CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE
 
 
CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE
　　　　　　　　    More    
Online Submission
Manuscript Tracking
Peer Review
Editor Work
Office Work
Editor-in-chief
Forthcoming Articles
Current Issue
Archive
Advanced Search
Read Articles
Download Articles
Instruction
Template
Copyright Agreement
More   
  Current Issue
 
2020 Vol.40 Issue.8,Published 2020-08-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Microbiology
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Environmental Toxicology
Rubbish Classification
Air Pollution Control
3249 Source apportionment and chemical reactivity of VOCs based on clustering during summertime in Changzhi
LI Ru-mei, YAN Yu-long, DUAN Xiao-lin, WANG Fang-yuan, NIU Yue-yuan, WANG Cheng, XU Yang, LI Ying-hui, HU Dong-mei, FAN Zhan-chun, LI Huang-feng, PENG Lin
To better understand sources and characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution in Changzhi, a set of air samples were collected in summer 2017 to study the concentration and chemical reactivity (in the rate of OH radical loss) on ozone generation, and to identify anthropogenic sources of VOCs based on clustering analysis and positive matrix factorization model (PMF). Results revealed that the average concentration and chemical reactivity of total VOCs was 37.40μg/m3 and 5.07s-1, respectively, with the mixing characteristic of the local fresh emissions and aged air masses after oxidation reaction. Five major anthropogenic sources of VOCs with their contribution were identified by PMF: vehicles exhaust (29.7%), coal combustion (29.2%), liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas (LPG/NG) usage (23.5%), industrial processes (11.6%), and solvent usage (6.1%). For fresh emissions, the contribution shares became 34.6%, 38.4%, 10.1%, 8.5%, and 8.5%, respectively. The results suggested that VOCs in Changzhi mainly came from local vehicles exhaust and coal combustion, but LPG/NG usage and industrial processes in neighboring regions could also influence local VOCs via regional transportation processes. Thus, to effectively control the local VOCs emission, a joint prevention and control effort of LPG/NG usage and industrial processes in the neighboring urban area around Changzhi is needed in addition of regulating local vehicles and coal combustion.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3249-3259 [Abstract] ( 362 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 917KB] ( 966 )
3260 Pollution characteristics and ozone formation potential of VOCs in the plastic foam shoe manufacturing centre
LI Ting-ting, LIANG Xiao-ming, LU Qing, LIU Ming, CHEN Zhi-hang, WANG Shuo, LU Hai-tao, MU Gui-zhen, GUO Song-jun, HE Qiu-sheng, CHEN Lai-guo
Five monitoring sites were set up in and around the plastic foam shoe manufacturing center in Wuchuan, Guangdong to study the pollution characteristics and ozone formation potentials of atmospheric VOCs. The results showed that the composition of atmospheric VOCs was predominantly alkanes (38.4%), oxygen-containing VOCs (33.5%), and aromatic hydrocarbons (19.5%). The total concentration of 80 kinds of VOCs ranged from 137.1μg/m3 to 169.0μg/m3 with an average of 149.1μg/m3. N-pentane, isopentane, n-butane, isobutane, formaldehyde, toluene, m/o-xylene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl acetate were characteristic VOCs of this shoe manufacture industry. The spatial trends of the total VOC concentrations, characteristic VOC types (oxygen-containing volatile organic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons) and characteristic VOC components (toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, and ethyl acetate) all showed a spatial pattern that the concentration was largest at contaminated area, followed by affected area (downwind) and control area (upwind). Additionally, the ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs was estimated with the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method. The mean value of OFP was 544.6μg/m3, indicating that the manufacture of plastic foam shoes tended to cause the pollution of ambient VOCs and have a significant impact on ozone formation.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3260-3267 [Abstract] ( 342 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 464KB] ( 825 )
3268 Source profiles and impact of volatile organic compounds in the synthetic resin industry
MA Yi-ran, GAO Song, WANG Qiao-min, CUI Hu-xiong, WU Shi-jian, FU Qing-yan, DUAN Yu-seng, WU Jian, JIAO Zheng
Gas samples were collected with SUMMA canisters from five typical synthetic resin enterprises located in East China. A total of 106 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total emissions and emission coefficients of the synthetic resin industry were calculated, the uncertainty was also analyzed. The emission characteristics were described, and ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs were analyzed and the source profiles of five synthetic resins were established. The results showed that the VOCs emissions of synthetic resin enterprises were 346~3467kg/a, and the emission coefficients of five synthetic resins ranged from 0.06 to 1.24g/kg. Among them, the coating resin (CR) enterprises had the largest emission and emission coefficients. Aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons (OVOCs) and halogenated hydrocarbons were characteristic components of VOCs in the synthetic resin industry, the cumulative concentration ranged from 73.2% to 98.3%. The main VOCs pollutants from coating resin (CR), phenol resin (PF), polyurethane (PU), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) were methyl isobutyl ketone, benzene, toluene, styrene and dichloromethane, respectively. The ozone formation potential (OFP) of the synthetic resin enterprises ranged from 22.7 to 202.5mg/m3, and the source reactivity (SR) ranged from 0.3 to 4.6g/g. The OFP and SR of CR enterprises were the largest in five synthetic resins. The SR of the synthetic resin industry was at an average level among industries. Aromatic hydrocarbons, OVOCs and alkynes were the main active components in the synthetic resin industry, with a total contribution to the OFP ranging from 64.1% to 100.0%. The major contributors of synthetic resin industry were benzene, toluene, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene, and styrene. Our study showed that VOCs pollution control in the synthetic resin industry should focus on aromatic hydrocarbons and OVOCs, extra attention should be paid to the of pollutant odors and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, and especially to CR enterprises with large VOCs emissions and OFP.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3268-3274 [Abstract] ( 461 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 530KB] ( 735 )
3275 Characteristics of water-soluble elements in PM2.5 released from the combustion of five tree species in the Greater Xing'an Mountains
GUO Xin-bin, ZHENG Wen-xia, WEI Mao, GUO Lin-fei, MA Yuan-fan, GUO Fu-tao
A self-designed biomass combustion device was used to analyze the water-soluble elements of PM2.5 released by the combustion of different organs (branches, leaves and bark) of five typical tree species in the Greater Xing'an Mountains under different combustion conditions (flaming and smoldering). The results showed that the emission factors (EF) of PM2.5 significantly varied among different tree species, and the emission rate ranged from (2.408±0.854) to (9.227±1.172)g/kg. Mg, Ca, K and 11 other ionic species were detected in the PM2.5 released by five tree species, of which the EFs of Ca, K, Zn and Mg were significantly higher than other ionic species. The EFs from conifers were higher than hardwood species. Except for Cd, no significant difference was identified in the total emission of ionic species among various organs of five tree species. The proportions of ionic species in PM2.5 released from different organs was generally consistent among five tree species, of which Ca、K、Zn and Mg were four dominant ionic species in branch, leaf and bark. In addition, emissions of ionic species were significantly influenced by the combustion condition, and the EFs of Li, Mg, Ca and four other ionic species were significantly higher under flaming than smoldering.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3275-3283 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 582KB] ( 727 )
3284 Spatiotemporal pattern of PM2.5 from 2000 to 2016 in China
HE Ying-yue, ZHANG Song-ling
After testing the reliability of PM2.5 remote sensing data, the distribution pattern and evolution process of PM2.5 concentration from 2000 to 2016 in China were investigated at the pixel scale with the standard deviation analysis, Hurst index, Theil-Sen median trend analysis, Mann-Kendall test, and together with local spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results showed that: ①the concentration of PM2.5 was higher in the east with the annual average of 30.21μg/m3, and much lower in the west with the annual average of 4.37μg/m3. PM2.5 concentration in the western and northeastern regions showed an increasing trend. However, the change in the west was relatively moderate. The areas with severe PM2.5 pollution tended to have a large and dense population and a developed economy, such as the North China Plain, the Northeast Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Sichuan Basin, etc. ②Taking the year of 2007 as the cutoff time, the annual changing trend of PM2.5 concentration could be divided into two stages. China's PM2.5 concentration generally showed an increasing trend from 2000 to 2007 with an average annual increase of 0.95μg/m3, compared with a fluctuating and downward trend from 2007 to 2016 with an average annual decrease of 0.15μg/m3. ③Dramatic spatial differences in the stability of PM2.5 concentration were observed in the study period with more stability in the west and less in the east. Extremely unstable areas mainly consisted of the Sichuan Basin, the North China Plain, the central part of Northeast Plain, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. ④ a high PM2.5 concentration and strong anti-sustainability were mostly observed in the eastern region, whose future change would be predicted to be contrary to the current state. The areas with poor sustainability mainly consisted of mountainous, plateau-like and cold regions, indicating a similar trend of PM2.5 concentration as in the past but also showing the complexity and repeatability. ⑤ In 2016, 52% of people in China were exposed to an environment with an annual average PM2.5 concentration of 35μg/m3 or above, and14.38% of people were exposed to 60μg/m3 or above.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3284-3293 [Abstract] ( 327 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2783KB] ( 976 )
3294 Effect of air quality alerts on human health in Lishui city, Zhejiang province
WEI Zheng-zheng, GUO Yun, Lü Mei-le, HUANG Bing-zhao, JIANG Yu-dan, WANG Jian-sheng
In this study, the impacts of ambient air pollution on public health in the city of Lishui was investigated by the semi-parametric generalized additive model based on data sets on local air quality, health and weather conditions from 2013 to 2018. The results showed that air pollution caused significant damage to public health by increasing the mortality related to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. PM2.5 and O3 caused more health damages on male than female, while NO2 and SO2 affected female more. Health effects were more significant on the seniors over the age of 65. O3 became the prominent air pollutants in Lishui city, which contributed 40% to 50% of the excess death risks and caused far more health damage compared to PM2.5. In addition, differential effects were observed between male and female. O3 contributed most excess risks on male, while NO2 contributed more on female. Based on the dose-effect curve, the concentration of air pollutants in Lishui was relatively low, which meant every unit of pollutant concentration change could result in larger changes in excess mortality due to higher slope. Therefore, more significant health benefit could be achieved by reducing the air pollution concentration in Lishui city.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3294-3302 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 823KB] ( 646 )
3303 Impacts of fireworks burning on atmospheric pollutants and water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5
Lü Wen-li, ZHANG Kai, CAO Qing, ZHU Shuang, CHEN Jian-hua, ZHI Min-kang, Li Dong
In order to understand the impact of fireworks burning on the concentration of gaseous pollutants and water-soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 in Baoding, the concentration characteristics of atmospheric pollutants and particulate components were analyzed and the contribution of fireworks was evaluated during the Spring Festival. The results showed that the average concentration of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2,and CO during the centralized discharge of fireworks in 2019 increased by 1.3, 1.0, 1.1, 0.4, and 0.02 times, respectively, compared with the non-centralized fire period. After the implementation of the burning ban during the Spring Festival in Baoding City, the average concentration, maximum concentration and duration of high concentration of pollutants on New Year's Eve and the first day all decreased significantly. During the centralized discharge period of fireworks, the contribution of fireworks to the concentration of PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 decreased from about 50% (2018 and 2017) to about 30% (2019), of which SO2 contribution decreased more evidently than that of PM2.5 and PM10. In addition, the component analysis showed that the proportion of total K+, Mg2+, and Cl- concentrations in water-soluble ions accounted for 39.3% and 51.1% respectively, at the reception center site (main urban area) and Zhuozhou site (district-county built-up area) during fire period, the fractions of which were significantly higher than those in non-fire period. The contribution of fireworks to the concentration of K+, Mg2+, and Cl-in PM2.5 was more than 50%, of which the contribution to K+ was as high as 89.0%. The contribution of SO42-, K+, Mg2+, and Cl-at the Zhuozhou site was 2.2, 2.1, 1.9, and 1.8 times that of the reception center site, respectively. The sulfur oxidation rate (SOR), nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR), OC, and EC concentrations in the discharge period increased to a certain extent compared with the non-discharge period, in which OC and EC increased by 2.5 and 2.1 times, respectively, showing fireworks and firecrackers affect OC more than EC.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3303-3311 [Abstract] ( 456 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1231KB] ( 917 )
3312 Design of oblique section and its application to PM2.5 mid-term potential forecast
MAO Zhuo-cheng, QU Yuan-hao, XU Jian-ming, YU Zhong-qi, SHI Chun-hong, YANG Dan-dan
“Ingredients-based forecast methodology” in intensive precipitation potential forecast was adapted to environmental meteorological forecast. The ingredient-based oblique section for the next 10days was produced with RH at 700 hPa, wind direction and wind speed at 1000 hPa and temperature at 850 hPa from ECMWF numerical forecast products as ingredients. The oblique section was designed to be along the predominant cold air transport pathways which passed through the heavily polluted area in North China and Shanghai. 5recognition features were defined specifically for cold air transport type, dry stagnant type, wet stagnant type (3polluted types), cold air clean type and wet deposition clean type (2clean types). This oblique section combined the advantages of a single station’s time series diagrams and spatial graphs at a single time, thus significantly reduced the time of chart analysis. The oblique section also produced the relationship among meteorological pattern characteristics, pollution meteorological conditions and PM2.5 pollution potentials. The evolution of synoptic patterns was easily recognized as typical polluted type or clean type, which led to the PM2.5 mid-term potential forecast. Thus, this ingredient-based oblique section could be applied and promoted to operational environmental forecast. The model was applied to a typical pollution case. The characteristics of oblique section and actual pollution observation of this case were very similar. The stagnant pattern and cold air transport pattern were both identified. The 5-day forecast for the entire region and single stations were consistent with the observations. Further assessment showed that the TS score within 5 days of the forecast duration in the winter of 2018 was maintained in the range of 0.32~0.50, and the forecast accuracy for the next 10days was maintained in the range of 74.4%~86.7%.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3312-3321 [Abstract] ( 236 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3910KB] ( 791 )
3322 Impacts of relative humidity and PM2.5 concentration on atmospheric visibility during winter in Urumqi Urban Area
LI Jun, WANG Jin-li, QU Kun
In this study the visibility, PM2.5 concentration and meteorological data from December in 2016 to February in 2017 were analyzed by using statistical methods to present variations of visibility in winter in Urumqi. The quantitative relation among the visibility, relative humidity (RH) and PM2.5 concentration was explored and the thresholds of PM2.5 concentration corresponding to different visibility grades were proposed.The results indicated that the average diurnal variations of visibility showed a single peak in winter, coincident with these of PM2.5 concentration and RH. The highest and lowest values of visibility were observed respectively at around 13:00 BJT (Beijing time) and 20:00 BJT. High RH and severe PM2.5 pollution could both reduce visibility significantly in winter, but low visibility in winter was mainly caused by PM2.5 pollution. The variations of visibility at RH < 90% were primarily controlled by the accumulation of PM2.5 and its hygroscopic growth. Especially for 70%￡RH < 90%, PM2.5 concentration was the most important influencing factor for visibility variations. When RH390%, the visibility degradation was mainly contributed to the influences of RH. The influences of RH on visibility were weakened gradually as PM2.5 concentration increased in the transitions from good air quality to severely polluted condition. The visibility was significantly negatively correlated with PM2.5 concentration, and the increasing of visibility responded nonlinearly to the descending of PM2.5 concentration. We found that visibility did not increase obviously when PM2.5 pollution level transformed from severely polluted into moderately polluted. The visibility would increase quickly when PM2.5 concentrations dropped below 115μg/m3 (i.e. excellent, good air quality, slightly polluted condition). However, the PM2.5 concentration corresponding to the visibility of 8km (relatively high visibility in winter) needed to be further limited under 39μg/m3. This finding has important implications for air pollution prevention and control in winter in Urumqi.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3322-3331 [Abstract] ( 398 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 962KB] ( 930 )
3332 The causes of ozone concentration growth in the night during the “Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit” in Qingdao
LIU Chao, ZHANG Heng-de, ZHANG Tian-hang, XU Ran, ZHANG Bi-hui, Lü Meng-yao, LI Guo-hao
To investigate the causes of ozone concentration increasing at night during the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in Qingdao, the ground observation data and pollutant concentration data were used to analyze it in this study. As the results showed that, the ozone concentrations increased continuously with peak concentration of 194μg/m3, and the growth rate of 10.7μg/(m3·h) from 20:00 to 23:00 on the 6th. By using the NCEP/FNL reanalysis data, it could be known that ozone and its precursors emitted from Jiangsu and Anhui province were transmit to Qingdao under condition of southwest wind at night, and transmitted to the surface under the sinking movement in the boundary layer. By calculating the ventilation index of the boundary layer, height of the maximum wind speed decreased gradually in the boundary layer on the 6th, which met the standard of low-altitude jets, and the ventilation index increase fluctuation below 1000m at night, of which were 3900 and 5892m2/s at 500m and 500~1000m,respectively. What’s more, the ozone pollution sources in Qingdao were simulated based on the Ozone Source Apportionment Technology (OSAT) in the CAMx air quality model. As the results indicated that the main sources areas were Jiangsu, Anhui province and Shanghai, with average contribution ratio of 62.3%, 16.6% and 8.6%, respectively.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3332-3341 [Abstract] ( 343 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3826KB] ( 659 )
3342 Characteristics of organic acids and inorganic components in three-stage fog water in Nanjing
ZHU Dan-dan, FAN Shu-xian, HU Chun-yang, ZHANG Hong-wei, ZHANG Si-rui, ZHANG Lu-yao
In this study, a systematic 45-day field observation of fog was conducted in the northern suburb of Nanjing during the winter of 2017. Eleven fog water samples were collected in a dense fog event occurring at December 30 and 31, 2017, by using a Caltech Active Strand Cloud Collector (CASCC) with three cutting diameter ranges (S1: > 22μm; S2: 16~22μm; S3: 4~16μm). In this observation, concentrations of organic acids and inorganic ions as well as the pH value and the electrical conductivity (EC) of the samples were measured, so that the chemical properties of the fog water were revealed. The results showed that the fog water samples were alkaline, and the dominant ionic compositions were Ca2+, NH4+, SO42- and NO3-. The major organic acid compositions were found as formate (HCOO-), methanesulfonate (CH3SO3-), oxalate (C2O42-), and acetate (CH3COO-). Moreover, it was shown that the weighted mean volume concentrations of each type of the ions as well as the total ions were size-dependent, “U”-shaped, and concentrate in small fog droplets with a size range of 4~16μm. The concentrations of the four major organic acid compositions were also found strongly correlated with each other. The observational data showed that Ca2+ and NH4+ in the fog water were the key factors leading to the alkalinity of the water. In addition, we found that compared to the fog water collected in the year 2013, the acidity of the fog water collected in 2017 was lower, which was attributed to the reduction of acid-causing components and the occurrence of neutralization reactions.

2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3342-3351 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 573KB] ( 998 )
3352 Molecular compositions and affecting factors of biogenic SOA in PM2.5 from Mount Taishan during the summer
YI Ya-nan, YAO Zheng-zheng, HOU Zhan-fang, ZHOU Rui-wen, LI Zheng, LIU Xiao-di, WANG Ya-chen, FU Meng-xuan, WEI Ben-jie, Yan Li, MENG Jing-jing
To investigate the molecular composition, diurnal variation, and influencing factors of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA) in PM2.5 from Mt. Tai during summer time, PM2.5 samples were collected during July and August of 2016. The samples were determined for molecular distributions of carbonaceous compounds, inorganic ions and the tracers of BSOA (isoprene, monoterpene and sesquiterpene derived SOA). The results showed that the mass concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) and levoglucosan were in lower level and did not exhibit significant diurnal variations, suggesting that the effect of anthropogenic pollution during the sampling period was minor. The concentrations of BSOA tracers were higher in daytime than those in nighttime, indicating that the daytime aerosols were more photochemically aged than those in night time due to the higher temperature and stronger solar radiation. Isoprene SOA tracers [(77.64±51.79)ng/m3] was the dominant species, followed by monoterpene [(33.68±21.29)ng/m3] and sesquiterpene [(6.97±3.28)ng/m3] SOA tracers. Based on tracer-yield method, the contribution rate (15.3%) of isoprene derived secondary organic carbon (SOC) to OC was the highest. The BSOA tracers presented significant negative correlations with relative humidity (RH) (R￡-0.45) and particle in-situ pH (pHis) (R￡-0.53), suggesting that higher RH can suppress the acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA because of the lower aerosol acidity due to dilution. The correlations of BSOA with temperature and anthropogenic pollutants (e.g., levoglucosan and EC) suggested that BSOA were largely derived from the local oxidation of biogenic VOCs rather than long-range transport.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3352-3359 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 494KB] ( 619 )
Water Pollution Control
3360 Structure and community composition of algae attached to different microplastic substrates
LI Chen-xi, GAO Yu-xuan, ZHANG Jia-qi, XU Liu-xuan, LIU Zhi-lin, MIAO Ling-zhan, HOU Jun
To investigate the structure of biofilms and community composition of algae attached to the surface of common microplastic substrates, four types of microplastics (polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and a natural substrate (cobblestone) were selected to conduct field incubation of biofilms. The result showed that the morphology and structure of the biofilms were different between cobblestones and microplastic substrates, as well as in the contents and composition of algae. The chlorophyll-a contents in algae attached to the microplastic substrates were generally lower than those in natural substrate. Moreover, different algae content and functional characteristics were also observed from thefour microplastics. The highest chlorophyll-a content of algae was observed on PET substrate (613.7μg/L) and the lowest on PP substrate (492.5μg/L), although the maximal quantum yield of algae on PP substrate was the highest (0.443). These results suggested that the microplastic substrates could influence the growth and primary production of periphytic algae, which might further affect the microbial-associated carbon cycling in aquatic systems, water purification, and pollution treatment.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3360-3366 [Abstract] ( 442 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 676KB] ( 985 )
3367 Decolorization exploration of azo dye by Aspergillus flavus A5p1: characteristics and biodegradation pathway
CHENG Ning, LI Qing-yun, LIU You-yan
Aspergillus flavus strain A5p1 was used as a biological material to study its broad decolorization spectrum and decolorization characteristics and degradation products with the azo dye Direct Blue 71 (DB71) as the model substrate. The results showed that the decolorization efficiency of 15 kinds of dyes ranged from 61.7% to 100.0% with the 100mg/L dye concentration. There might be a synergistic effect of biosorption and biodegradation on the decolorization. The optimum decolorization condition of A5p1 for azo dye DB71 was pH 7.0, temperature 30℃, dye concentration 300mg/L, and sucrose as a carbon source. Enzyme analysis revealed that glucose oxidase and manganese peroxidases were involved in the degradation process. FTIR, GC-MS and LC-MS analyses indicated that the intermediates of azo dye degradation included naphthalene amine, naphthalene diazonium, 2-hydroxy-6-oxal-yl-benzoic acid and 1-naphthol.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3367-3374 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 433KB] ( 637 )
3375 Preparation of Fe2O3@SCe heterogeneous fenton catalyst and its degradation exothermic performance
YAN Yun-tao, ZHANG Ke, MAO Yan-peng, DONG Yong
Exothermic laws of a heterogeneous Fenton system in the degradation of organic sewage were investigated to facilitate the energy utilization in sewage treatment practices. In this study, semicoke (SCe) was used as the carrier to prepare a novel Fe2O3@SCe composite material, which was then characterized by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface area analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The degradation performance and exothermic laws of the Fe2O3@SCe/H2O2 heterogeneous Fenton system for the treatment of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) organic sewage were studied. The results showed that Fe2O3 was uniformly loaded on the surface of the SCe particles. The Fe2O3@SCe composite material retained its porous form and exhibited strong adsorption capacity and high catalytic activity over a wide pH range (3.1~8.9), an effective broadening of the pH range of the classic homogeneous Fenton reaction. Both the dissolution reactions in Fe2O3@SCe/H2O2 heterogeneous Fenton and the degradation reactions of Fe2O3@SCe/H2O2 and simulated OPD sewage released large amounts of heat. The temperature of the solution reached 7.1℃ higher and was accompanied by a degradation efficiency of 88.2% under the following experimental conditions: [OPD] = 0.04mol/L, pH = 7.8, T0 = 30℃, [H2O2] = 0.25mol/L, [Fe2O3@SCe] = 533g/L, and t = 180min. The concentration of H2O2 was found to be the dominant factor affecting exothermic heat release during the heterogeneous Fenton reaction.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3375-3384 [Abstract] ( 356 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1123KB] ( 844 )
3385 Degradation of AO7 by PMS activated by FeOCl
WANG Ke-qing, XU Jie, CHEN Jia-bin, WANG Lan-jing, WU Wei
FeOCl was prepared by the partial thermal decomposition method, and then used to activate PMS to degrade refractory azo dye AO7.The synthesized FeOCl was characterized by XPS, SEM and XRD.The degradation of AO7 was evaluated in the FeOCl/PMS system, and various factors affecting the removal rate of AO7 was investigated. The results showed that AO7 was rapidly degraded in the FeOCl/PMS system, and mineralization rate has reached to 44%. AO7 could be completely degraded in 30min at neutral condition with 50mg/L FeOCl, 1.0mmol/L PMS and 0.05mmol/L AO7. The decolorization of AO7 increased with the increase of PMS concentration, FeOCl dosage, Cl- concentration and the initial pH. FeOCl also exhibited a fine reusability. The main active species and reaction mechanism were verified by the radical quenching experiment, EPR test and XPS analysis. The SO4-· and ·OH produced by the activation of PMS contributed to the degradation of pollutants, and SO4-· played the dominant role.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3385-3393 [Abstract] ( 345 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 787KB] ( 822 )
3394 The detection of copper ion in water with electrochemical microsensors
CAI Liang-sheng, LIN Jun, XIN Qing, ZANG Yue
In order to improve the shortcomings of low current response and low electrocatalytic ability of microelectrodes in the detection of heavy metal ions by anode stripping voltammetry method, a simple and environmental friendly methods was introduced to modify the carbon fibers with reduced graphene oxide and Goldnanoparticles (rGO/AuNPs CFMEs). The modified carbon fibers were observed with SEM. The rGO/AuNPs CFMEs had significantly high specific surface area, strong adsorption capacity and high catalytic activity. Thus, they were utilized as a novel electrochemical microsensors for Cu2+ detection using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) method. The operational conditions, such as pH value, conductivity deposition time and potential, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions (pH=4, conductivity = 36.1S/m, deposition time=360s and deposition potential=-1.2V), the linear rage of Cu2+ was from 0 to 1.0μmol/L (R2=0.996), with the detection limit concentration of 2.4nmol/L (S/N=3). Besides, the microsensors’ excellent repeatability, long term stability and selectivity were verified by our experiments.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3394-3400 [Abstract] ( 378 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 603KB] ( 1262 )
3401 Characteristics analysis of dissolved organic matter in the acid mine drainage
ZHANG Si-yu, YUE Zheng-bo, SHE Zhi-xiang, PAN Xin, SHAO Rui, SHI Quan, HE Chen, LI Yun-yun, WANG Jin
Surface water samples with different offshore distances from AMD in Anhui province were collected, and the sources and component characteristics of DOM in water samples were studied with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and Excitation-Emission Matrix spectroscopy (EEMs). The EEMs results showed that the fluorescence peak intensity of autochthonous tryptophan in the DOM sample correlated positively with the distance. The EEMs characteristic indexes values of FI, HIX and BIX indicated that DOM was mainly from internal sources. FT-ICR MS analysis results further indicated endogenous components (lipids, aliphatic/proteins, carbohydrates) in the DOM sample near the shoreside had a relatively low proportion of 66% at the molecular level. The main components were composed of CHO, CHON and CHOS containing substances. The high fraction of CHOS compounds was mainly related to the high sulfate concentration in AMD.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3401-3407 [Abstract] ( 338 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 878KB] ( 951 )
3408 Optimization of the influencing factor of membrane cleaning process based on the NaOCl diffusion
QI Kang-quan, WANG Xue-ye, CAI Ke-yu, WANG Zhi-wei
In this work, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and sodium alginate (SA) were used as model foulants to investigate the impact factors of membrane cleaning process based on the enhancement of NaOCl diffusion. The impact of the key parameters on cleaning efficiency was clarified, and a novel NaOCl cleaning method based on diffusion enhancement through additives was established. In batch membrane cleaning experiments, the effects of different concentrations of active chlorine, pH, and concentrations of SDS on the membrane cleaning process based on the diffusion enhancement of NaOCl were investigated by analyzing the residual foulants on membrane surface, the eluted foulant particle size and the dynamic morphology of the fouled membrane. The results confirmed the mechanisms under different cleaning conditions, showing that the membrane cleaning efficiency was over 95% at 200mg/L ClT, pH 11, and 0.4mmol/L SDS.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3408-3416 [Abstract] ( 356 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6596KB] ( 719 )
3417 Degradation of glucocorticoids in water by atmospheric pressure plasma jet
HUANG Ke-liang, LI Guo-qing, LIU Ya-nan, ZHANG Ai
Degradation of glucocorticoids(GCs) in water by plasma jet technology was studied with hydrocortisone (HC) as the representative. The results showed that the removal efficiency of HC increased with the increase of discharge power and discharge time. The initial solution pH and air flow also have significant impacts on HC removal. At discharge power of 49.7W, gas flow rate of 4L/min, initial pH of 6.5, and initial concentration of 0.138mmol/L, the HC removal efficiency reached 98% after 120min. The functional radicals during discharge were detected by Optical Emission Spectrum (OES). Effects of radical scavengers on HC degradation were investigated to explore the contributions of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) during plasma treatment. The research results could contribute to the development of jet plasma technology in water treatment.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3417-3423 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 469KB] ( 535 )
3424 Distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic products in coastal and adjacent areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, China
GUO Meng-meng, CUI Wen-jie, LIU Xiao-yu, PENG Ji-xing, ZHENG Guan-chao, WU Hai-yan, ZHAI Yu-xiu, TAN Zhi-jun
A total of 1225 samples of fish, marine shellfish, crustaceans, cephalopods and rare marine animals including sea cucumber and abalone, were collected from 23 cities with high production and consumption of aquatic products in coastal and adjacent areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, China. The concentrations of 23 kinds of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were determined by ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS), and the distribution characteristics of PFASs in these areas were investigated. The contamination by PFASs in aquatic products changed depending on the components of PFASs, the species of aquatic products, and the sampling sites in this study. Among the 23 PFASs tested, 20 PFASs components were detected. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) had the highest detection rates, 79.1% and 71.7%, respectively, which were the dominant components. Compared with PFOS, the detection level of PFOA contributed to 64.5% of total PFASs concentrations in aquatic product samples, indicating that PFOA was the major threat to the safety of aquatic products. The relatively high concentration of total PFAS was found in Weifang, Binzhou and Dongying near the Laizhou Bay, Cangzhou near the Bohai Bay and Yingkou near the Liaodong Bay, and the levels were 10.2~16.8 μg/kg. The number of detected components of PFASs in different aquatic products species showed the following trend: fish (20) > marine shellfish, crustaceans (18) > rare seafood (16) > cephalopods (10). The most frequently detected compounds in shellfish or rare seafood samples was PFOA, and the most frequently detected compounds among fish and crustacean samples was PFOS, while in cephalopods was perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA). By calculating the average contents of individual component of PFASs in different aquatic products, it was found that the average contents of PFOA, PFOS, perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) and PFOSA were relatively high, and the obvious differences were observed in different components. The results of risk assessment indicated that the contamination concentrations of PFASs in aquatic products in coastal and adjacent areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea would not give rise to timely harm to the consumers.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3424-3432 [Abstract] ( 357 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 847KB] ( 1187 )
3433 Strategy forevaluation of electrode performancesin electrocatalytic oxidation of organic pollutants
ZHANG Yi-chi, TANG Wen-jing, CHEN Qian-wen, ZHUO Meng-ning, WANG Li-zhang
The electrode performances of a packed-bed electrode reactor (PBER) were evaluated through electrochemical measurements containing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impendence spectra (EIS) and methylene Blue (MB) wastewater treatment. The CV and EIS results implied that the electrode area of the PBER was 1.54 times than that of the PbO2/Ti anode, indicating the bed expansion coefficient λ was 0.54. Furthermore, the effective current ratio of PbO2/Ti anode (γ) and activated carbon particle electrode (β) during the MB oxidation were 0.63 and 0.34, respectively. As a comparison, the values of parameters λ and the sum of γ and β obtained from MB oxidation experiments were 0.54 and 0.99, which were in accordance with those of the CV and EIS tests. The accuracy of the proposed methods was further validated by using the energy consumption and current efficiency in MB oxidation via the regressive analysis and F test. This work provided a theoretical and feasible tool for evaluating particle electrode performance of a packed-bed electrode system.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3433-3440 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 640KB] ( 563 )
3441 Preparation of Indium doped PbO2 electrode and its electrocatalytic degradation of doxycycline
XU Cong, ZHANG Lu-yao, XU Jie, BAO Ji-qing
An Indium doped PbO2 electrode (In-PbO2) was fabricated by using an electrodeposition technique. The influences of In doping on the morphology, structure and electrochemical properties of the electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), accelerated life test and fluorescence spectrophotometry. Compared with the pure PbO2 electrode, the surface of In-PbO2 electrode was uniform and dense with less number of cracks, and the grains were refined, which increased the surface area and enhanced its ability of producing hydroxyl radicals. When the In doping amount was 2g/L, the corresponding electrode showed the best electrochemical performance with highest oxygen evolution potential (1.73V). The accelerated life of the electrode was increased from 84h to 148h. After electrolysis for 150min, the degradation rate of doxycycline, TOC removal rate and mineralization current efficiency (MCE) of this electrode were 98.2%, 30.4% and 3.01% respectively, which were higher than those of undoped PbO2 electrode (90.1%, 26.4%, 2.63%).
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3441-3448 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2538KB] ( 542 )
Solid Waste
3449 Biochar carried microbial solution promotes compost maturity and nitrogen, phosphorus conservation
LI Rong-hua, TU Zhi-neng, Ali Amjad, JIN Xin-di, LI Song-ling, ZHAO Xu-bo
In order to reduce nitrogen loss and increase phosphorus availability, a set of manure composting experiments, control treatment (CK), biochar (B), microbial solution (M), and biochar combined with microbial solution (BM), were conducted to study their effects on compost maturity and N and P conservation. The results showed that all four treatments satisfied the required sanitation standards of the manure compost. The accumulated emission amount of NH3 and N2O in treatment BM were 2.36 and 0.93g, respectively, which were significantly lower than that in CK (8.01 and 1.31g). In addition, the total N content was 23.78g/kg in treatment BM, which was significantly higher than that in CK (18.36g/kg). The TP contents in treatments of CK, B, M, and BM at the end of composting were 16.41, 17.16, 18.51, and 19.16g/kg, respectively. Moreover, the OP content was increased by 77.60% in BM, which was significantly higher than that in CK (50.66%). After composting, the P availability increased especially for the treatments of M and BM, and the sequence of the total proportion of moderately available P and easily available P was in the order of: BM (42.94%) > M (39.80%) > B (37.29%) > CK (31.51%). This study showed biochar combined with microbial solution additions could have great effects on improving compost maturity, N and P conservation.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3449-3457 [Abstract] ( 338 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 955KB] ( 554 )
3458 Comparison of reactivity of persistent free radicals on tobacco stem biochar
QIU Shu-yue, ZHAO Ze-ying, CHEN Fang-yuan, LI Fang-fang, DUAN Wen-yan
In this study, tobacco stem biochar prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures (300℃, 500℃ and 700℃) was used for the adsorption and degradation of organic pollutants p-nitrophenol (PNP). The aim of this research was to explore the relationship between the intensity of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) on tobacco stem biochar and its reactivity towards organic pollutants degradation. The results showed that the intensity of EPFRs in the tobacco stem biochar increased from 6.155×104 to 1.343×105 at first and then declined to 5.458×104 with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, while the degradation rate of PNP remained unchanged at around 31% and then declined to 14.64% with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. These phenomena indicated that the intensity of EPFRs in biochar was not directly correlated to its reactivity. The oxygen-centered EPFRs in biochar pyrolyzed at 300℃ could transfer electrons to oxygen molecules in the water and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus promote the degradation of PNP. The carbon-centered EPFRs in biochar pyrolyzed at 500℃ and 700℃ could be consumed after reacting with water or pollutants, and the newly generated free radicals were stabilized on the surface of biochar, which led to a significant increase in their intensity but their degradation activity declined dramatically.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3458-3464 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 468KB] ( 645 )
3465 Effects of ammonia on anaerobic digestion of food waste: Process performance and microbial community
ZHANG Hong, LI Lei, PENG Yun, YANG Ping-jin, HUANG Qian, PENG Xu-ya, WANG Xiao-ming
A series of batch experiments were conducted under ammonia-N stress conditions to investigate the effects of ammonium (TAN) on performance and microbial community during the anaerobic digestion (AD) process of food waste. At different TAN levels, the response of AD process parameters and the dynamics of microbial communities were investigated by physico-chemical analysis along with Miseq high-throughput sequencing analysis. Results showed that, with the increase of TAN, the methane recovery rate decreased from (96.53±2.66)% to (63.13±0.73)% while the digestion time increased from 435h to 915h. After continuous acclimation, the gas production performance was completely recovered in the test group with TAN concentration of 3000mg/L. However, the gas production in the group with high ammonia concentration (36000mg/L) was still inhibited and did not recovered by acclimation. Compared with acetate metabolism, the metabolism of long-chain volatile fatty acids (LCVFAs) was more tolerant to ammonia level (6000mg/L), but difficult to recover by acclimation if inhibited. At the microbial communities, the high abundance of hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria with redundant function ensured adequate hydrolysis and acidification at different TAN concentrations. Ammonia-sensitive Methanosaeta and Methanospirillum could also be replaced by ammonia-resistant Methanosarcina and Methanoculleus via acclimation, and thus ensure methanogenesis. In comparison, acetogenic bacteria featured with highly specialized function, and only the C4~C18 and propionate degraded Syntrophomonas and Pelotomaculum were detected. Under continuous high ammonia exposure, the abundance of the former bacteria recovered to a certain degree, while the latter could not be acclimatized. Eventually, the AD system was observed to accumulate LCVFAs (mainly propionate), and the gas production process was deteriorated. Therefore, the key contributor to ammonia inhibition turned out to be the syntrophic degradation of LCVFAs.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3465-3474 [Abstract] ( 339 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2015KB] ( 1028 )
3475 Occurrence mechanisms and control methods of foaming in anaerobic digesters treating organic wastes
LI Lei, HUANG Qian, YANG Ping-jin, ZHANG Hong, PENG Yun, PENG Xu-ya, WANG Xiao-ming
Analysis of the occurrence mechanisms and control methods of anaerobic digestion (AD) foam can be helpful to solve the foaming problem in AD of organic waste. Based on the investigation of the foaming incidents occurred in recent years, the occurrence mechanisms under different substrates, operational and environmental conditions were analyzed from the perspectives of substrate properties, digester configuration and operational conditions, as well as digestion process-related characteristics. Moreover, the rationality of parameters that can be used for foaming risk indicators was discussed, including the concentration/abundance of filamentous bacteria, surface tension, viscosity, organic loading rate, foam potential and stability. Finally, the principles, advantages and disadvantages of major defoaming methods (physical, mechanical, biological and chemical methods) were introduced and compared. At present, the primary causes of AD foaming are not yet clear except in sludge digestion systems. This situation limits the subsequent development of foaming control methods in other AD systems. In future, the exploration of specific foaming-related microorganisms or investigation on the relationship between the biosurfactants and foaming incidents, will be useful to reveal the foaming mechanism from a new perspective, develop goal-oriented foaming risk assessment methods and foaming alleviation strategies.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3475-3485 [Abstract] ( 327 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 517KB] ( 869 )
3486 Heavy metal and organic matters in the chicken manure under different types of composting
LUAN Run-yu, XU Ying-ming, GAO Shan, SUN Yue-bing
Using chicken manure and straw as raw materials, with one time composting fermentation (including liquid fermentation, L; solid bacterial fermentation, S; high temperature enzyme fermentation, E), and continuous-composting-fermentation (high temperature enzyme fermentation + liquid bacteria Fermentation, EL; high temperature enzyme fermentation + solid bacterial fermentation, ES) to study heavy metal content and morphology distribution, physical and chemical properties and organic matter changes. The results showed that the pH value of chicken manure organic fertilizer increased significantly after composting (P < 0.05), while the EC value and water content decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The germination rate of Chinese cabbage seeds decreased from 58.1% before composting to less than 20% after composting. After composting, heavy metals were transformed from soluble state to refractory residue state, and the immobilization rates of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb and As in chicken organic fertilizer reached 27.2%~69.3%, 17.1%~50.7%, 24.0%~68.7%, 16.9%~46.3%, 33.1%~54.3% and 0.4%~29.5%, respectively, when compared with CK. The content of humic substances and humic acid was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the ratio of humic acid/fulvic acid (HA/FA) was enhanced. The amount of polysaccharides and aliphatic compounds after composting was increased, while the aroma compound was reduced. In view of the harmlessness index of organic fertilizer such as heavy metal immobilization and organic fertilizer maturity, the effect of continuous-fermentation was better than that of once-fermentation, and the EL treatments was the best.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3486-3494 [Abstract] ( 329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 559KB] ( 727 )
Rubbish Classification
3495 Study on the influence path of urban residents' waste separation behavior: the differentiated intentions and actions
WANG Xiao-nan
Based on the planned behavior and A-B-C theory, combined with the waste separation in Shanghai under the background of strong policies, this paper aims to improve the measurement scale of household waste separation behavior, modify and distinguish the initiation and execution intentions of waste separation, and finally, construct the theoretical model on the influence path of urban residents’ waste separation behavior. Based on the survey data of "Shanghai residents' waste separation behavior in 2019", covering 2555 valid samples from 16 districts in Shanghai, this research used the structural equation model to verify the influence of residents' environmental attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavior control on waste separation behavior under the background of strong policies. The results showed that the environmental attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control respectively had a significantly positive impact on the initiation and execution intentions of waste separation. Environmental attitude had indirect effects on waste separation behavior through the initiation and execution intentions. Subjective norm and perceived behavior control had no such indirect effects on waste separation behavior through those two intentions. The Perceived Policy Effectiveness of waste separation had a moderate effect on the impact of initiation intention on waste separation behavior. Although environmental attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control could promote the formation of the initiation and execution intentions of waste separation, only environmental attitude could shape residents' waste separation behavior by stimulating initiation and execution intentions.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3495-3505 [Abstract] ( 481 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 459KB] ( 685 )
Soil Pollution Control
3506 Investigation of nitrogen removal by feammox in soils from different vegetable fields
DING Bang-jing, XU Meng-shan, LI Dan-dan, LUO Wen-qi, QIN Yun-bin, LI Zheng-kui
In this study, we measured the potential rates of feammox, denitrification and anammox by isotope tracer technique insoil samples collected from different vegetable plots. In addition, we also analyzed theirphysicochemical characteristics, and the composition of microbial community via Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the feammox rates in the vegetable soil samples were significantly higher than those from the bare land. Moreover, there exists a significant relationship between the feammox rates and Fe(III)(r = 0.736, P < 0.05), and total organic contents (r = 0.575, P < 0.05). Additionally, five predominant iron-reducing genera (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Acidiphilium, Alicyclobacillus, Clostridium) were detected among the different vegetable soil samples, and the relative abundance of iron-reducing bacteria was higher in the vegetable soil samples (1.38%~2.19%) than in bare land soil samples (0.75%). Feammox, denitrification and anammox were estimated to account for approximately 7.3%~12.4%, 53.1%~72.3% and 18.9%~36.4% of the total nitrogen removal, respectively. Overall, the results of this study indicate that feammox could be an important pathway for nitrogen removal in the vegetable fields.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3506-3511 [Abstract] ( 369 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 351KB] ( 614 )
3512 Remediation effects of combined amendment and silicon fertilizer on Cd contaminated paddy soil
LIU Jia-wei, ZHOU Hang, WEI Bin-yun, CUI Tong-ke, ZHANG Jing-yi, HUANG Fang, GU Jiao-feng, LIU Jun, LIAO Bo-han
A field experiment was conducted in a Cd-contaminated paddy field in Liuyang City, Hunan Province, and the remediation effects of combined amendment LS (limestone + sepiolite)and application of silicon fertilizer were studied. The results showed that:(1) Application of silicon fertilizer (90kg/hm2) to the soil and treatments of spraying foliar silicon fertilizer (0.2,0.4g/L) showed no significant effects on soil pH values, while all treatments with LS application (2250, 4500kg/hm2) significantly increased soil pH (P < 0.05). (2)Application of 90kg/hmof silicon fertilizer to soil significantly decreased exchangeable Cd concentration by 20.0% and TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) extractable Cd concentration by 18.5% in soil. While spraying foliar silicon fertilizer had no significant effect on soil Cd availability. All treatments with LS application (2250,4500kg/hm2) decreased exchangeable Cd concentrations by 25.8%~49.9% and TCLP extractable Cd concentrations by 26.4%~44.5%, respectively. (3)All three single technology treatments significantly decreased Cd concentrations in different rice tissues, but these Cd reductions in brown rice were lower than those combination treatments of the three technologies. The combination treatments (JL1F1, JL1F2, JL2F1, and JL2F2) decreased Cd concentrations in brown rice by 25.6% to 70.5%. (4)The combination technologies of “amendment LS + application of silicon fertilizer + spraying foliar silicon fertilizer” significantly decreased Cd availability in soil and Cd concentrations in all rice tissues. Among these combination technologies, JL2F2 showed the highest effect on reducing Cd concentrations in brown rice (from 0.66mg/kgto 0.19mg/kg), and realized the safe production of rice in this field with moderate to serious Cd pollution.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3512-3519 [Abstract] ( 335 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 429KB] ( 657 )
3520 Study on stabilization of antimony (Sb) in contaminated soil by primary explosives using iron-based and aluminum-based adsorbents
JIANG Yu-cong, XIA Tian-xiang, JIA Xiao-yang, ZHONG Ming-yu, WANG Ning-ning, LI Ning
Iron-based (ferrous sulfate, goethite and iron powder) and aluminum-based (aluminum hydroxide powder) adsorbents were amended to stabilize antimony (Sb) in primary explosives contaminated soils. The stabilizing effects of iron-based adsorbent, aluminum-based adsorbent, and iron-aluminum mixed adsorbent, as well as the changes of specific surface area and the transformation of Sb after stabilization were investigated by sorption isotherm experiments, batch leaching experiments, specific surface area determination and European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) analysis. Results showed that the isothermal sorption of different iron-based adsorbents for Sb were well described by the Freundlich equation, and the sorption capacity of FeSO4(log Kf = 5.85) was significantly higher than Fe0 (log Kf = 3.21) and goethite (log Kf = 4.32). After 10days, the stabilization efficiency of different iron-based adsorbents for Sb increased with addition, and 10% FeSO4 (97.1%) > 10% Fe0 (72.3%) > goethite (41.0 %). The concentrations of Zn, Cu and Pb in leachates from the soils amended by FeSO4 were 1990.2, 2.8 and 21.6 times higher than control respectively, and it also decreased significantly by aluminum hydroxide amendments. With 4 % addition of aluminum hydroxide, the stabilization efficiencies for Zn, Cu, and Pb was 93.8%、93.5% and 98.3%, respectively. The mixture of 5% FeSO4 sulfate and 4% aluminum hydroxide had the best stabilization effect on Sb, Zn, Cu, and Pb in soil, and the maximum stabilization efficiencies were 94.6%、74.2%、82.2% and 97.6% respectively after 10days. Further analysis revealed that, the specific surface area could reach 1.31~1.67 times that of the original soils and the residual fraction of Sb also increased by 0.037~0.197 times after adding the iron-aluminum mixed adsorbents, which was consistent with the stabilization effect. Our results indicated that using iron-aluminum mixed adsorbent is an effective way to stabilize heavy metals combined contaminated soils.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3520-3529 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 725KB] ( 1048 )
3530 Enteromorpha prolifera biochar promoted the immobilization of Pb in soil and reduced the phytotoxicity of Pb to Vetiveriazizanioides (L.) Nash
WU Hai-xia, SUN Ping, LU Shuang, REN Li-xin, CHEN You-yuan
In this paper, Enteromorpha prolifera biochar prepared at 400℃ (BC400) and 600℃ (BC600) was added to the soil containing 1200mg/kg of Pb at a concentration of 30g/kg. A pot experiment of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash was conducted to study the effects of Enteromorpha prolifera biocharon Pb immobilization in the soil and phytotoxicity of Pb in plants. The results showed that the plants and biochar showed significant synergistic effects on Pb immobilization. Such effects increased Pb immobilization rates by 16.89% and 14.82% comparing with the biochar group alone, and increased Pb immobilization rates by 17.40% and 15.02% comparing with the plant alone. The physical and chemical properties of biochar affected the immobilization of Pb. The pH value of BC400 was lower than BC600, whereas BC400 had a better immobilization effect than BC600. This was because the hydroxyl (—OH) and carbonyl (C═O) groups of BC400 were more abundant than the BC600, and the microporous structure was more intact than BC600. Enteromorpha prolifera biochar inhibited the absorption of Pb by Vetiveria zizanioides(L.) Nash and promoted the growth of Vetiveria zizanioides(L.) Nash. BC400 reduced the enrichment factor and the concentration of Pb in the aboveground and root parts of Vetiveria zizanioides(L.) Nash (by 23.50% and 22.92%, respectively). BC400 increased the biomass, chlorophyll content, and root vitality of Vetiveria zizanioides(L.) Nash. It also increased SOD, CAT, and POD activities, and reduced malondialdehyde content by 13.40%. In summary, Enteromorpha prolifera biochar adsorbed Pb better through providing a higher pH value, its microporous structure, and fixed more Pb in soil by increasing the binding sites with metals through functional groups, so as to reduced phytotoxicity, and improved the viability of Vetiveria zizanioides(L.) Nash. In view of the abundance of biomass resources of Enteromorpha prolifera in the coastal area, the combined action of biochar and plants can be used as one of the technical measures for remediation of Pb contaminated soil.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3530-3538 [Abstract] ( 389 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1042KB] ( 637 )
3539 Inversion estimation of soil organic matter content based on GF-5 hyperspectral remote sensing image
ZHAO Rui, CUI Xi-min, LIU Chao
Based on the hyperspectral remote sensing images inversion, this paper estimated the soil organic matter content of the plain in the Harbin and Xing’an League boundary. Firstly, from the Gao-Fen 5(GF-5) hyperspectral remote sensing image, which has been pre-processing such as radiation and geometric correction, 100 groups of surface soil samples were collected by the five-point sampling method, and a series of physical and chemical analysis in the laboratory were performed to obtain the soil organic matter content. Then, the partial least squares regression method was applied to establish an estimation model of soil organic matter content by hyperspectral image soil desertification index, soil degradation index, normalized brightness index and soil salinity index. The prediction accuracy of the inversion model based on the original reflectance data, one differential reflectance data, and four soil indices were compared. From 65% modeling samples and 35% prediction samples it showed that the inversion model based on the soil index in the inversion model had the highest prediction accuracy. In the verification of the prediction group, ρ was 0.816 and the RMSE was 1.7287. Finally, the inversion model was applied to the inversion estimation of soil organic matter content by hyperspectral imagery. The actual measured SOM was consistent with the image inversion SOM content change trend, and the correlation reached 80.023%, which verified the accuracy of the model's inversion estimation.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3539-3545 [Abstract] ( 425 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 994KB] ( 1489 )
3546 Effects of oil in irrigation water on structural properties and water flow characteristics of red soil
SHENG Feng, WEN Ding, XUE Ru-xia, ZHANG Min, HU Guo-hua, SHEN Hong-wei
Laboratory irrigation experiments carried on manually filled soil columns were conducted to study the effects of oil concentration in irrigation water (i.e. 0, 1.0, 3.0and 10.0g/L), irrigation frequency (irrigated every day, once every two days, and once every four days), and oil laden water and freshwater alternative irrigation schedule (irrigated with freshwater only, with oil laden water only, and with oil laden water and freshwater alternatively) on soil structural properties and water flow characteristics. The results showed that, the applied oil was mainly entrapped in the preferential flow paths, making the preferential wetting front with high oil concentration which was not obviously affected by the oil concentration in irrigated water, illustrating that irrigation with low oil concentration water also present groundwater system under high contamination risk; higher irrigation frequency with lower irrigation quota led to more applied oil being transmitted to deeper soil layer, increasing the thickness of water repellent soil layer, and deriving the uncertainty of infiltrated water flow and the contamination risk of groundwater system both increased; the re-aggregation feature of oil on soil aggregates was only activated under high soil oil concentration, and the alternative irrigation with oil laden water and freshwater reduced the soil oil concentration, inducing the dispersion of soil aggregates. This research had certain reference value for reclaimed water and raw sewage irrigation scheduling design.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3546-3558 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 725KB] ( 504 )
3559 Effects of different amendments on chemical speciation and uptake by winter wheat in slightly alkaline soil contaminated by Cadmium
ZHU Li-nan, HUA Dang-ling, YANG Jin-kang, YANG Qiu-yun, REN Shuai-shuai, ZHANG Jing-jing
The effects of a single application of three amendments (superphosphate, lime, and silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer) on chemical speciation of cadmium in soils and the uptake of cadmium in different organs of wheat plants were studied to provide a theoretical reference for the safe utilization of Cd contaminated slightly alkaline soils. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the fraction transformation of soil Cd and cadmium content of the extracted state of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) in the mature stage of wheat. The results showed that superphosphate significantly decreased soil pH, while lime and silicon-calcium- magnesium fertilizer increased soil pH. All three amendments could significantly reduce soil cadmium content of the extracted state of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), and the biggest decline (73.60%) occurred in the silicon-calcium-magnesium (3%) fertilizer treatment. The treatment of adding silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer could significantly reduce the exchangeable Cd and increase the residual Cd content. The treatment of silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer (3%) had the best effect of the decrease of soil exchangeable Cd content by 63.30% and the increase of residual Cd content by 56.20%. All three amendments effectively reduced the content of Cd in above-ground and below-ground parts of wheat plants, while the treatment of silicon-calcium- magnesium fertilizer had the best effect. The treatment of silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer (1.2%) had the best effect of the decrease of Cd content in wheat grains by 90.85%. An extremely negative and significant correlation was found between soil pH value and soil cadmium content of DTPA, while Cd content of soil DTPA extract state was positively correlated with Cd content in wheat organs. Therefore, the application of three amendments (superphosphate, lime, and silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer) could reduce the bioavailability of Cd in soil and Cd content in different organs of wheat plants to various degrees, and alleviate the stress effect of Cd toxic action on plants. With the same dose, silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer had the best effect on reducing cadmium content in wheat organs among three amendments.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3559-3566 [Abstract] ( 315 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 419KB] ( 711 )
Environmental Ecology
3567 General characteristics and research progress of methane emissions from freshwater ecosystems in China
ZHANG Pei, WANG Xiao-feng, YUAN Xing-zhong
In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive review of the general characteristics of CH4 emissions from China’s freshwater ecosystems based on a newly complied database. The database included CH4 emission measurements from freshwater systems like lakes, reservoirs and rivers in China. In total, it consisted of 1257 sample points: 203 lakes (595sample), 46reservoirs (221samples), and 112 rivers (441samples). In addition, total CH4emissions from freshwater ecosystems in China were preliminarily estimated and evaluated. The result showed that: 1) the averaged CH4 flux of lakes in China was of (1.17±1.87) mg/(m2·h). The magnitude of CH4 fluxes showed a great spatial variation among five lake regions in China. Lakes in Meng-xin region had the highest flux at (3.84±0.57) mg/(m2·h), followed by Northeast region ((2.62±3.54) mg/(m2·h)), Qinghai-Tibet region ((1.94±4.13) mg/(m2·h)), Eastern plain ((0.81±0.90) mg/(m2·h)) and Yun-gui region ((0.19±0.26) mg/(m2·h)). Moreover, CH4 flux from lakes showeda significant latitude pattern, i.e. CH4 flux increased with latitude escalating, that was contrary to the global pattern. 2) CH4 flux in reservoirs ((1.25±1.78)mg/(m2·h)) was similar to that in lakes. Especially, the extremely higher CH4 flux was generally found in reservoir littoral zones ((4.34±4.45) mg/(m2·h)), a big contributor to the reservoir’s total CH4emissions. 3) Riverine CH4 flux was (0.82±1.14) mg/(m2·h), lower than those from lakes and reservoirs. The majority of the researches on riverine CH4 emissions were concentrated in the Yangtze River and Yellow River system, which had averaged CH4 fluxes of (0.98±2.38) and (0.85±0.75) mg/(m2·h), respectively. Lower CH4 emission was found in Haihe system((0.54±0.93) mg/(m2·h)), and scattered researches focused on Liaohe and Pearl River systems, which might lead to a high degree of variations in those CH4 emission data points. 4) CH4 fluxes in freshwater systems of China also showed a seasonal variation. CH4 fluxes from lakes and reservoirs were higher in summer, while riverine CH4 fluxes were higher in spring and autumn than summer and winter. Such seasonal variations were probably affected by precipitation, temperature, and runoff dilution.5) Based on universal extrapolation, we roughly estimated the total CH4 emissions from all lakes, reservoirs and rivers in China were 0.96, 0.29, 0.76Tg/a, respectively, with a total of 2.01 Tg/a, equivalent to 75% of the total CH4 emission from China wetland systems. Given the strong spatiotemporal variability and the uneven distribution of monitoring data, our estimation had a large uncertainty. Nonetheless, we concluded that CH4 flux in Chinese freshwater system was a contributor to regional carbon budget and global greenhouse gas emission.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3567-3579 [Abstract] ( 425 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 955KB] ( 1023 )
3580 An efficient method for the rapid measurement of radionuclides
FAN Xiang, ZENG Zhi, HE Jian-hua, ZOU Chen-chen, MEN Wu, YU Wen, LIN Feng, TANG Kun-xian, YU Xing-guang
In order to address the existing shortcomings associated with the radioactive measurement of marine fishes through the conventional way, e.g. massive amount of samples required, time-consuming and labor-intensive, an efficient and rapid pretreatment method was proposed and adopted to detect the level of Cesium-137 (137Cs) in Scomber Japonicus. In the application, the analogous activity of the 137Cs in the sample of Scomber Japonicus was measured at (0.072±0.01) Bq/kg-wet, which was within the margin of error of the measurement by the conventional method ((0.078+0.01)Bq/kg-wet). However, the new method achieved the reduction of 70% in processing time, and around 65% of amount of fish samples required.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3580-3584 [Abstract] ( 269 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 736 )
3585 Registration status of chlorpyrifos products for use on rice and its risk assessment for aquatic ecosystem in China
CHEN Shi-hui, JIANG Jin-lin, ZHANG Huan-chao, LIU Ren-bin, ZHOU Jun-ying, SHAN Zheng-jun, BU Yuan-qing
In the present study, the current situation of chlorpyrifos products registered for use on rice in China was analyzed and the comprehensive risk assessment of products for aquatic ecosystem were conducted by using the Top-Rice model. It showed that a total of 292 chlorpyrifos formulations (single active component) had been registered for use on rice by May 2019 and these chlorpyrifos products could be grouped into six dosage forms. Among these forms, the emulsifiable concentrates (EC) accounted for the largest portion at 82.5%, followed by the water emulsions (EW) at 12.0%. And the wettable powders (WP), microemulsion (ME), microcapsule suspension (CS) and granules (GR) contributed to the remaining shares at 0.3%, 4.1%, 0.7% and 0.3%, respectively. Based on the conservative principles of risk assessment, application range of different dosage forms of chlorpyrifos and exposure assessment for their use on rice in China were investigated. The results showed that after applying six different dosage forms of chlorpyrifos on rice in different scenarios and seasons, the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of parent compound chlorpyrifos ranged from 0.7 to 1628.6 μg/L and its metabolites ranged from 0.7 to 1705.9 μg/L. The results of acute risk characterization indicated that the at-risk groups of chlorpyrifos to fish and invertebrates accounted for 76.0% and 90.6%, respectively, of the total simulated group in current application conditions. By contrast, for chronic risk, the at-risk groups of chlorpyrifos to primary producers accounted for 72.9% of the total simulation group. The results of high tiered risk assessment showed that the RQ values of fish, invertebrates and aquatic mesocosm groups were all greater than 1. In summary, the risk to aquatic ecosystems resulted from using currently registered chlorpyrifos products on rice cannot be ignored in China. It should be noted that, in the present study, the method used to analyze the application model of all chlorpyrifos product dosage forms was relatively conservative and the Top-Rice model did not consider the factors affecting the photolysis of chlorpyrifos on the soil surface, therefore to some extent the risk might be underestimated based on the assessment results.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3585-3594 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 520KB] ( 695 )
3595 Review of the historical records of organochlorine pesticides DDTs and HCHs in China
CUI Wan-qi, ZOU Hong-yan, WANG Zhong-liang
In this paper, the spatial distribution of two organochlorine pesticides (DDTs and HCHs) in sediment cores in China were summarized by reviewing historical records. The results showed that: (1) The highest concentrations of ∑4DDTs (p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE) in sediment cores were found in the mouth of Liuchahe stream and Chaohu Lake (Anhui Province) and the peak value (457ng/g dw) occurred in 1965. The highest concentrations of ∑6DDTs (p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDE) in sediment cores was found in Hailing Bay (Guangdong Province) with the peak value (3480ng/g dw) in 2008~2010. The highest concentrations of ∑4HCHs were found in Macao Estuary with the peak value (82.3ng/g dw) in 1993; (2) The highest deposition fluxes of ∑4DDTs and ∑4HCHs were found in Pearl River Delta with the peak value [115ng/(cm2×a) and 32.5ng/(cm2×a)] in 1970s~1980s. In general, the concentrations and deposition fluxes of organochlorine pesticides (DDTs, HCHs) were higher in southern China than those in northern China, higher in plain and low latitude areas than Alpine Region (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) and high latitude areas (northeast China), and higher in aquaculture areas or cultivated areas than non-aquaculture areas and non-cultivated areas; (3) the concentrations and deposition fluxes of ∑4DDTs and ∑6DDTs peaked mainly in 1970s and the mid-2000s with a few studies reporting peak values in the 1960s. For ∑4HCHs, peaks occurred mainly in the 1970s and the early 2000s; (4) No obvious patterns were found for the ratio of (DDD+DDE)/DDT in China. The sources of DDTs could be historical residues, diagenesis, exogenous or dicofol inputs. The ratio of α-HCH/γ-HCH was lower than 3in most region after 1990s, which indicated the use of lindane during this period.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3595-3604 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 412KB] ( 837 )
3605 Landsat-based observation of human pressure to wetlands in Ramsar sites over the Yangtze River Delta
YAN Heng-qi, ZHU Wei-hong, MAO De-hua, WANG Zong-ming, LIANG Min-xuan, KANG Ying-dong, YANG Guang
This study applied an object-oriented classification method to Landsat MSS/TM/OLI images covering four wetland sites with international importance (Ramsar sites) in the Yangtze River Delta, including the Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve, Dafeng (Elaphurus davidianus) National Nature Reserve, Hangzhou Xixi National Wetland Park, and Yancheng National Nature Reserve, to obtain five land cover datasets during 1980 to 2015. By examining spatiotemporal changes of wetland area, landscape pattern, and landscape matrices, human pressures on wetlands were quantified. Results show that: (1) during the 35 years, wetland area in these four Ramsar sites had declined continuously, with the largest decrease in the Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve (27.2% drop in area); (2) the number and density of patches in the four Ramsar sites had been increasing, which led to more fragmentation and the decrease in the landscape connectivity; (3) the expansion of cropland and developed land was the dominant driving factor of wetland loss, while enhanced human pressure from the aquaculture pond expansion and exotic species invasion imposed increasing impacts on wetlands; (4) In general, the designation of Ramsar sites played important roles in reducing human disturbances and protecting natural wetland ecosystems, such as in the Dafeng National Nature Reserve. However, protection effectiveness of the four Ramsar sites would require further improvement in terms of reducing wetland loss and human pressure in the sites.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3605-3615 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1028KB] ( 816 )
3616 Development of TLSER model for prediction partition coefficients of POPs between polyurethane foam and air
ZHU Teng-yi, GU Li-ming, LU Yu-hao, CHENG Hao-miao
This work developed a theoretical linear solvation energy relationship (TLSER) model to predict the partition coefficient between polyurethane foam (PUF) and air (KPA). The date set of TLSER model covered 95 compounds comprising polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Pesticides. A multiple variate linear model was then used to estimate the partition coefficient. The results showed that the adjusted determination coefficient (R2adj) was 0.901, and the external validation coefficient (Q2ext) was 0.748, which indicated that the TLSER model had satisfactory goodness-of-fit, robustness and good predictability. Consequently, our results suggested the proposed model could be used to predict the partition coefficients of other POPs within the application domain between PUF and air.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3616-3620 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 507KB] ( 598 )
Environmental Toxicology
3621 DEHP induced mitochondrial damage through sirt1/pgc-1a pathway in HepG2 cells
BU Ling-ling, LIU Huan, YANG Jiao, HUANG Zhuo-quan, JIN Deng-peng, KE Qian-hua, LIU Chun-hong
In order to explore whether DEHP could damage cells through sirt1/pgc-1a pathway, HepG2 cells were cultured with different concentrations of DEHP at 1.6,8,40, 200,1000mmol/L for 24 or 48 hours. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. The intracellular ATP content and NO in the supernatants of cell cultures were measured by corresponding test kits. The level of TNF-a and IL-6 in cell supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the protein expression of sirt1, pgc-1a, nrf1, tfam were detected by Western blot. The results showed that: After treated with different concentrations of DEHP for 24 and 48 hours, the cell viability decreased significantly at high doses. DEHP could cause the decrease of ATP content and the increase of inflammatory factor content. No significant changes for the protein expression levels of sirt1, pgc-1a, nrf1, tfam had been found when exposed for 24 h. When exposed for 48 h, the protein content increased first and then decreased with the increase of dose, and sirt1 increased significantly at 8mmol/L. At the high dose of 1000mmol/L, all proteins decreased significantly. This study suggested that DEHP could induce the expression of sirt1/pgc-1a signal pathway to affect the mitochondrial biosynthesis and cause cell damage.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3621-3626 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 531KB] ( 791 )
3627 The short-term effects of NO2 on blood pressure and pulse pressure in patients with hypertension
SHI Qin, ZHENG Shan, ZHU Wen-zhi, WANG Min-zhen, MIAO Qian, LUO Yan, NIE Yong-hong, WENG Jun, LI Hai-yan, BAI Ya-na
In order to explore the short-term effects of gaseous pollutants (NO2) on blood pressure (BP) and pulse pressure (PP) in patients with hypertension, the NO2 monitoring data and meteorological observation data were collected from January 1, 2011 to November 30, 2015 in Jinchang, Gansu Province. After controlling the random effect and other confounding factors, a mixed-effect model was used to analyze the association between NO2 and BP and PP in hypertensive patients based on a prospective cohort study. The results showed that: (1) An interquartile range (IQR) increase in NO2 at lag 1day was associated with a 0.457mmHg (95%CI: 0.131~0.784) increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP); with each IQR increase of NO2, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at lag 7 day and pulse pressure (PP) at lag 4 day increased 0.276mmHg (95%CI:0.025~0.527) and 0.402mmHg (95%CI:0.047~0.758), respectively. All the results was statistically significant. (2) Gender, age, BMI, smoking, drinking, and season may modify the effects of NO2 on BP and PP among hypertensive patients. The effects of NO2 on BP and PP remained consistent with the results in the multi-pollutant model or after adjusting dust weather.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3627-3635 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 730KB] ( 743 )
Environmental Microbiology
3636 Inhibiting effects of LiCl aqueous solution on four typical molds and bacteria in the air-conditioning system
GU Yu-qian, YANG Zi-li, CAO Rong, ZHONG Ke, CHEN Bin
To prevent the excessive growth of molds and bacteria in the air-conditioning system (ACs), the inhibiting effects on common molds and bacteria in ACs of LiCl aqueous solution, a widely-used liquid desiccant in the ACs, were investigated in detail with the disk diffusion method. The four typical molds and bacteria, i.e., Aspergillus niger (A. niger), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), were selected for the study. LiCl solution was found to show significant inhibiting effects on the four microbes under the usual concentration range (35%~40%) for air dehumidification. In particular, the most potent effect was on the A. niger, on which significant inhibiting effects were observed with the desiccant solution at a low concentration (merely 15%), followed by the gram-negative bacteria E. coli. In contrast, inhibiting effects on S. aureus and B. subtilis, the gram-positive bacteria, were relatively weaker. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the LiCl solution’s concentration and the diameter of inhibition zones of A. niger and E. coli, which indicated stronger inhibiting effects with the rising concentration of the LiCl solution.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3636-3643 [Abstract] ( 304 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1812KB] ( 576 )
3644 Toxicity and mechanism of ZnO-NPs on an aerobic denitrifying bacteria strain Zobellella sp.B307
WU Chun-han, BAI Jie, ZHAO Yang-guo, REN Zhao-meng, CHEN Lin, LI Kui-ran
In this paper, a strain of aerobic denitrifying bacteria Zobellellasp. B307screened from the sediment of Jiaozhou Bay was studied. Under short-term exposure condition, the toxic effect of ZnO-NPs on the bacterial strain was analysed through the changes in growth, denitrification ability, related enzyme activity and metabolic pathway of the bacteria. The toxicity mechanism of ZnO-NPs on the strain was discussed based on the dissolution test of zinc ions and the oxidative stress levels such as of CAT and ROS. The results showed that comparing with the control group, the addition of ZnO-NPs at 200mg/L could decrease the nitrate removal rate and NIR activity of the strain to 57.53% and 14.46%. Whereas it could increase the LDH、ROS level、SOD activity to 378%、534% and 60.32% respectively. ZnO-NPs could induce the formation of reactive oxygens species and through that, the membrane permeability of strain was changed, the enzyme activity was decreased, and the related pathway of protein, amino acid synthesis and gene expression were affected, which inhibited the denitrification ability of the strain. The production of free zinc ions is not the main cause of toxicity of ZnO-NPs on the bacterial strain.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3644-3653 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1357KB] ( 1042 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
3654 Research on the design of point source water quality-based effluent limitations system in China
SONG Guo-jun, REN Mu-hua, FU Rao
China's existing effluent limitations for point sources of water pollution can not ensure that the receiving water body meets the water quality standards. This paper first studied the experience of the design rules and methods for water quality-based effluent limitations (WQBELs) of the United States; subsequently, the necessity of establishing the WQBELs in China was demonstrated and a policy framework of WQBELs was put forward; finally, several policy suggestions were proposed, such as application of WQBELs should be supplemented in relevant laws and regulations; WQBELs must be calculated and compared with technology-based limitations (TBELs), and the stricter one should be adopted in point source discharge permits; the provincial government should be given the authority to formulate regulations for the delimitation of mixing zones.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3654-3661 [Abstract] ( 319 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 352KB] ( 683 )
3662 Establishing reference nutrient conditions for upper reaches of Guanting Reservoir
CHENG Peng, LI Xu-yong, SUN Ming-dong, WANG Yue-feng
The reference river percentage method, general river percentage method, and multivariate linear regression method were used to establish the reference conditions of river nutrients in the upper reaches of Guanting Reservoir in the rainy season and dry season. The seasonal impact of monsoon climate on the nutrients reference conditions was also discussed. In addition, main human activities impacting nutrient concentrations in upstream of the reservoir were identified. The results revealed that the total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations of reference river points and general river points showed significant seasonal differences in rainy and dry seasons. The nutrient reference conditions established with the reference river percentage method, general river percentage method, and multiple linear regression method had seasonal differences in the rainy and dry seasons. The average of the three methods was taken as the nutrient reference conditions in the upper reaches of the Guanting Reservoir. The recommended values of the TN reference conditions in the rainy and dry seasons were 1.580 and 1.672mg/L, respectively; the recommended values of the reference conditions of TP in the rainy and dry seasons were 0.075 and 0.055mg/L, respectively. Ranked by nutrients contribution, human activities that affect the TN concentration of rivers were in order of pollution load intensity of livestock and poultry farming, proportion of cultivated land with slope degree of 0 to 8, and proportion of urban land. For TP concentration, the order of human activities was the proportion of cultivated land with slope degree of 0 to 8, and the pollution load intensity of livestock and poultry farming.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3662-3671 [Abstract] ( 240 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 925KB] ( 721 )
3672 The impacts of carbon tax on China's macro-economy and the development of renewable energy power generation technology: Based on CGE model with disaggregation in the electric power sector
XIAO Qian, CHEN Hui, ZHANG Yu-ning, PANG Jun, JIN Jia-rui
Based on the data from annual report of listed electric power companies, this paper divided the electric power sector in a traditional CGE model into 7 electric power sectors, including 4 renewable energy power sectors: hydro, wind, photovoltaic and biomass, to construct a CGE model with disaggregation in the electric power sector. Firstly, based on the two CGE models, the impacts of carbon tax on China’s macro-economy with and without introduction of renewable energy power generation technology were simulated and compared. Then, the impacts of a single carbon tax policy and a mixed policy combining carbon tax with subsidies for renewable energy power on the development of renewable energy power generation technology were analyzed. According to the results, the negative impacts of carbon taxation on the macro-economy would be alleviated after introduction of renewable energy power generation technology; carbon taxation would stimulate development of renewable energy power generation technology; using carbon tax revenues to subsidize specific renewable energy power generation technology would probably cause a “crowding-out effect” on other unsubsidized technologies with high levelized cost.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3672-3682 [Abstract] ( 367 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 969KB] ( 942 )
3683 Analysis on influencing factors of heavy metal pollution in sediments of Poyang Lake based on STIRPAT Model
WANG Lin-jie, ZENG Xian-gang, DUAN Cun-ru, YU Hui, YANG Mei
In order to explore the impact of human activities on the heavy metal pollution in the sediment of Poyang Lake, 20sampling sites were set up at the entrance, outlet and lake area of Poyang Lake in October 2017. To investigate the surface and vertical distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the sediments of Poyang Lake and evaluate their potential ecological risks. The average deposition rate of Poyang Lake sediment was calculated by 137Cs and 210Pb dating methods, and the heavy metal accumulation of specific years was obtained by combining the heavy metal content of stratified samples. Based on the STIRPAT model, the multiple nonlinear models of the evolution of heavy metals in the sediment of Poyang Lake, including the total population, urbanization rate, actual GDP per capita, number of green patent applications, the proportion of the second industry and the proportion of the third industry, were obtained by the partial least square regression analysis. The results showed that: (1) the heavy metal Cu pollution in the surface sediment of Poyang Lake was the most serious and the ecological risk degree was the highest, the land accumulation index was "strong" or "medium strong" pollution category, the average value of the single factor potential ecological risk index was 47.25, which was "medium" ecological risk. The average RI of the whole lake area was 107.07, the results showed that the heavy metals in the surface sediments of Poyang Lake were in the low level of ecological harm.(2) the total population in 1988~2017 was the most important positive factor affecting heavy metals Cd and Cu pollution in Poyang Lake sediment, other positive factors were the proportion of the secondary industry, the proportion of the tertiary industry, the urbanization rate and the actual GDP per capita. Regional green technology innovation capacity and environmental protection R & D investment, which was reflected by the number of green patent applications, had anegative correlation with the pollution of heavy metals Cd and Cu in the sediment of Poyang Lake.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3683-3692 [Abstract] ( 376 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 856KB] ( 1087 )
3693 Carbon dynamics and environmental load of food production and consumption in China
REN Jia-feng, DANG Xin-yi, YAO Ke-yu, ZHANG Chen-tao, XIE Biao
Chinese food production and consumption changes from 1995 to 2016 were analyzed using material flow analysis. Carbon flow and environmental load of food production and consumption were calculated and evaluated. The results showed that the total carbon sequestration and emission of agricultural production system generally showed upward trends, with the growth rate of carbon sequestration obviously higher than that of carbon emission. Livestock-breeding carbon load showed downward trends, while carbon load from agricultural materials input, agricultural activities and food processing and transportation showed increasing trends. Food consumption changes were driving a food carbon consumption transition in which diets of higher in grain carbon consumption were replaced by diets higher in grains, meats and edible oils. The rural residents' average per capita food carbon consumption decreased from 95.24kg/(cap×a) in 1995 to 71.62kg/(cap×a) in 2016, and the urban residents' increased from 52.06kg/(cap×a) in 1995 to 65.16kg/(cap×a) in 2016. The national residents' total food carbon consumption decreased by 6.4% Carbon released from food consumption was mostly emitted into atmosphere environment, followed by soil and water. The proportion of environmental carbon load entered the soil and water showed increasing trend. To reduce the environmental carbon load in China, it was important to both reduce the carbon losses during food production and consumption and increase the recycling rate, such as shifting towards a more environmental-friendly diet, reducing sanitary sewage and kitchen waste discharge, effectively reusing crop, animal and kitchen wastes, and recycling the food wastes.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3693-3702 [Abstract] ( 371 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1065KB] ( 801 )
3703 Comprehensive evaluation of the impact of artificial island airport reclamation construction on marine eco-environment
SONG Nan-qi, HUANG Jie, LI Bin-yong, WANG Quan-ming, Ma Yu, Huang Xiao-lu
It is difficult to quantify the environmental impact of large artificial island airport reclamation projects. Taking an artificial island airport reclamation project in China as an example, an environmental impact assessment model considering spatial change and dynamic change of construction period was established based on GIS, from the “ecological response” and “habitat quality” of marine ecosystem. According to the eco-environment of the construction sea area, the grades, standards and weights of the evaluation indicators were determined, so the impact of the artificial island airport reclamation on the eco-environment was evaluated. The results showed that, the comprehensive impact on the marine eco-environment was 0.38, indicating that the project had caused a serious impact on the environment. In terms of spatial distribution, the seriously affected areas were mainly concentrated in the sea area near the artificial island, accounting for 54% of the study area. The impact of the artificial island airport reclamation construction on the marine ecological environment was characterized by the substantial reduction of benthic and swimming biomass. This should be given enough attention to in the formulation of environmental protection during construction and ecological restoration after construction.
2020 Vol. 40 (8): 3703-3712 [Abstract] ( 361 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2119KB] ( 712 )
中国环境科学
  News
More>>  
  下载中心
   Instruction
   Template
   Copyright Agreement
More>>  
  Links
   Ministry of Land and
　  Resources of the People,s
　  Republic of China
    CNKI
    WANFANG DATA
    CNPITC
More>>  
 
CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE
Links： China Association for Science and Technology　Chinese Society For Environmental Sciences　CNKI　WANGFANG DATA
Copyright © 2010 Editorial By China Environmental Science　　Support by Beijing Magtech Co.ltd, E-mail:support@magtech.com.cn