The PM_2.5 samples were synchronously collected at three sites (Nanjing, Suzhou and Lin'an) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China from January 9^th to 31^st to investigate the characteristics and sources of water-soluble ions in atmospheric PM_2.5 in the haze and mist days. Ten water-soluble ions (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, NO₂^-, F^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) were determined by ion chromatography. The results revealed that the Yangtze River Delta region suffered serious air pollution during winter, with daily average concentrations of PM_2.5 in Nanjing, Suzhou and Lin'an were (150.54±106.63), (159.37±93.77) and (123.64±100.61) μg/m³, which were (2.13±1.42), (2.01±1.25) and (1.65±1.34) times as high as the national standard, respectively. During the observation period, concentrations of PM_2.5 and total water-soluble ions (WSIs) in the mist days were obviously higher than those in the haze days, with the concentration of SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-(SNA) increasing significantly, which were 1.70, 1.62 and 1.48 times the concentration of the haze days. This suggests that the elevated RH would largely promote the secondary formation of sulfate and nitrate. Due to higher liquid water content in aerosols in mist days, there in situ pH value were 2.55, 2.44 and 2.5 separately. In addition, the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) were all higher in the mist days. Considering the high correlation between relative humidity and SOR, the formation of sulfate could be explained by heterogeneous reaction, which could be accelerated by higher LWC in mist days. The correlation between NOR and the concentration of NH₄⁺ was also relatively high, by linear fitting the concentration of excess NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-, it might come to the conclusion that the nitrate was most probably formed by the homogeneous gas-phase reaction between ammonia and nitric acid. The weaker acidity of the fog days may be more conducive to the occurrence of this reaction.

To characterize the regional distribution and identify the sources of carbonaceous aerosol in a long-lasting regional haze episode, which happened in winter in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from Jan 16^th to 26^th in 2015, continuous measurements of PM_2.5 were conducted from Jan 13^th to 28^th in 2015 in three cities-Nanjing, Suzhou, Lin'An. The carbonaceous components were quantified with the thermal optical reflectance (TOR) method. The results showed that:PM_2.5 was the chief pollutant in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) during this haze episode. The daily average concentrations of PM_2.5 in Nanjing, Suzhou and Lin'An during haze episode were 176.84, 176.65 and 158.07μg/m³, respectively, and they were 1.91, 2.01 and 2.97 times as high as the concentrations in clean days, respectively. The carbonaceous aerosol were the important part of PM_2.5, and the proportions of TC in PM_2.5 were 18%, 21% and 23% in Nanjing, Suzhou and Lin'An, respectively. During light polluted days and moderate or heavy polluted days, the mass concentrations of OC were 20.75 and 32.64μg/m³, which were 1.66 and 2.61 times as high as the concentrations in clean days; the mass concentrations of EC were 5.41 and 8.87 μg/m³, which were 2.06 and 3.37 times as high as the concentrations in clean days. The characteristics of different carbonaceous components varied during the polluted episode; the mass concentrations of the primary and secondary organic carbon (POC, SOC) and Char-EC increased from clean days to the heavy polluted days. However, the mass concentrations of Soot-EC almost remained unchanged. The peak of diurnal variation of OC and EC appeared at 15:00 to 20:40. During the polluted episode, the main sources of carbonaceous aerosols were coal burning and vehicle emission. What's more, biomass burning also contributed to OC and EC burden, while the contribution of diesel vehicle was little. During the clean days, the air trajectories came from the sea, where the air was clean, caused the simple sources of carbonaceous aerosols; the sources of carbonaceous aerosols during the heavy polluted days, where the air trajectories came from the northwest and the provinces surrounding the YDR, became complicated on account of the pollution from local sources mixing with the pollution from regional transporting.

WRF-CMAQ model was used to simulate a severe PM_2.5 pollution episode in Qingdao from 1 to 7 January, 2016, and the major factors influencing the formation, persistence and removal of the severe PM_2.5 pollution were analyzed. The model reasonably reproduced the temporal and spatial variation of PM_2.5 concentration and meteorological conditions. Under the influence of persistent southwest airflow during the severe pollution formation period, PM_2.5 and its precursors were transported to Qingdao from the South of Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu province. These pollutants continued to accumulate in Qingdao due to the favorable meteorological conditions such as the occurrence of inversion layer and reduced planetary boundary layer height. PM_2.5 and its precursors transported to Qingdao area from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Northwestern Shandong during the severe pollution persistence period, which originated from the Southwestern Shandong, north of Anhui and east of Henan province. In addition, numerous secondary aerosols were formed during the aqueous phase chemistry process, leading to persistently high PM_2.5 concentration of more than 200μg/m³. During the severe pollution removal period, the wind speed was increased and thus enhancing the horizontal transport, the PM_2.5 was transported to the downwind areas. Regional transport was a major contributor to the severe PM_2.5 pollution, accounting for 87.0%, 68.5% and 57.6% during the three periods, respectively.

Ambient concentrations of 98 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) species were measured continuously at Dingling (DL, background site), Dongsi (DS, urban site) and Yongledian (YLD, southeast regional transmission site) in Beijing for one year in 2014, to better understand the characterization of VOCs and their role in chemical reactivity in Beijing. The annual concentration of VOCs in Beijing was (47.36±13.78)×10^-9, with alkanes as the most abundant group (39.55%), followed by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), and then alkenes and aromatics. The VOCs concentrations at DS and YLD were much higher than those at DL. DS was heavily influenced by vehicular emissions and the usage of LPG/NG, YLD had great contribution of vehicular emissions, paint and solvent evaporation, while DL had more influence of urban pollution transportation. The seasonal variation of VOCs showed maximum in winter and minimum in summer. Because of the different emission sources, VOCs species at 3 sites exhibited different diurnal variations. The ratios of T/B (toluene/benzene) indicated that coal combustion had great contribution to VOCs during winter, while contribution of paint and solvent evaporation increased in spring and summer. Alkenes played a predominant role in VOCs chemical reactivity, followed by aromatics and OVOCs. And the key reactive VOCs species in Beijing were ethene, acetaldehyde, m/p-xylene, toluene, propene, o-xylene, ethylbenzene, n-butane, 1-butene, and propanal.

PM_2.5, gas composition, aerosol spectral distribution and meteorological conditions were systematically analyzed during 2013~2015 in Beijing. Results showed that the PM_2.5 mass concentration decreased significantly from 2013 to 2015, and the air quality improved significantly. The contribution of traffic sources to air pollution can not be neglected and tended to increase gradually. The influence of humidity and wind speed on PM_2.5 concentration was relatively fast and the biggest influence on PM_2.5 concentration was about 1h time lag. While the PM_2.5 response to temperature changes was relatively slow, generally after time lag 7~8h before the effect reached to the maximum. The particle size distribution of aerosols moved to the larger size in pollution days than cleaning days. On cleaning days, the diameter of the peak area was concentrated at 3~5nm, and increased to 100~200nm on pollution days. With the increasing of precipitation level, the peak concentration of aerosol gradually developed towards to the accumulation mode. During the pollution process, from February 18 to February 21 in 2015, the contribution of fireworks to aerosol concentration was 26.1% in fireworks time, and accompanied with new particle generation. The discharged of fireworks produced significant peaks in the Accumulation mode and the Aitken mode particles, the Nuclear mode particle concentration changed not much.

The required techniques are investigated for applying the Tsinghua MEIC emission inventory of 2012 reference year with 0.25°×0.25° resolution to the WRF-CHEM model. These techniques include the calculation of pollutant mass per unit area, the transformation of pollutant concentration from the lat-lon grid to the mesoscale grid, the refinement of emission inventory with model land-use data, the determination of hourly emission data in each sector, and the apportionment of major PM_2.5 species in the specified regions. The effectiveness and performance of the aforementioned inventory processing techniques are assessed in the heavy pollution scenarios.It is indicated that the local accumulation and horizontal transport of pollutants can be well simulated from the WRF-CHEM model. However, the concentration in the high pollution central area is underestimated, which is closely related to the forecast bias in the meteorological fields. Additionally, the refinement of emission inventory changes the simulated pollutant concentration. The amount of change is found to vary according to the weather conditions. Under stable meteorological conditions, large changes mainly occur within and around urban areas.

The typical kinds of biomass (rice straw, reeds straw, corn stalk, phoenix, osmanthus and magnolia leaves) in Nanjing were collected to conduct indoor combustion experiments. The concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in the particles collected from biomass combustion were analyzed using Model 2001A Thermal Optical Carbon Analyzer,and isotopic compositions of EC were determined by EA/IRMS synchronously. The results showed that the emission factor of OC during biomass combustion reached the maximum at the scope <0.43μm except reeds straw while EC emission factor reached the maximum at the scope <0.43μm and 0.43~0.65μm except phoenix and osmanthus leaves. Among which, the emission factors of OC and EC of corn stalk were the highest. All the mass concentrations of OC and EC in biomass combustion products were the highest at the particle size less than 0.43μm. Besides, the isotopic compositions of EC in smoke and ashes from corn stalk combustion were higher compared with those from other biomass combustion. In addition to biomass components, the high temperature during biomass combustion might lead to carbon isotopic fractionation.

The temporal and spatial distributions and long-term variation characteristics of haze were obtained for the Sichuan-Chongqing region from 1980 to 2012 by studying surface meteorological data and using a haze-days reconstruction method. Most haze occurred in the Sichuan Basin, where the average number of haze days was 63.5 days. The haze was mainly distributed in the northeastern, central and southern areas, with most haze occurring in winter (particularly December), late autumn and early spring. The annual average number of haze days had a rising trend before 1998, and then remained relatively stable before decreasing slightly in the last two years. According to different levels of visibility, "slight haze" was most widely distributed and most frequent, with the trend rising year by year, whereas the others ("mild haze", "moderate haze" and "heavy haze") decreased after 2000. From the long-term variation characteristics of typical cities in the region, the trend in Guangan and Mianyang featured a rise in the 1980s, a sharp decrease in the 1990s, and then an increase from the turn of the 21st century, with the number of haze days in the former of these two cities being considerably greater than that in the latter. Elsewhere, the number of haze days in Leshan, Weiyuan, Nanxi and Peiling rose over the years, with Nanxi experiencing the most haze days of all the cities in the basin, the number of days soared from 93 in 1980 to 237 in 2006. By contrast, the rising trend in the number of haze days in Peiling was relatively weak, whereas in another city (Rongchang) it was strong, mainly because of a two fold difference in the dispersion coefficient between the two.

By coupling ozone source apportionment technology (OSAT) with comprehensive air quality model with extensions (CAMx), the regional transport matrix of surface O₃ was built and the spatio-temporal distributions were also analyzed in 13 cities of Jing-Jin-Ji Region in July, 2015. Results showed that the major contributor to O₃ was transport source (TS>80%), while the local source (LS) contributed only 6.9% in Langfang and 19.7% in Beijing. The transport source included in-region sources (IRS, ranges from 10.3% in Cangzhou to 32.2% in Langfang), out-region sources (ORS, ranges from 37.3% in Chengde to 60.7% in Qinhuangdao), and boundary condition (BC, ranges from 14.4% in Handan to 23.1% in Zhangjiakou). The daily matrix of regional transport in key cities also showed the significance of ORS to O₃. There was a positive correlation between LS contribution and the mass concentrations of O₃-8h, in particular, the contribution of LS increased significantly during high ozone episode days. Regarding the regional characteristics of transport path to different cities, the ozone levels were influenced by both local and regional emission sources, and joint efforts are required to optimize the O₃ reduction scheme.

Based on the data of land use, meteorological data, leaf area index and Palmer drought index of 2015, the GLOBEIS model was utilized to calculate the emissions of biogenic, and the emissions inventory of biogenic VOCs in Urumqi was established. The results showed that the total emissions of biogenic VOCs in 2015 was approximately 13750.72t, of which isoprene, monoterpene and other VOCs were 77.00t, 5057.51t and 8616.20t, accounting for 0.56%, 36.78% and 62.66%, respectively. The emissions intensity of the total emissions of the biogenic VOCs was 1.82t/(km².a). The temporal distribution of VOCs emissions ranked summer > spring > autumn > winter; the spatial distribution of biogenic VOCs were mainly focused on the middle of Urumqi County, Dabancheng district and the south of Midong district.

In order to estimate the emission inventory for fugitive dust from concrete batching plants accurately, emission factors for fugitive dust from concrete batching plants in USEPA and SCAQMD were synthesized in this paper, and road silt loading were carried out in typical concrete batching plants in Beijing, emission factors for fugitive dust of production segments and comprehensive process from concrete batching plants were established in Beijing. Combining with fugitive dust managing process from concrete batching plants in Beijing, fugitive dust emission inventory from concrete batching plants in Beijing from 1991 to 2014 was estimated, and predicted for the year of 2015 to 2020. Results showed that the mean value of road silt loading of concrete batching plants is (26.2±11.5)g/m² in Beijing in 2015, which is 2.4 times as much as the value (11.0g/m²) recommended by SCAQMD. Fugitive dust from concrete batching plants in Beijing before 1995 was uncontrolled, the comprehensive emission factor of PM_2.5 was 86g/m³ concrete, the uneven factor of monthly of production output of concrete batching plants in first quarter was 1/3 of other quarters. The comprehensive emission factor of PM_2.5 in 2015 was declined 89.4% compared with 1995, and proportion of plant fugitive road dust emission from plants in total emission was increased from 10% to 70%. After implementation of "Beijing's Clean Air Action Plan from 2013~2017", PM_2.5 emission from concrete batching plants was fell to 543.1t/a and decreased by 48.3% in 2015 compared with 2013. The contribution of elimination of unqualified concrete batching plants to PM_2.5 emission reduction was 18.6%. Fugitive dust emission from concrete batching plants in Beijing concentrates on the fifth ring road to sixth ring road (52%), the emission amount of outside of sixth ring road account for 28% of total amount. In the future, eliminating unqualified concrete batching plants continuously and strengthening road sweep cleaning in plants should be the most important emission reduction efforts of concrete batching plants in Beijing.

Emission factors (EFs) for 9water-soluble ions of Na⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, F^-, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2- in PM_2.5 from raw coal and honeycomb coal burning were obtained by dilution sampling system and domestic burning test. The total emission amounts of water-soluble ions from residential coal burning in 2013 of China were calculated. An 1km×1km grid cell-based emission inventory was established. Results showed that the EFs of water soluble ions from honeycomb coal burning were higher than those emitted from the raw coal burning except for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. It is urgently to assess the emission reduction effect of hazardous chemical components of changing the raw coal into honey coal. The EFs of SO₄^2- were highest than other ions, which were 494mg/kg and 105mg/kg for honey coal and raw coal, respectively. The particles emitted from domestic coal burning were acidity, with ∑anion/∑cation ratios ranging in 2.0~2.5. For per capita emission, Shandong, Hebei and Beijing were the top three provinces with higher emission amounts, which were 520.16, 401.1 and 362.7gram per capita, respectively. For emission intensity, Shandong, Beijing and Shanghai hold the highest values, as 323.9, 287.3 and 197.9kg/km², respectively. The emission of ions from domestic coal burning in Beijing and Shandong should be paid more attention. For the high spatial resolution emission inventories of ions from domestic coal burning, they exhibited the following features:(1) eastern China exhibited higher values than those for western China; (2) they were higher in plains and basins than those in plateau and mountainous region; (3) they mainly constraint by the geographical environment factors and economic development level, which maybe related with the historical trend of population evolution. Human beings are mainly concentrated in the main plains, basins and river valleys, therefore from the view of alleviating heavy air pollution processes in winter, the water-soluble ions and their gaseous precusors should be strictly reduced.

As a kind of green tea extract with reducing and chelating properties, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was introduced into Fe²⁺-activated peroxydisulfate (Fe²⁺/PDS) system to accelerate the transformation fromFe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ and enhance the degradation of orange G (OG). The effect of PDS dosage, initial concentration of OG, initial solution pH, Fe²⁺ dosage, EGCG dosage, and co-existing anions on degradation of OG was investigated. The results demonstrated that Fe²⁺, EGCG, PDS alone, and EGCG/PDS, Fe²⁺/EGCG system showed poor effectiveness on degradation of OG, while the involvement of EGCG into Fe²⁺/PDS system enhanced OG degradation significantly:from 30.89% to 83.71%. Besides, the degradation efficiency of OG increased along with the dosage of PDS and Fe²⁺, and decreased with the increase of initial OG concentration. An optimum dosage of EGCG was found at 40 μmol/L and the degradation efficiency of OG performed well in a wide pH range of 2.0~7.0. The degree of inhibition from strong to weak follows the order of PO₄^3- > CO₃2-> Cl^-. Furthermore, by adding two typical radical scavengers (TBA and MeOH), hydroxyl radical and sulfate radical were identified to be responsible for OG degradation and SO₄^·- made the predominant contribution.

2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), as the probe pollutant, was treated by advanced oxidation technology of zero-valent iron/potassium persulfate(Fe⁰/PS)enhanced by ultrasound. The effects of the initial concentration, pH value, concentration of PS and the dosage of Fe⁰ on the degradation were studied. Based on the comparison of the reaction rate, the concentration change of ferrous ions among the different system and the identification of the types of free radicals, the preliminary degradation mechanism of the system was also explored. The results showed that the 2,4,6-TCP removal efficiency could up to 95.5% under the conditions of initial concentration of 20mg/L, Fe⁰ dosage of 0.2g/L, pH value of 6and PS concentration of 0.4g/L. The first 20min reaction followed the first-order reaction kinetics equation. The sulfate radical and hydroxyl radical both existed in the combined system and the sulfate radicals play a major role in the degradation of 2,4,6-TCP. The ultrasound could significant accelerate the degradation of pollutants by accelerating the renewal of the surface of iron powder to produce more ferrous ions.

The growth and lipid productivity of original Chlorella pyrenoidosa and its ion implantation mutant strains were studied. The results showed that the lipid productivity of the mutant strain was 32.5mg/(L·d), 23.81% higher than that of the original strain. According to the fatty acid methyl ester analysis by gas chromatography, ion implantation did not change the composition of fatty acid, but enhanced the content of monounsaturated fatty acids, which was conducive to the enhancement of biodiesel quality. After cultivation, the effluent quality was also found to reach the emission standard of first level A, and the mutant showed better degradation ability than the original strain. Phylogenetic tree showed that the mutant and the original strains were belonged to interspecific variation.

In this study activation of persulfate by heat, base, and magnetic oxide (Fe₃O₄) for degradation of 1.4-dioxane was investigated and compared. The results showed that degradation of 1,4-dioxane was inhibited in the base-activation system with pH low than 12. Heat was effective for persulfate activation to degrade 1,4-dioxane. When the temperature was 40℃ and the molar ratio of persulfate and 1,4-dioxane was 20:1, the percentage of 1,4-dioxane removal reached 98% in 48h and the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant was 68.1×10^-6h^-1. Degradation of 1,4-dioxane was also significant in the heterogeneous system with Fe₃O₄ as the activator. When the molar ratio of persulfate and 1,4-dioxane was 80:1 and the solid-liquid ratio between Fe₃O₄ and solution was 1:100, the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant for 1,4-dioxane removal was 61.1×10^-6h^-1, which was close to that obtained with heating (40℃) as the activation method. In this Fe₃O₄-based heterogeneous activation system, production of soluble Fe and consumption of Fe₃O₄ were minimal before depletion of 1,4-dioxane, which is due to preference of the reaction between persulfate and 1.4-dioxane to the reaction between persulfate and Fe₃O₄. The results of this study indicated the potential of application of the Fe₃O₄-based method for persulfate activation for remediation of groundwater contaminated by organic compounds.

In this study, the ultrathin g-C₃N₄ (UCN) with large specific surface area was successfully prepared. The characterizations of the UCN were carried out by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectrophotometer (PL). The results showed that the as-prepared UCN sample consisted of the ultrathin two-dimension layers with abundant of pores, which could provide more active sites for photoreaction. In addition, the special structure of UCN could effectively expand its visible light absorption regions and inhibited the recombination of photo-induced carriers. The photocatalytic activity of the UCN was remarkably higher than that of g-C₃N₄ for the degradation of enrofloxacin (ENX) under simulated sunlight irradiation. 0.4g/L of UCN showed the optimal ENX degradation performance (81.7%), which was almost 4.1times higher reaction rate than that of pristine g-C₃N₄. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation of ENX followed pseudo-first-order kinetics according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. It showed best effects of the photocatalytic degradation of ENX when pH=5. The quenching experiment demonstrated that the contribution rate of O₂^·- was 66.4%, indicating that O₂^·- plays a major role in the photocatalytic degradation of ENX.

Thermodynamic parameters of interactions between extracelluar polymeric substances (EPS) and sulfamethazine antibiotics were investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) in this study. Results showed that extracellular proteins strongly combined with sulfamethazine (SMZ), and the binding process depended on entropy driven by the hydrophobic interaction as the main driving force. The binding was significantly affected by pH and ionic strength. The binding of EPS and SMZ and the conformational change was the most favorable and the maximal, respectively, at the condition of pH 6.8. The ionic strength had a significant effect on the interaction between EPS and SMZ. The results implied that EPS contained in activated sludge may had a significant influence on the fate of antibiotics in water environment.

In this study, the enhanced efficiency of an anaerobic reactor containing sepiolite and biochar for treatment swine wastewater was investigated, respectively. The impacts of sepiolite and biochar on the components of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of anaerobic sludge were also evaluated using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The results showed that the anaerobic reactor containing sepiolite or biochar could improve the removal of both COD and ammonia nitrogen. Using sepiolite and biochar, the average removal rate of COD increased by 10.1% and 15.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximal removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen reached to 50.9% and 71.5%, respectively. With regard to the SMP of the sludge, the absorption peaks at 2930cm^-1, 1460cm^-1 abated in the FTIR spectra. It was indicated that sepiolite effectively removed great molecule organic substances in the swine wastewater. On the other hand, the intensity of the absorption peak of fulvic acid-like (Ex/Em=340nm/420nm) was reduced in the EEM spectra using biochar. It was demonstrated that biochar improved the quality of the reactor effluent. In terms of the EPS of the sludge, the intensity of the absorption peaks of protein-like (Ex/Em=225nm/340nm) and tryptophan PN-like (Ex/Em=340nm/420nm) increased in the EEM spectra containing biochar. It was denoted that the augment of the protein content was in favour of the anaerobic granular sludge flocculation. Besides, the absorption peak of coenzyme F₄₂₀ (Ex/Em=420nm/470nm) also appeared in the EEM spectra. It was illustrated that the activity of methanogens in the anaerobic reactor was intensified, which ensured the enhanced efficiency of the anaerobic reactor for treatment swine wastewater.

Totally 43 groundwater samples were sampled in the Hunhe River alluvial fan, which was a typical industrial area in Shenyang at northeastern China and 16 key groundwater components were analyzed. The main factor of groundwater quality was determined by principal component analysis (PCA) based on water quality grade and characteristics pollutants using water chemistry statistics analysis, and the spatial distribution of different pollution sources was described by ArcGIS software. The contribution of different principal factor to groundwater quality was calculated by absolute principal component score multiple linear regression model (APCS-MLR), and verified accuracyof pollution sources apportionment. Results showed that nitrogen, phosphorus and iron exceeded to groundwater quality standardsignificantly, the evolution of groundwater quality was mainly influenced by human activities. Four main pollution factors were:leaching migration with contribution of 34.21%, agricultural pollution with contribution of 20.13%, geological background with contribution of 13.39% and industrial activities with contribution of 8.97%. The contribution of cumulative variance was 75.64%. The industrial production, domestic sewage discharging and agriculture fertilizer pollution were main pollution sources of groundwater, which were distributed in northwestern and southwestern Shenyang. The pollution of leaching and migration and agriculture pollution affected on the groundwater quality significantly, and the predicted results was consistent with the measured concentration, which indicated that the PCA-APCS-MLR model wasof good pertinence for the distribution of pollution sources and it was suitable for source apportionment for groundwater.

The concentration of DO is a critical factor for the iron-manganese co-oxide oxide film coating on the quartz sands to remove the high concentration of ammonium from groundwater, and oxygenating at the bottom and the one third of the bottom in a pilot-scale filter was used to ensure the sufficient dissolved oxygen. Results showed that removal capacity of ammonium was increased obviously after oxygenating compared with non-oxygenating(1.5mg/L). When the positions of oxygenating were at the bottom and the one third of the bottom, the maximum removal concentrations of ammonium were 3.7 and 4.3mg/L, respectively, and the filtering velocity was 8m/h. It indicated that the catalytic activity of the co-oxide film was greatly improved, and the removal efficiency of ammonium was highly enhanced by increasing the dissolved oxygen.Besides, the characterizations of SEM and EDS for the oxide film showed that the morphologies and elements were rarely changed before and after oxygenating.

Fe(Ⅱ)-activated peroxymonosulfate (Fe(Ⅱ)-PMS) oxidation applied to condition excess activated sludge was investigated in this work. The results showed that Fe(Ⅱ)-PMS oxidation could effectively improve sludge dewaterability. The optimal pH and dosages of Fe(Ⅱ) and PMS were 6.7, 60mg/gTSS, and 120mg/gTSS, respectively, under which the standardized-capillary suction time (SCST=CST₀/CST) and CST reduction were 11.28 and 91.13%, respectively. Fe(Ⅱ)-PMS oxidation was also favor of sludge solubilization and enhanced stabilization. Under the optimum experimental conditions, VSS reduction was 15.74% and the concentrations of TN and TOC in the supernatant increased 6.21 and 9.13-fold compared to their initial values, respectively. In addition, Fe(Ⅱ)-PMS oxidation was beneficial to destroy and degrade extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (especially for proteins), which resulted in the release of EPS-bound water and subsequently improved sludge dewaterability significantly.

The simulation-optimization method was adopted to optimize the design of groundwater pollution monitoring network in this paper. The optimization model aimed to maximize the coverage of high-polluting areas and considering the transport of pollutants at all times. In order to reduce the computational load, the Kriging method was used to construct the surrogate model of the simulation model. In the optimization process, the surrogate model can be used to replace the relationship between input and output of simulation model. Finally, to assess the fitting accuracy of the surrogate model and the performance of the optimization, a hypothetical contaminated site was taken as a case study. The results showed that the mean relative error of the output between surrogate model and simulation model was less than 0.5%, which was a high fitting accuracy. The optimal detection rate of the pollutant was 3.37mg/L, and the detection rate was 85%, which was much higher than that of the random layout scheme. It indicated that the method can achieve the target of maximize the coverage of high-polluting areas with a small amount of computation. This study provided a stable and reliable method for the groundwater monitoring wells network design.

The optimization algorithm of PSO-DE cooperated with mobile monitoring platform was studied to solve the inverse problem of pollution, which included inversion of the position of the single point and multiple-point stationary sources. The inverse problem of pollution source was transformed into nonlinear optimization problem. The pollutant concentration of waters were detected and recorded by N mobile platforms; the coordinate of mobile platform was denoted by p_best, and they were corresponded one by one, there would be N p_best altogether. The pollutant concentration of waters which attained by the mobile platform would be compared with each other, and the coordinate of maximum pollutant concentration would be chosen and marked as g_best. First, the g_best would be the initial population for the PSO optimization. Second, the population would be used for DE optimization. Finally, the g_best would be chosen from the high concentration of both until the highest point of pollutant concentration was obtained, which was the initial point of pollutant. The calculation results of examples showed that the algorithm could attained a high precision inversion results for pollutant source traceability problem of two-dimensional waters.

Based on Bayes theorem and combined variance assumptions on pollutant concentration time series with Adaptive-Metropolis sampling, a modular Bayesian approach was established targeting at pollutant source identification during spills. This probability approach updated the prior knowledge on source information by combining experiments and monitoring and was able to directly characterize uncertainty due to the inversion process by probability distribution. Source inversion test results from field tracer experiments were investigated to determine the validity of this Bayesian inference approach, correlation of posterior parameter and impact factors. Results indicate that Bayesian approach was successful in identifying the source parameters and could effectively reduce the emergency decision risks. It is shown that the skewness of posterior distribution of source parameters and variation were sensitive to assumed variance. Using RMSE as objective function, test results also suggested that the default parameters for the established Bayesian source inversion method, were as follows:heteroscedasticity setting stabilization factors λ₁=0, and λ₂=0.1-0.5, and AM sampling proposal scale factor s_d=0.1-0.3. Comparisons between the Bayesian approach and optimization approach on aspects of solution methodology, computing process and inverse results were made and differentiation were highlighted. This work provides valuable references for the practical usage of Bayesian approach in surface water pollution source identification.

Effects of different amounts of pig slurry added in auxiliary materials on the composting efficiency were investigated for establishing an efficient composting technology to recycle huge amount of pig slurry in large-scale pig farms. Three treatments were arranged in the factory to investigate the effect of different amounts of pig slurry addition in the mixture of mushroom dregs, rice chaff and sawdust on the composting efficiency by monitoring the variations of physicochemical indexes including stack temperature, pH value, EC, C/N, moisture content, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, germination index, lignin content, cellulose content, hemicellulose content, water-soluble carbon content and nutrients during composting process. The highest composting temperature was observed in stack Z3 and its temperature dropped faster than stack Z1 and Z2 at the end of composting. The pH decreased at beginning and then increased during the composting. In the end, it dropped and reached stabilization stage. The C/N values of all treatments decreased gradually during the composting process. The ratio of the end C/N to the initial of stack Z3 was 0.59 indicating it was matured at the end of composting. The ammonium and nitrate content decreased and then increased gradually, respectively. The tyrosine and tryptophan like substances disappeared in Z2 and Z3, while the humic acids and fulvic acids became the main component of the DOM after composting. Compared to Z1 and Z2, Z3 showed a greater degradation rate of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose during composting. Germination index of each treatment increased during composting process. At the end of composting, the germination indices of Z1, Z2 and Z3 were 72%, 84% and 101%, respectively. The organic matter of all treatments decreased while the total N, P and K increased during the composting process. The addition of pig slurry to the mixture of mushroom residue, rice hulls and sawdust led to effective high-temperature-composting, which could be a novel strategy to deal with the huge amount of pig slurry in pig farms.

In order to know the emission levels of dioxins and heavy metals from small-scale thermal treatment furnaces for disposing rural domestic solid waste, three types of furnaces including incinerators, gasification-incineration furnace and gasifier located in mountainous rural area in Guangxi, Yunnan and Guangdong province were investigated. Results showed that the emission contents of dioxins in the flue gas from incinerator, gasification-incineration furnace and gasifier were 0.70~24.88, 3.14~4.88, 0.20~1.49ngI-TEQ/Nm³, respectively. Emission levels of dioxins from the flue gas were in the order of incinerator > gasification-incineration furnace > gasifier, whilst in an opposite order from the slag. Dioxins produced in gasifier mainly existed in the slag. However, for incinerator and gasification-incineration furnace, the formed dioxins were mainly distributed both in the slag and flue gas. The mass content distribution characteristics of dioxin congeners in the slag and flue gas from all the three types of furnaces were quite different, whilst the I-TEQ distribution characteristics were similar with the 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF being the highest among all the dioxin congeners. The emission content of Pb in flue gas from the three types of furnaces was the highest. The contents of Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg in all flue gas sample, were far lower than the emission limit values of the Standard for Pollution Control of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (GB 18485-2014) except for Cd from one of the incinerators. The toxic leaching concentrations of heavy metals in slag from the three types of furnaces were also lower than the standard limits for hazardous waste identification (GB 5085.3-2007).

Field tests were conducted to research the emission characteristics and environmental risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during co-processing of coal liquefaction residue (CLR) in Texaco coal-water slurry gasifier. Comparing the differences between blank condition (without mixing CLR in the slurry) and test condition (15% CLR were mixed into the slurry), the changes of temperature, pressure and syngas composition in the gasifier were recorded, the toxicity equivalent concentration of 16 kinds of PAHs in all the solid, liquid and gas emissions were analyzed to evaluate the feasibility and environmental risks during the co-processing of CLR in Texaco coal-water slurry gasifier. Results showed that during the co-processing process, there had little impact on the pressure and syngas output of the gasifier, but made an increase of 5~11℃ of the temperature and promoted the formation of H₂ and CO; the concentration of PAHs in part of the gas emission and liquid emission increased a little, but the toxicity equivalent concentration was still far lower than the standard limitation, has low environmental risk; the concentration of PAHs in solid emission products increased significantly, but the total toxicity equivalent concentration was also low, the environmental risk was in the acceptable range.

The main object in the present study was to establish the efficient technology for remediation of PBDEs contaminated soil using surfactants and nutrients enhanced tourmaline-catalyzed Fenton-like oxidation combined with microorganisms. Two kinds of nutrient salts including ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate, and two types of surfactants such as Tween 80 and Triton 100, were selected to investigate effects of their different doses and types on the removal of PBDEs from soil and soil fungi. The results showed that high-dose nutrient promoted the degradation of PBDEs using tourmaline-catalyzed Fenton-like oxidation combined with microorganisms, and the removal efficiency was up to 75%. Both of surfactants could promote the degradation of PBDEs using tourmaline-catalyzed Fenton-like oxidation combined with microorganisms, and the degradation efficiency was up to 76%. For different individual BDEs, nutrients and surfactants could significantly enhance degradation of low brominated diphenyl ethers. Ammonium chloride was more beneficial to growth of soil microorganisms than ammonium nitrate, and high concentration of nutrients more obviously promoted growth of fungi in soil than their low concentration. TW-80 was more beneficial to microbial growth than TX-100, and lower concentration of surfactants was more effective in promoting fungal activities in soil. Therefore, the different types of nutrients and surfactants obviously enhanced the removal efficiency of PBDEs in soils using the technology of tourmaline-catalyzed Fenton-like oxidation combined with microorganisms.

Succession of propionate-oxidizing bacteria at acidic conditions was investigated in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor by quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that at least three identified species of propionate-oxidizing bacteria (Pelotomaculum schinkii, P. propionicum, and Smithella propionica) existed in the UASB system. P. schinkii was dominated at pH7.5~7.1 and its quantity was (5.0~5.8)×10³ 16S rDNA copies per ng DNA, accounting for above 90.6% of the total detectable propionate-oxidizing bacteria. pH decreased from 7.1 to 6.8 resulted in S. propionica was significantly increased. P. schinkii and S. propionica became dominant propionate-oxidizing bacteria and occupied 88.9%. S. propionica accounted for 74.8% in total detectable propionate-oxidizing bacteria at pH 6.5, whereas S. propionica and P. propionicum succeed to dominant propionate-oxidizing bacteria at pH ≤ 6.0, indicating that S. propionica and P. propionicum were more acid resistant. In addition, the total number of propionate-oxidizing bacteria was gradually reduced at pH ≤ 6.0. It might be one of the reasons for propionate accumulation at acidic conditions in anaerobic reactors.

In the study, EM bacteria and LAS bacteria were found to enhance the growth and lipid production of Scenedesmus obliquus cultivated in municipal wastewater. The results showed that the lipid production of S. obliquus was increased by 36.2% and 21.5% after adding the above-mentioned bacteria, respectively. According to the GC analysis of the lipids, EM bacteria could increase the content of monounsaturated fatty acid in S. obliquus, and thus improving the grade of biodiesel. The analysis of microbial community structure in municipal wastewater showed that the richness and diversity of bacteria in wastewater were increased significantly. In addition, the abundances of β-Proteobacteria、α-Proteobacteria were increased, while the abundance of Bacteroidetes was decreased.

In order to reveal the environmental impacts of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during penicillin biomass-residue composting because of the possible antibiotic residues, the relative abundances and distributions of eight typical β-lactamase genes (bla_-TEM、bla_-CTX-M-1、bla_-CTX-M-9、bla_-IMP-1、bla_-VIM-2、bla_-CMY、bla_-OXA-23、bla_-NDM-1) were investigated with quantitative PCR technique. The results indicated that high temperature composting greatly shortened the degradation time of penicillin. No bla_-NDM-1 gene was detected in any sample. The abundances of all studied genes were significantly reduced from day 1 to day 30 in the different penicillin biomass-residue composting experiments except those of the bla_-IMP-1 and bla_-VIM-2 genes which slight increased. The penicillin residue induced the increases of relative abundance of bla_-TEM, bla_-CTX-M-1. bla_-CTX-M-9, bla_-CMY, bla_-OXA-23, and bla_-VIM-2 genes during the early composting stage. With the elongation of the composting process, penicillin residue gradually degraded. At the end of composting, the relative abundances of bla_-TEM、bla_-CTX-M-1、bla_-CTX-M-9、bla_-CMY significantly decreased in all treated samples and the control in comparison with those of bla_-IMP-1、bla_-VIM-2, which greatly increased.

Sea level rise was greatly concerned by society with its effects on saltwater intrusion and material transport in estuaries, which threaten drinking water supplies. In order to study the response of drinking water source to sea level rise, and prevent potential disasters in the future, a 3D numerical model for tidal flow and salinity was built based on the unstructured model FVCOM, and then applied to assess the impact of future sea level rise (SLR) on saltwater intrusion in the Qiantang Estuary through a series of numerical simulation. The results indicated that the sea level rise can cause substantial increase of salinity and the magnitude was higher during neap tide than during spring tide. The salinity intrusion moved farther upstream by 1.1, 2.2 and 6.0km, respectively, for the SLRs of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0m during spring tide, while 2.8, 5.9 and 9.8km during neap tide. The maximum increase of salinity rised near Qibao station, and the values reached 0.17, 0.32 and 0.49respectively during spring tide, while, the maximum increase of salinity occurred near Yanguan station, and the magnitude reached 0.38, 0.80 and 1.22 during neap tide. When the relative sea level rise was in 0.3~1.0m, the increase of average salinity at three water intakes from Nanxingqiao to Shanhusha were 0.1~0.3, 0.1~0.3 and 0.1~0.2, the increase of maximum excessive salinity time were 1.0~4.1, 0.5~1.6 and 0.1~0.2 d respectively.

To explore the status of heavy metals pollution in South China Sea, the surface samples of sixteen stations were collected. Concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd as well as relevant environmental parameters, such as TOC, pH value, salinity and so on, were analyzed. The Hakanson ecological risk index was adopted to assess the potential ecological risk of South China Sea. Concentrations of Cu (0.012~0.127mg/L), Pb(0.051~0.113mg/L), Zn(0.045~0.186mg/L) and Cd (0.047~0.324mg/L) in surface seawater were pretty high and the average level of them were beyond the third class of sea water quality standard of China. There was a significant correlation between four heavy metals and some of environmental parameters, which suggested their similar origins. Based on the potential ecological risk assessment results, the average RI value was 873.87, indicating a high ecological risk level. The descending order of ecological risk of heavy metal was Cd > Pb >Cu > Zn. Consequently, more efforts should be made to monitor heavy metal pollution and protect marine ecological environment.

Based on the data obtained in the coastal waters of the Lianyungang coastal area in Jiangsu Province from May 2009 to January 2010, the distribution of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, COD, DIN, DIP and petroleum hydrocarbons were analyzed, and the temporal spatial variations of nutrient level and organic pollution situation were evaluated using methods such as water quality standards index, eutrophication index, nutrient quality index and water organic pollution evaluation index. Combined with historical data, and the trend of major pollution elements in this area and expound the present situation of marine environment were discussed. The environment quality of sea water was better in spring and summer, while the pollution degree increased in autumn and winter in the Lianyungang coastal area. Oils were the main pollution in autumn and winter. Eutrophication and organic pollution were observed in spring and summer based on eutrophication and organic pollution evaluation indexes. And there were some similarities between the eutrophication and organic pollution spatial distribution in spring and summer. The correlation analysis suggested there was a significant positive correlation between chlorophyll a and nutrient, and between chlorophyll a and COD, while negatively correlation between chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen (P<0.01), implying the robust correlation between the growth of plankton and the content of environmental elements. This study will provide a basic support for the development and utilization of marine resources and environmental protection in Lianyungang coastal area, and a scientific basis for marine management to carry out ecosystem management based on marine resources.

To investigate the impacts of urbanization processes, water conservancy project and human activities on the evolution trend of river water environment, sediment core (CH1) was collected in the Changhu Reservoir, Wengjiang River basin, in September 2015. Measurements of sediment unsupported ²¹⁰Pb (²¹⁰Pb_ex) activity, TOC, TN, TP content, δ¹³C and particle size were conducted. The results showed that the sedimentary record of CH1 was obtained in about 58years. The average contents of TOC, TN and TP in the sediment core were 1.07% (range:0.65%~1.66%), 0.12% (0.08%~0.20%), 438.00mg/kg (294.74~675.44mg/kg). Vertical distribution characteristics of TOC, TN and TP in the sediment core of the reservoir showed that before 1957, the TN, TP and TOC content of sediment core exhibited a slowly increasing trend, the content initially increased and then decreased in 1957 to 1991, and generally increased from 1991 to 2015. However, the storm flood occurred in 1994 significantly changed the sediment particle composition, thus decreasing TOC, TN and TP content. In combination with characteristics of C/N and δ¹³C, the source of organic matter was mainly identified as the mixture of terrestrial and aquatic sources, and the dam construction mainly resulted in the input of terrigenous organic matter in the reservoir area.

In order to reveal the effects of hydrologic and salinity gradients on soil organic carbon composition in estuarine wetlands, the contents of soil organic carbon fractions along the hydrologic gradient within a freshwater Cyperus malaccensis marsh and a brackish C. malaccensis marshes in the Min River Estuary were measured. Soil microibial biomass carbon (MBC) contents raised with increasing flooding frequency both in brackish-water marsh (67.8%) and freshwater marsh (38.8%), respectively. For both high tidal flat and low tidal flat, the MBC content in brackish-marsh was lower than that in freshwater marsh, and declining ranges were 52.9% and 43.1% high tidal flat via low tidal flat, respectively. Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in brackish marsh was higher than that in freshwater marsh, and increasing range were 56.7% and 105.6% high tidal flat via low tidal flat. Soil EOC content declined with increasing flooding frequency, and declining ranges were 18.0% and 50.1% brackish marsh via freshwater marsh, respectively. Soil EOC content in brackish marsh was higher than that in freshwater marsh, increased by 20.2% in high tidal flat and 97.4% in low tidal flat, respectively. The percentages of soil microbial entropy, DOC and EOC in SOC were 0.42%~1.76%, 0.39%~0.85% and 20.14%~36.49%, respectively. Microbial entropy declined with increasing flooding frequency, while the proportions of soil DOC and EOC in SOC increased with increasing flooding frequency. Compared with the varied flooding environment, soil TN content and conductivity had a greater contribution on the SOC contents and its active components. Soil DOC and EOC contents were positively correlated with SOC content, and soil MBC content was negatively correlated with SOC, EOC and DOC contents, which implied substrate availability and soil MBC turnover rate exerted important impacts on controlling soil microbial activity and soil carbon pool accumulation in estuarine tidal marsh. Soil microbes increased with increasing flooding frequency, but they had a certain adaptation mechanism to the flooding environment. Elevated salinity increased soil DOC and EOC contents, but decreased soil MBC content. Soil nitrogen content and salinity which were important restrictive parameters demonstrated obviously effects on controlling soil carbon pool evolution in the tidal marsh ecosystem of the Min River estuary.

Temporal variations of the N₂O flux from the Cyperus malaccensis marsh ecosystem and at the water-air interface of the shrimp pond converted from C. malaccensis marsh were determined using static chamber and floating chamber technique from May 2016 to November 2016 in the Shanyutan Wetland of the Min River estuary, Southeast China. The pore water chemical parameters in the C. malaccensis marsh and the water column physical, chemical parameters of the shrimp pond were measured simultaneously. N₂O flux from the C. malaccensis marsh and at the water-air interface of the shrimp pond ranged from -113.11 to 206.57μg/(m²·h) and from -2.27 to 143.25μg/(m²·h), respectively, with the average values of (38.35±24.44)μg/(m²·h) and (46.44±15.93)μg/(m²·h), respectively. Both C. malaccensis marsh and shrimp pond functioned as a source of atmosphere N₂O. The N₂O flux from the C.malaccensis marsh was significant positive correlated with salinity and nutrient content of pore water, and the N₂O flux at the water-air interface of the shrimp pond was significant positive correlated with water depth, salinity and nutrient content of water column.

Based on the measured hyperspectral data and concentration of chlorophyll a, total suspended matter (TSM) and turbidity obtained during June 11 to 13, 2015 in Weishan Lake, empirical models and PSO-SVM model were established to retrieve the three water quality parameters. Meanwhile, the performance of those models was evaluated to determine the models applied to ensemble modeling. The ensemble models containing EW-CM, SPA-CM and BMA were established to retrieve the three water quality parameters by using deterministic ensemble method and probabilistic ensemble method. The deterministic and probabilistic ensemble method was based on the entropy weight method along with pair analysis method and Bayesian averaging method, respectively. Bayesian averaging method was employed to obtain the retrieval uncertainty range of the three water quality parameters by using the single model and the BMA ensemble model, and the retrieval uncertainty range of these models was compared. These results demonstrated that (1) the accuracy of SPA-CM model was better than that of EW-CM model in deterministic ensemble models; (2) the modeling accuracy of BMA probabilistic ensemble model was better than that of SPA-CM and EW-CM model; the verification accuracy of BMA probabilistic ensemble model was similar with that of EW-CM model but slightly lower than that of the SPA-CM model; (3) Probabilistic ensemble modeling could obtain the retrieval uncertainty range of water quality parameters by using the ensemble model and the single model; (4) The deterministic and probabilistic ensemble model associated with the single model information showed a higher modeling and verification accuracy, which could be used to reduce the uncertainty of water quality parameters retrieval compared with single model and promote the retrieval accuracy of water quality parameters in a manner.

According to the data of the corn leaf spectra collected by a SVC hyper-spectrometer and the Cu contents measured synchronously in the corn leaves, the high frequency components of fifth layer wavelet decomposition (d5) were obtained by the "Db5" wavelet in Daubechies wavelets for the corn leaf spectra within the wavelength range from 350 to 2500nm, the fractal dimension of d5 could be calculated by the box dimension method, and the changing trend of fractal dimension of corn leaf spectrum under different Cu stress gradient was discussed based on a neighborhood change rate (α) of the fractal dimension, so that the spectral singularity parameters of d5 might be quantitatively calculated and analyzed such as the singular range, singular amplitude and the likes to distinguish the differences on weak information between the corn leaf spectra and the copper pollution levels of corn stressed by different copper ion (Cu²⁺) concentrations. The experimental results showed that the d5could precisely detect the weak spectral singularity information of corn under different Cu stress gradients, and realize the separation of hyperspectral signals of corn leaves at different pollution degrees; the d5fractal dimensions reduced firstly, then risen slowly and finally reached the peak value with the increase of pollution degree, among them the fractal dimension of Cu(100) was the minimum; the α values between CK(0) and Cu(100) were negative but positive in the other two stress gradient intervals, and the absolute value of α rates between Cu(100) and Cu(300) was the smallest. However the absolute value of α rates between Cu(300) and Cu(500) was the largest; it was validated that there was a strong correlation between the Cu content in corn leaf and the singular amplitude and fractal dimension through establishing the model on estimating Cu content in the leaf, the difference of Cu content in each leaf with different pollution degree reached a significant level (is 0.05), and its determination coefficient R²=0.9501. So the fractal dimension and singularity characteristics of spectral high frequency components could be used to diagnose effectively and analyze quantitatively the Cu pollution status of corn, and might provide some reference for monitoring heavy metal pollution of crops.

This study aimed to investigate the response characteristics of 4 oxidative stress biomarkers, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood and gill tissue of the Polymesoda erosa, under the condition of exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) at different concentrations or with different exposure times. The results showed that SOD and GST activities in the blood and gill tissue increased along with the increase of exposure time under low stress (0.5mg/L, 1mg/L) or medium stress (5mg/L) of SCCPs. However, under high stress (10mg/L, 20mg/L), the activities of SOD and GST were high at the beginning of SCCPs exposure and then decreased gradually. CAT exhibited the highest activity at the initial stage (1d) of SCCPs exposure, and then its activity decreased gradually and finally was completely inhibited. In low stress group, the level of MDA appeared an up-down-up trend, however, in medium and high stress groups, the level of MDA increased continuously with the increase of exposure time. Taken together, the antioxidant system of the Polymesoda erosa could efficiently response to SCCPs when the concentration of SCCPs was lower than 5mg/L. However, when the concentration of SCCPs was higher than 5mg/L, after an initial emergency response, the antioxidant system was destroyed with the extending of exposure time. In addition, this study also explored the feasibility of using Polymesoda erosa as a bio-indicator for environment monitoring.

Based on the hypothetical extraction model, this paper divided the economic activities into several types and explored the transfers of energy embodied in the inter-industry from the supply side and demand side. Taking Guangdong Province as an example, this paper built the energy linkage model, and evaluated the differences of industrial energy consumption between supply side and demand side. According to the results of characteristic analysis, there were more energy consumed in Non-Energy Industrial Sectors, which were the main contributors of the enormous industrial energy consumptions of Guangdong, accounting 57.2% of the total energy consumption of the economic activities in 2012. As for the linkage analysis, the energy industries and the transport sectors, the storage and post sectors were net energy suppliers, while the construction sectors and other service sectors were net energy demanders. The agriculture sectors and wholesale, retail trade and hotel, restaurants sectors show relatively balanced according to the supply side and demand side. From the dynamic analysis of annual changes, the proportion of embodied energy within the energy industries increased from 8.55% in 2002 to 24.67% in 2012 of the total embodied energy transferred, indicating of more efficient use of energy in Guangdong Province during last decade.

In this study, SWMM model was coupled with scenario analysis approach to simulate urban rainfall-runoff and water quality under the dual constraints of water safety and quality at Guangming District of the Maozhou River Basin. The analysis results showed that there was an exponential relationship between the area of LID reformation and the pollutant reduction rate. In order to address the issue of the negative impacts of surface storm water run-off pollution on local river water quality, 30%, 85% and 20% of the total area were recommended to implement LID reconstruction at Ejing-yutian Unit, Maozhou-dadang Unit and Gongming-dadang Unit, respectively. Compared with building new sewage treatment plant, construction of sewage pipes to direct sewage water into existing sewage treatment plant had more economic benefits if the distance between the existing sewage treatment plant and the research area is less than 27.25km., and vice versa. In this study, the break-even time cost of rainwater and sewage separation reconstruction was between 27 and 64years. The proposed decision-making framework in this research has brought a new methodological perspective to treating waterlogging and black-odor in built-up area. It also can provide supplementary and useful information to the planning of water-environment management in Shenzhen and other similar areas.

In view of the shortage of water resources and the existing many problems of water price policy in Dianchi Lake Basin, water supply will affect the price of water resources, and then affect the water consumption behavior of residents and industrial enterprises from the perspective of policy simulation. This study proposed a complex system model that coupled multi-agent based models (ABM) and system dynamics (SD) models of watershed water price policy based on the constraint of water resources carrying capacity in Dianchi Lake Basin. The water price policies was simulated and analyzed according to the targets of the 13th Five-Year Plan of water pollution prevention and control in Dianchi Lake Basin. The simulation results indicated that, in the case of the adjustment of comprehensive industrial structure and policy in the Dianchi Lake Basin, in order to achieve the 13th Five-Year Plan targets, the water price of residents and industrial should be raised to 3.23 yuan/m³ and 4.99 yuan/m³, respectively. By speeding up the regulation and control of watershed water price policy, it can effectively guide the residents Agents and enterprises Agents to take water-saving measures and improve their water-using efficiency. It is suggested that the water diversion volume of Dianchi Lake Basin should reduce appropriately to attain 3.06 billion m³. Alternatively, the compensation expense of water diversion can be used for the construction of recycled water facilities. Accordingly, the reuse rates of recycled water should reach to 33% that can be ensured the sustainable utilization of water resources.