend with an annual growth rate of 7.29%, 3.60% and 1.98%, respectively. The mean hierarchy obstacle degree of livable river reached 26.870%, which was the biggest obstacle factor restricting the construction of Happy River in Ningxia. As a result, increasing per capita water resources and reducing water consumption of ten thousand yuan of GDP should be focused on in the future’s construction. The Happy River grade index of Inner Mongolia section increased from grade III (general) in 2015to grade II (happiness) and the performance index increased from 2.782in 2015 to 3.387 in 2019. The hierarchy obstacle degrees of livable river, healthy river and safe river showed an increasing trend with the average annual growth rate of 8.93%, 3.91% and 3.71%, respectively. The mean hierarchy obstacle degree of livable river reached 28.90%, which was the biggest obstacle factor restricting the construction of Happy River in Inner Mongolia. Thus, it is necessary to reduce the water consumption of ten thousand yuan of industrial added value and increase the proportion of soil erosion treatment.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1466-1476 [Abstract] ( 138 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 746KB] ( 323 )
1477 Measurement of green governance efficiency of China’s provincial spatial units and analysis of spatial pattern characteristics
LIU Hong-da, WANG Xiao-xia, ZHANG Ji-jian, HUANG Jia-liang
The paper constructed a generalized panel three-stage DEA model to empirically measure the green governance efficiency of 31provinces in China from 2008 to 2019, and explored the improvement direction of green governance based on external environment and projection analysis; a spatial autocorrelation model was used to determine the potential association of provincial green governance efficiency; a spatial gravity model and social network analysis were used to clarify the scale of spatial association of green governance efficiency in each province. The green governance efficiency of Chinese provinces had a U-shaped characteristic, and non-managerial factors restrict the improvement of the real efficiency; the technical environment had a positive effect on the elimination of green governance input redundancy, but the adaptation and regulation of the economic must be dialectical; there was a large amount of input redundancy in each province, and the internal variation of redundancy was significant The spatial correlation among provinces in green governance activities was positive, and the increment of spatial correlation was significantly increased, but the internal differentiation and contribution heterogeneity potentially affected the shaping of the overall pattern of green governance; China had basically formed a "day" spatial correlation framework of green governance, and the spatial effect and radiation of central regions such as Beijing and Shanghai help the overall The spatial effect and radiating effect of central regions such as Beijing and Shanghai contributed to the improvement of the overall green governance efficiency.
2022 Vol. 42 (3): 1477-1488 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 619KB] ( 290 )
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